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THE 



MODEL HISTORY 



A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE 



American People 



FOR schools 



By EDWARD TAYLOR, A.M. 



REVISED EDITION 



Short History of Kansas 

By noble L. PRENTIS 

LITERARY EDITOR "'KANSAS CITY STAR" 



"■Nothing is really worth recording as final history except what promotes 
the permanent welfare of man.'" — Parton. 



CHICAGO 

SCOTT, FORESMAN & CO, 

1897 



.0^^ 



^t 






Copyright, 1878, 
By George Sherwood & Co. 



Copyright. 1885, 
UY George Sherwood & Co. 



Copyright, 1889, 
By George Sherwood & Co. 



('opykight, 1897, 
Hy Scott, Foresman & Co. 



PEEFACE. 



The author is aware that he is entering a field wliich has been dili- 
gently cultivated; and it is evident that if there be room for one 
more History of the United States for Schools, it must difier in char- 
acter from those now before the public. Several distinctive features 
are claimed for this work. 

I. The Chart of Events. To most minds the mastery of dates is 
drudgery, and in the average school few exercises are more barren 
and profitless. No claim of originality in the general plan of the 
Chart is made. A. S. Lyman, in his Chart of Universal History, used 
it thirty years ago. It has been found that the association of an event 
with its relative place in the stream of time, remains impressed on 
the mind long after the arbitrary memory of a date has passed away. 
It is a method approved by experience, and not a scheme dictated 
by the fancy. The maps give the location of every place mentioned 
in the text, except those in foreign countries. 

II. Colonial history is dwelt upon briefly, and much space is given 
to the period of nationality. The valuable lessons of American history 
are mostly to be found in our national, rather than provincial, life. 

III. It is specially adapted to collateral reading. For this pur- 
pose a list of authorities is given at the beginning of every period. 
The amount of advantageous supplementary reading, to give com- 
pleteness to the picture, is limited only by the time and inclination 
of the learner. 

IV. The illustrations are not merely fanciful. Very few of our 
battle scenes and other sensational cuts can lay any claim to his- 
torical truth. In nearly every case they are "evolved from the 
consciousness" of imaginative artists, and reduce to mere pictorial 
effect what might be made to yield trustworthy and pleasurable 
information. 

(3) 



4 PREFACE. 

V. Its adaptation for securing definite results in recitation. 
Broad-laced type suggests to the eye tlie chief point of each para- 
graph, and fits tlie narrative to the topical method of recitation. Pro- 
vision is made for reviews. It is believed that the tables on contem- 
porary European history vs^ill throw much light upon the true 
significance of many American events. 

VI. It does not make a specialty of military details. It is not 
" a drum and trumpet history." Men are perceiving that war is a 
brutal, even if sometimes a necessary, method of adjusting national 
differences, and that that is a very barren national life which pro- 
duces nothing better than the repetition of military deeds. It is a 
growing opinion with teachers of the young, that it is time some 
other history than military were taught in our schools. History is a 
much nobler thing than a mere record of bloodshed. "War plays a 
small part in the real history of modern nations," and in that of 
the United States it is smaller than in any other. It has been the 
design, therefore, without ignoring military history, to divest it of its 
details, and to present the salient features of the campaigns as the 
only thing the interests of the pupil demand. 

VII. More than usual space is given to political contests, inven- 
tion, education, industries, schemes for internal improvements, 
reforms, presidential issues, causes and results, progress of opinion, 
social, official, and domestic manners — in a word, the development 
of our national life. The paramount idea has been to show the 
learner the steps of progress by which we have become a great nation. 

The style is simple and concise, without ignoring the ordinary 
graces of composition. The treatment of the various subjects will 
be found to be free from partisan bias on controverted points in 
politics, religion, and sectionalism. The narrative, it is thought, will 
be found to be full of facts and those the essential ones. 

I desire to make public acknowledgment of my obligations to 
Prof. Leonard F. Parker, A.M., of the chair of History and Greek 
in the State University of Iowa, for his careful and scholarly revision 
of the proofs. Prof Miles Reece has rendered valuable assistance 
in the correction of clerical deficiencies and errors of taste and syntax. 

E. T. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PA.OB. 

Table of Periods, - 8 

Chakt of Events, 9 

PERIOD I. 

I. Mound- Builders, Indians and Northmen, - . 17 

Review, 22 

Contemporary Events in European History, - 23 

PERIOD II. 

I. Story of the Great DISco^'ERY, - - - - 25 

II. Exploration and Claims, 31 

Review, ... - 36 

Contemporary Events in European History, - 36 

PERIOD III. 

I. Colonial Settlements, 39 

II. Colonial Progress, 63 

III. The French and Indian War, - - - - 74 

IV. The Interval, .-....- 82 
V. Causes of the Revolution, 95 

VI. The Revolution, 103 

Review, 108 

Contemporary Events in European History, 111 

PERIOD IV. 

I. Independence and Revolution, - - - - 114 

II. Confederation and Union, - - - - 133 

III. Administration of Washington, ... - 138 

IV. Administration of John Adams, - - - 150 
V. Administration of Jefferson, .... 156 

VI. Administration of Madison, - - - - 170 

VII. Administr.viion of Monroe, 180 

VIII. Administration of J. Q. Adams, ... 190 

IX. Administration of Jackson, 198 

X. Administration of Van Buren, ... 207 

XI. Administrations of Harrison and Tyler, - - 213 

XII. Administration of Polk, 223 

XIII. Administrations op T.\ylor and Fillmore, - 231 

XIV. Administration of Pierce, ----- 2S5 
XV. Administration op Buchanan, . - . . 240 

XVI. Administration of Lincoln, ... - 248 

XVII. Administr.\tion of Johnson, ----- 269 

XVIII. Administration of Grant, ----- 274 

XIX. Administration of Hayes, 285 

XX. Administrations of Garfield and Arthur, - 291 

XXI. First Administration of Cleveland, - - - 298 

XXII. Administration of Harrison, . - - - 308 

XXIII. Second Administration of Cleveland, - - - 317 

XXIV. Administration of McKinley, - . - - 323 

Review, - - 329 

Contemporary Events in European History, - 334 



6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Forty Historic Americans, ----- ^ . 339 

Fifty Illustrations of History, - - .. . _ 360 

Historical Recreations, ..-_..- 375 

Political Maxims of Washington. - - - ^ -^ 379 

Pronouncing Vocabulary op Proper Names, - - ^ - 383 

Tables, - _ 386 

The Origin op the Declaration, . . . . . 390 

Declaration of Independence, - - . . . 392 

Origin of the Constitution, .-.-._ 395 

Constitution of the United States, - ., - _ 395 

History of Kansas, --------- 406 

Index, ---_- 434 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 





PAGE. 




PAOK. 


I.— CHARTS, - 


9 


Calhoun, J. C, - 


- 200 


II.-MAPS. 




Clay, Henry, 


186 






Cleveland, Grover, 


. 298 


Territorial Acquisitions, 

Frontispiece. 


Columbus, 


28 


World as known before Co- 




Davis, Jefferson, 


- 247 


lumbus, ... 


26 


Edwards, Jonathan, 


93 


Locating Discoveries, opp. 


33 


Field, Cyrus, 


- 241 


French and Indian War, 


79 


Fillmore, Millard, 


233 


Northern Campaigns of 




Franklin, - 


- 94 


Revolution, 


105 


Fulton, Robert, 


165 


Southern Campaigns of 




Garfield, - 


- 291 


Revolution, 


137 


Goodyear, Charles, 


221 


Mexican War, 


224 


Grant, U. S.. - 


- 274 


Eastern Campaigns of Re- 




Greeley, Horace, - 


278 


bellion, 


251 


Hamilton, Alex., 


- 163 


Western Campaigns of Re 




Harrison, Benjamin, 


309 


bclliou, . - . - 


255 


Harrison, W. H., 


- 213 


Standard Time, 


294 


Hayes, R. B., 


285 






Henry, Patrick, 


- 95 


III. -PORTRAITS. 




Howe, Elias, 


228 


Adams, John, 


150 


Isabella, 


- 29 


Adams, J. Q., 


190 


Jackson, Andrew, 


198 


Agassiz, Louis, - 


280 


Jefferson, Thos., 


. 157 


Arthur, Chester A., 


293 


Johnson, Andrew, 


269 


Brown, John, . . - 


244 


La Fayette, 


- 122 


Bryant, W. C, 


325 


Lee. Robert, E., - 


256 


Buchanan, James, 


240 


Lincoln, Abraham, 


- 248 


Burr, Aaron, 


162 


Longfellow. H. W., 


326 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 





PAGE 




PAGF 


McKinley, Wni. 


323 


Michigan, 


204 


Mann, Horace, 


- 211 


Minnesota, - - . . 


244 


Madison, James, 


170 


Mississippi, 


184 


Marshall, John, - 


- 159 


Missouri, - . . . 


186 


Monroe, James, 


180 


Nebraska, 


273 


Morse, S. B., 


- 219 


Nevada, .... 


268 


Pierce, Franklin, 


235 


New Hampshire, - 


53 


Polk, J. K., 


. 223 


New Jersey, 


58 


Powers, Hiram, 


326 


New York, 


50 


Sumner, Charles, 


- 239 


North Carolina, 


58 


Taylor, Zachary, 


231 


Ohio, .... 


163 


Tyler, John, 


- 213 


Oregon, .... 


245 


Van Buren, M., 


207 


Pennsylvania, 


59 


Washington, 


- 106 


Rhode Island. 


56 


Webster, Noah, 


167 


South Carolina, 


57 


Webster, Daniel, 


- 201 


Tennessee, ... 


144 


West, Bc-nj., 


146 


Texas, 


217 


Whitney. Eli, - 


- 146 


Vermont, .... 


143 


IV.— STATE 

Alabama, 

Arkansas, 


SEALS. 

- 184 
204 


Virginia, 

West Virginia, - 

Wisconsin, 


42 
267 
230 


California, 


- 232 


v.— MISCELLANEOUS. 


Colorado, 


282 


Confederate Flag, 


257 


Connecticut, 


- 55 


Cotton Plant, 


84 


Delaware, 


60 


Drafting Wheel, 


261 


Florida, 


- 222 


Dutchman of Olden Time, 


51 


Georgia, 


61 


Early N. E. Church, - 


67 


Illinois, 


. 184 


First 11. R. Train, - 


194 


Indiana, 


176 


Fulton's Folly, . 


166 


Iowa, 


- 230 


Graded Way, 


19 


Kansas, 


245 


Hopeton Works, 


18 


Kentucky, 


- 144 


jMerrimac and Monitor, - 


258 


Louisiana, 


157 


New England Kitchen, 


72 


Maine, 


- 185 


Spinning Wheel, - 


84 


Maryland, 


53 


Union Flag, 


124 


Massachusetts, . 


- 44 


Federal Commanders, opp. 


261 



PERIODS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

When we think upon the political condition of this country from 
the beginning, it will seem convenient and natural to consider its 
history as divided into four periods. 

I. The Aboriginal Period, extending to the discovery of 
the continent in 1493. ^ 

II. The Period of Discovery and Exploration, ex- 
tending over 115 years, from the discovery of America in 1492 to the 
founding of the first English colony in 1607. 

III. The Colonial Period, extending over 169 years, from 
the first English colony in 1607 to the Declaration of Independence 
in 1776. 

IV. The Period of Nationality, extending over 121 years, 
from the Declaration of Independence in 1776 to the present time, 
1897. 



EXPLANATION OF THE CHART. 

In most minds the faculty of abstract number is one of the least 
efficient, and locality one of the most efficient, of the mental powers. 
Hence the use of maps and charts. In geography maps are indis- 
pensable. In this chart the same principle of bringing the eye to 
the aid of the mind, is applied to history in locating events. 

Time is represented as a stream, bearing events upon it, and flow- 
ing six inches each half century. It is recommended that the pupil 
thoroughly master the chart, and read the text in connection with it. 
It will be found that the varied facts of history will take their places 
in a panoramic view, giving a clear and lasting knowledge of the 
sequence of events and their bearing upon one another. The history 
of our country becomes, not a mass of dim and detached facts, but a 
coherent biography of the nation. 

(8) 







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A BRIEF HISTORY 

OP 

The American People. 



PERIOD I. 



ABORIGINAL TIMES. 

TO THE DISCOVERY OP AMERICA. 
1492. 



[AcTHoniTiES AND REFERENCES.— Bancroft's History of tlie United States; 
Graham's History United States; Squier and Davis's "Ancient Monuments;' 
Baldwin's "Ancient America;" Foster's "Prehistoric Races of America;" Jones's 
"Mound-Builders of Tennessee;" Schoolcraft's "History and Condition of the 
Indian Tribes;" Anderson's "Discovery of America by the Northmen ; " Cooper's 
"Leatherstocking Tales;" Mathews's "Behemoth, a Legend of the Mound-Build- 
ers;" Longfellow's "Hiawatha;", Whittier's "Mogg Megoue " and "Bridal of 
Pennacook;" Lowell's "Chippewa Legend."] 



CHAPTER I. 

MOUND-BUILDERS, INDIANS, AND NORTHMEN. 

1. The first Inhahitants of America are unknown. 
I'hey were probably people from Asia. We do not know 
when, how, or why they came, though we can think of 
several ways by which they might have come. 

2. The Mound- Builders is the name given to a 
race long since passed away, that erected earthworks for 
defensive, religious, and funeral purposes in the Mississippi 
Valley, from the Lakes to the Gulf.* The Indians liave 

*It Is now becoming a wellsupported opinion that these remains are the work of 
ancienV lodians, similar to the Aztecs of Mexico. 

(17) 



18 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



no traditions of their origin. At Marietta, Ohio, is a mound 
bearing a tree eight hundred years okl. These mounds 
consist of embankments, ditches, and heaps of earth, indi- 
cating considerable knowledge of military science. The 
embankments often have the outline of gigantic men and 
animals. It is saidthere are ten thousand of these works in 
Ohio alone. In Mexico and Peru are found still more 










HOPETON WORKS IN OHIO. 

wonderful remains. They consist of earthworks, ruined 
temples, idols, bridges, aqueducts, and paved roads. The 
Mound- Builders dwelt in cities, wove cotton, worked 
metals, and had regular trades and systematic govern- 
ments. 

'■). T/ie IndidilS followed the Mound -Builders as 
masters of the continent. We do not know why the latter 
left. They were probably enticed away by the more pleas- 
ant climate of the South, or were driven thither by the less 
civilized but more powerful tribes of the North. Having 
no written history, the Indians can give no reliable account 



MOUND BUILDERS, INDIANS, ETC. 



19 



of their origin and progress. They nearly all belonged to 
two great families, the Algonquins and the Iroquois. 

4. I7l ^fevsotl the Indians were copper-colored, and 
had straight l)lack hair and high cheek bones. They had 
no beard, and commonly cut oif their hair except one lock 
called the " scalp-lock." They were not equal to Euro- 
peans in bodil}^ strength, but they had wonderful endur- 
ance. They were very light of foot, and their best racers 
could run eighty miles a day. 




GRADED WAY IN OHIO. 

They used skins as clothing, which they prepared by 
smoking instead of tanning. When white men came they 
obtained blankets, which they decorated with feathers, 
beads, shells, and trinkets. In summer they wore but 
little clothing, and the early settlers said it was hard to 
fight with an Indian, because there was " nothing to hold on 
by except his hair, and not much of that." 

5. Their domestic life was peculiar. The Indian 
regarded all labor as degrading. He therefore compelled 



20 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

his squaw to build the wigwam, cut the wood, and carry 
the burdens. While he was on the hunt or spending a 
lazy life in fishing, she cleared the bushes away, scratched 
the ground with a crooked stick, and cultivated the simple 
crop of corn and pumpkins with a hoe made of a clam- 
shell. 

The wigwams were made by fixing poles m the ground, 
bringing them together at the top, and covering them with 
bark of trees or mats made of rushes. Mats on the earthen 
floor, or the skins of wild animals, formed their beds. The 
fire was kindled in the center, and the smoke escaped at 
the sides and top. 

The inmates had neither chair nor stool, but sat on the 
ground with their elbows on their knees. They had no 
domestic animals or beasts of burden. Their domestic 
utensils were of wood or stone, and fire was produced by 
continued friction. "They made stone axes and arrow- 
heads ; and these are often found in the ground to this 
day." Iron was unknown to them. Their most ingenious 
inventions were the birch-canoe and the snow-shoe. The 
canoes were sometimes thirty feet long, and would carry 
a dozen Indians. "An Indian could travel forty miles a day 
upon snow-shoes, and could overtake the deer and moose, 
whose pointed hoofs cut through the snow." These shoes 
are still much used in Canada, where the snows are deep. 

6. The eiluccitiOfl of the Indian consisted of muscular 
exercises, and such restraints as would accustom him to 
endure hunger and fatigue. There were long fastings, 
races on foot, trials of strength, and contests with the 
bow and arrow. It was a purely physical training. In 
some tribes the youth were instructed by the old men in 
the history and institutions of their people. They knew 
nothing of the books, writing, and sciences of civilized life. 

7. TJteir f/overnment consisted of a council of the 
chiefs antl all those warriors who had killed an enemy in 
battle. These, sitting in a half circle, deliberated with 
great solemnity of manner on the making of peace or war. 



MOUND BUILDERS, INDIANS, ETC. 21 

the disposal of prisoners, and the management of the 
chase. The professed orators engaged in long debates, 
and often the sound of true eloquence was heard. Treaties 
were ratified by smoking the pipe of peace, and records 
were kept by strings of sea-shells. 

8. JVav was thought to be a glorious occupation, and 
the tribes were nearly always engaged in it. The war- 
dance always preceded the opening of hostilities. A 
painted post was set in the ground, and the warriors 
formed a circle around it. The chief stepped into the 
open space, chanting the deeds of himself and his fathers, 
and striking the post as though it were an enemy. The 
warriors would follow, one by one, making the forest ring 
with their yells. This was always at night. In the morn- 
ing they laid aside their ornaments, and crept quietly 
through the forest to the place of attack. 

The expeditions were conducted by small parties whose 
object was to surprise the enemy, kill as many as possible, 
and return with their scalps. They made rapid advances 
and retreats, covering their trail to deceive the enemy. 
Their greatest warriors were incapable of any well-planned 
campaign or far-reaching policy, and their success was 
mainly owing to their silent approaches, patient watchings, 
and cunning stratagems. They thought it honorable to 
kill an unarmed enemy, and praised treachery and deceit. 
To fight a pitched battle was evidence of rashness or want 
of skill. They were very brave, but saw no shame in run- 
ning away when there was no chance of success. 

9. The chciVClCteV of the Indian was a strange mixture 
of good and bad qualities. He was faithful in friendship, 
and strongly susceptible to kindness. But as an enemy he 
was cruel and treacherous. " The very words tomahawk, 
scalping-knife, and torture-scaffold fill the fancy with dire 
images; and to say 'as savage as an Iroquois warrior ' is 
to exhaust the power of simile." 

The Indians had no forethought, and were satisfied if 
they had plenty to-day,* although starvation threatened them 



22 THE MODEL msfOitf. 

to-morrow. They showed great firmness under torture, and 
thought it unmanly to manifest emotion or pain. They 
were usually without a sense of modesty, and followed 
the suggestions of the baser propensities. They had no 
delicate moral principle, and their religion was full of 
superstitious notions and without much spirituality. 

.10. The jmpiilatio'n of the United States east of the 
Mississippi River, at the time of the earliest white settle- 
ments, did not exceed two hundred thousand. The Indians 
have probably never been a very numerous race. The 
tribes lived far apart, and had ample scope for their wan- 
dering life. The Aztecs, a Mexican tribe, were partly civil- 
ized, but the Indians of the North were barbarians. From 
the earliest times they have shown great dislike to a settled 
life. This they must finally adopt, or disappear from the 
earth. 

11. TJie Noi'thmetlf who dwelt in Sweden, Norway, 
and Iceland, claim to have been the original discoverers 
of America. According to their tradition, the continent 
was first seen about the year 1000 by one of their sea- 
kings, Erickson by name, whom a tempest had driven away 
from the coast of Greenland. They claimed to have made 
settlements on the Atlantic coast, and to have sailed south- 
ward as far as Florida. It is probable that these traditions 
are true; but no permanent settlement was made, the dis- 
covery was not considered of any importance, and was not 
known to the rest of Europe; the route was lost, and even 
\lie existence of the continent was forgotten. 



HE VIEW. 

The first inliabitants of America are unknown. — Tliere are many 
remains of the Mound -Builtlers. — The Indians came next. — Their 
appearance. — Their domestic life. — Their two chief inventions. — 
Their education. — Their government. — Their opinion of war. — Theii' 
manner of conducting campaigns. — Their character. — Indian popula- 
tion at the time of Columbus. — The Nortlimcn. 



'GONTEMPORART EVENTS. 23 



TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

The five hundred years immediately preceding the dis- 
covery of America were the latter half of the Jifidllle 
j4.ges. It was a period in which the religious unity of 
Europe produced the great tidal waves of the Crusades. 
Peter, the hermit of Picardy, kindled a flame of military and 
religious zeal which burned two hundred years throughout 
the continent. Later than this, old institutions gave way 
before new opinions, the feudal system was vanishing, and 
tendencies which had long lain in the germ sprung forth 
into activity. The art of printing came to diffuse a general 
enlightenment, and the revival of ancient learning greatly 
stimulated European genius. The discovery of a continent 
hitherto unknown, gave a new direction and opened a new 
field of unlimited scope to the activities of the age. 

During all this time A.mevicdf as we have seen, was a 
wilderness inhabited only by the vanishing Mound Builders, 
and roamed over by wild Indian tribes. The continent 
was reserved for the future, and was yet in its prehistoric 
period. 

1000. The French language began to be written. Manu- 

facture of paper from rags introduced into Europe 
by the Arabs. 

1001. Erickson, the Icelander, reached Labrador and ex- 

plored the coast as far as Rhode Island. 
1025. The Musical Scale invented by Guido Aretino, an 

Italian. 
1066. William the Conqueror, a Norman, ascended the 

English throne. 
1095. Peter the Hermit preached the first Crusade, 
1120. Scholastic Philosophy attained its highest point by 

the teachings of Pierre Abelard, of France. 
1137. The Pandects (the collection of Roman laws made by 

order of Justinian) discovered at Amalfi. It 



24 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

became the foundation of modern law in most 

civilized nations. 
1154. Henry II, the original Plantagenet, ascended the 

English throne. 
1180. Construction of the great cathedrals of Europe laid 

the foundation of modern architecture. 
1211. The Children's Crusade; 90,000 children perished. 
1215. The Magna Charta secured important rights to 

Englishmen. 
1230. Dawn of modern literature brought in by the poets 

of Sicily, the troubadours of Provence, and the 

minnesingers of Germany. 
1248. The Inquisition established in Italy by Pope Inno- 
cent IV. 
1200. Glass mirrors, magnifying glasses, and spectacles. 
1272. The last of the Crusades. 
1283. The Nibelungen Lied, the great German epic poem 

of the migration of nations. 
1302. Mariner's Compass introduced into Europe. 
1308. Founding of the Swiss Cantons. 

1349. Gunpowder first used in Europe by the English at 

the battle of Crecy. 

1350. The "Black Death" ravaged western Europe. 
1356. Mandeville wrote the first English book. 

1400. Wickliffe at Oxford, and Huss at Prague, prepared 

the mind of Europe for the Reformation. 
1431. Burning of Joan of Arc, the peasant girl of 

Domremy. 
1434. Cosmo de Medici. For the next 300 years the 

enlightened tastes of the Medici make Florence 

the mother of modern art. 
1444. The art of printing by movable type invented in 

Germany by Gutenberg. 
1479. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united the 

kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. 
1485. The Wars of the Roses, having desolated England 

for thirty years, ended with the battle of Bosworth. 



PERIOD II. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE FOUNDING 
OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY. 

1492-160T, 



[Authorities and Rkfkrencbs.— Bancroft's and Grahaine's Histories United 
States.— Parkman's "Pioneers of France liitiieNew World."— Irviner's "Lifeof Col- 
umbus. "—Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West.'"— Hakluyt's " Voyagestouch- 
Ingtlie Discovery of America."— Simnis's "Damsel of Darien" (Balboa), " Vascou- 
selos"(DeSoto; and "The Lily and tbe Totem."J 



CHAPTER I. 

STORY OF THE GREAT DISCOVERY. 

1. Modem IListory begins with the year 1500. It 
was a time of great changes in Europe. Modern civiliza- 
tion was just beginning its development. The darkness of 
the Middle Ages was passing away, and the Revival of 
Learning was about to free the human mind from the 
ignorance of the times. The art of printing had now been 
discovered, and the Protestant Reformation was about to 
break up the feudal and religious systems of Europe. 

2. The Discovery of America occurred at this 

time. A new field for adventure and colonization was thus 
opened to the restless spirits of the Old World, who were 
ready to occupy it, 

3. The map of the world at that time was exceed- 
ingly imperfect. Only a portion of the African coast had 
been explored; Asia and northern Europe had no well 
defined limits; and America and Australia were unknown 

2 25 



26 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



Mariners did not venture far from land, and the unexplored 
regions were supposed by the superstitious sailors to abound 
in whirlpools, headless men, horrible serpents, hippogriffs, 
and other monsters. 

The vessels were small and clumsily constructed, and, 
as they sailed for trade and not for exploration, they coasted 
timidly along the shore. But little interest was taken in 
geographical discovery. 




THB WORLD AS KNOWN BEFORE COLUMBUS. 

4. The shape of the earth was not known by most 
persons to be round. They thought it was a flat surface 
with the ocean lying like a great river around it. They 
did not think to ask what was beyond. But a few scientific 
and thoughtful men believed the earth to be a sphere, and 
two or three ventured the opinion that Asia could be 
reached by sailing westward. The wildest speculation 
never dreamed that between the western coast of Europe 
and the eastern shore of Asia there was a mighty continent 



THE QBE AT DISCOVERT. 27 

three thousand miles wide and ten thousand long, and peo- 
pled by another race of men. 

5. The spirit of eocploratiofl prevailed in western 
Europe. The monarchs of Portugal, avoiding the conflicts 
of states in European wars, chose the sea as the field of 
their enterprise. Under their patronage the vessels no 
longer coasted timidly along the shore but sailed abroad on 
the Atlantic. They discovered the Cape Verd islands and 
the more distant Azotes, lying six hundred miles from the 
shore of the continent. These became waymarks on the 
ocean route to the New World. 

6. The great problem of the (Iffe,, during the latter 
half of the fifteenth century, was to find a nearer route to 
Asia, Commerce with that continent was carried on by way 
of the Red Sea, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Mediterranean 
Sea. Bartholomew Diaz and De Gama had not yet sailed 
around the Cape of Good Hope. India and China had long 
been celebrated for their wealth. Their silks and shawls, 
their spices and fragrant woods, their pearls and ivory, 
their diamonds and jewels, made them a wonder- land whose 
trade was very valuable to Europe. 

7. No sailor was brave enough to undeitake the ji.fr i- 
Cflfh route. That continent extended to an unknown dis- 
tance southward, and the fancy of the people filled the 
South Sea with numerous terrors, — pools of fire, boiling 
whirlpools, and man-eating monsters. 

8. Toscanelli was the name of an eminent geogra- 
pher living at Florence. He thought the earth to be a sphere, 
and wrote a letter to Portugal recommending a voyage 
westward to reach Asia. 

9. As early as 1356 the English traveler, Sir John 
Jifandeville^ had declared in the first English book ever 
written, that when traveling northward he had seen the 
north star rise in the heavens, and that when going south 
the antarctic constellations came into view. He said the 
earth was a sphere, and that it was possible and practicable 
for a sailor to reach Asia by a western voyage. 



28 



THW MODEL BISTOAY. 




COLUMBUS. 



10. Chvistoplier Colunibns, a native of Genoa, 
had been a sailer from boyhood. During all his life he was 

either making voyages or 
drawini!^ charts. He was 
a man of originality and 
genius, and reflected much 
on the proposed route to 
Asia. The world was then 
thought to be only al)out 
eight thousand miles in cir- 
cumference; and Columbus 
saw that if this was correct, 
the distance westward to the 
shores of Asia could not ex- 
ceed four thousand miles. 
But for this lucky mistake 
Columbus would never have been the discoverer of America^ 
The mariner's compass, which was then in continual use, 
and the astrolabe, a rude kind of quadrant, were the instru- 
ments which made the navigation of ])athless oceans pos- 
sible. Columbus therefore thought the voyage could be 
made. He regarded himself as divinely chosen to open 
the new route to the opulent East, and to carry the bless- 
ings of Christianity to the people residing there. 

11. Some direct evidence, ^^ well as his theories, 
greatly interested him. His brother-in-law had seen a piece 
of strangely carved wood that had been washed on the shores 
of Portugal by a westerly storm. An old sailor had picked 
up the paddle of a canoe a thousand miles west of Europe. 
Strange plants, a canoe, and the bodies of two men very 
different in appearance from Europeans, had been washed 
from the westward to the shore of the Azores. These 
tilings, together with an encouraging letter from Toscanelli, 
so far confirmed him that he resolved to act. 

12. A:id could only be o])tained from the government, 
Columbus was a poor man and had no ships of his own. 
He first tried his countrymen, the Genoese, then the repub- 



THE GREAT DISCOVERY. 



29 



lie of Venice, and then the king of Portugal. He next 
turned to Spain. He had now become so poor that he was 
obliged to beg bread for himself and his little son, and to 
borrow suitable clothes to wear in his interview with the 
king. Ferdinand was engaged in a great war, and had no 
time to listen to a poor sailor whom every one laughed at. 
The very children mocked him as he passed in the streetsi 
and put their fingers to their heads in ridicule. But he 
watched and waited, 

13. Success came at last. Eighteen years had now 
passed since he conceived his great design, seven of which 
v/ere spent waiting for the answer of Ferdinand. Sad- 
dened by his continual failures, he was leaving Spain, beg- 
ging a little food at convent doors, and resolving to apply 

to the king of France, At a 
lonely mountain pass he was 
overtaken by a messenger from 
the queen, Isabella, asking him 
to return to the capital. Urged 
by a desire to spread the Cath- 
olic faith throughout the world, 
and to see Spain the mistress of 
lands in Asia, the queen had 
changed her mind. To the cold 
objections of Ferdinand she 
nobly answered, "I undertake 
the enterprise for my crown of 
Castile, and will pledge my 
jewels to raise the necessary 
funds." Thus the perseverance of one man and the enter- 
prise of one woman triumphed over the ignorance and 
bigotry of the age. 

14. JPreparatiOilS began at once. The sacrifices of 
Isabella were not required. By a draft on the treasury for 
twenty thousand dollars, equal to six times that amount at 
the present day, three small vessels were equipped, and a 
crew of ninety men secured. These men were compelled 




ISABELLA. 



30 THE MODEL HISTORY, 

to embark on the expeditioiic They were full of fea/.^ and 
very few had any faith in the theories of their leader or 
shared in his enthusiasm. 

15. The voyage began Aug. 3, 1492, and the little 
fleet proceeded to the Canaries. On leaving them, Colum- 
bus sailed steadily westward for many days. The sailors 
became despairing and mutinous. The leader calmed their 
fears as well as he could, and exercised great patience with 
them. They even talked of throwing him overboard and 
returning to Spain. At length he promised them that if 
they diix not see land within three days he would turn 
back. That very day the sailors were cheered by signs of 
a})proaching land. Flocks of land birds were seen over- 
head, singing their forest songs, sea weeds and tunny fish, 
seldom found far from shore, floated around the vessels ; a 
cane, freshly cut, and a branch of red berries, were picked 
up, and the water was growing shallower. On the third 
evening at ten o'clock a light was seen glimmering across 
the water. 

16. When the morning of Octol)er 12, 1492 ^ 
dawned upon Columbus and his fleet, land was before 
them. There ware gay flowers, strange trees, and tropical 
fruits. The shore was lined with co])per-colored people 
who looked with wonder at the Spanish ships. They 
believed the strangers had come down from Heaven. Col- 
umbus landed, carrying the standard of Spain, kissed the 
earth, and with approjiriate religious ceremonies took pos- 
session of the land in tlie name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

17. The Inntl was found to be a small island, to 
which Columbus gave the name San Salvador, — the Span- 
isli words for Holy Saviour. It is now usually called Cat. 
Island. Columbus did not doubt that he had discovered 
one of the seven thousand four hundred and forty islands 
which Toscanelli had declared to lie in the ocean east 
of Asia. As he supposed the people belonged to the 
Indies, he called them Indians. 



EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 31 

18. Three other voyages were made by Colum- 
bus. In one of these he reached the mainland of South 
America. He never dreamed that he had discovered a 
new continent, and died supposing that he had opened the 
new route to Asia. His later years were saddened by per- 
secution and neglect, and his labors and character were 
not appreciated till subsequent times. 

19. The nUiitlnf/ of the new world was a mis- 
take caused by the ignorance of the times. An Italian 
explorer named Amerigo Vespucci visited the coast of 
South America a year after Columbus. He wrote an 
account of his four voyages, giving it the date when he 
started on his first, — May, 1497, — which was a year before 
Columbus saw the mainland. After the death of Columbus, 
this account was published, and a German geographer 
suggested that the name "America" be given to the new 
lands. This was six years before the death of Vespucci, 
but he never disclaimed the honor. It is the judgment of 
most historians that he intended to wrong Columbus by 
plainiing the fraud and allowing it to go uncorrected. 
Hence we live in "America" instead of "Columbia." 



CHAPTER II. \ 

EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 

20. To the West ! was the cry of European naviga- 
tors when Columbus brought the news of his discoveries. 
The new lands were represented as abounding in precious 
minerals, delicious fruits, and strange animals. Stories 
were told of diamonds as big as robin's eggs, and of 
mountains where gems could be seen glittering among 
the rocks. It became at once the fashion to enter on 
western exploration. Those who went now were not 
unwilling seamen, but were mostly those adventurous men 
whom the peace at home had thrown out of their regular 



32 THE MODEL mSTORY. 

employment, warfare. They were animated by high hopes 
of wealth and fame. The era of exploration had come. 

21. The foilV poweVS which took an active part in 
exploring North America were Spain, England, France, 
and Holland. 

THE SPANISH. 

22. Under Collinibus the Spaniards planted a colony 
in the West Indies, from which they sent out expeditions 
to the mainland. 

23. Under Vespucci they reached the eastern 
coast of South America. He first announced the fact that 
the new lands were not a part of India, but were in reality 
a new continent. 

24. They colonized Central America by an expedition 
under Halboa, and discovered the Pacific Ocean at the 
isthmus of Panama. The leader waded into the water, 
drawing his sword after the pompous fashion of Spanish 
explorers, and declared that the ocean and all the lands 
washed by it should be Spanish property forever. 

25. Under JPoilce de Leou they explored the coast 
of Florida for many leagues. 

26. They invaded and conquered, under Covtez, the 
wealthy empire of Mexico. 

27. They sent an expedition under 2flaf/e71an around 
South America and across the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
This was the first circumnavigation of the globe. 

28. They explored the Pacific coast, under Ccihvillo^ 
as far north as Oregon. 

29. They sent a finely equipped force of six hundred, 
under De SotOf through the Southern States, and discov- 
ered the Mississippi River. This little army fought a 
severe battle with the natives, endured incredible hard- 
ships, and buried their leader in the river they had dis- 
covered. 

30. They founded St, Augustinef the oldest city 
in the United Stateg, 




V ^ G T F T G C F^ ^ 



EXPLORATION AND CL.UMS. 33 

THE ENGLISH. 

31. The English became the earliest rivals of Spain in 
American exploration. John and Sebastia7i Cabotf 

father and son, sailed under a commission from the King-. 
They explored the coast from Gulf St. Jjawrence to Cape 
Hatteras. This was fourteen months before Columbus 
touched on the mainland of South America. North America, 
therefore, belonged to the English by what was called the 
right of discovery. 

32. Out of respect for a decree of tlie Pope of Rome, 
arbitrarily granting to Spain all the lands on the western 
shore of the Atlantic, the Catholic monarchs of England 
engaged no more in western exploration for three fourths 
of a century. Then JMavtitl Ft'Obisfwr obtained a 
commission, with the idea of reaching the Indies by sailing 
around America to the north. He attained a higher lati- 
tude on the Atlantic coast than had ever been reached 
before. 

33. The great sea captain and piratical commander, 
Sir Francis Drake, explored the Pacific coast and 
returned homeward by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 

34. Sir Walter Maleigh, a favorite at the court 
of the English Queen, obtained a grant of a large body of 
land and attempted colonization. 

35. The first expedition sent by him explored Roanoke 
Island and the adjacent sounds, and gave so favorable an 
account of the country that Raleigh named it in honor of 
the Queen, Virginia. 

30. His second party settled at Roanoke and were 
kindly received by the natives. But because a silver cup 
had been lost or stolen, the commander burned an Indian 
village and the corn of the inhabitants. Soon after, a party 
of Englishmen, having met a chief and his associates in a 
council, fell upon them and put them to death. This was 
not only a treacherous, but a very unwise act. The 
Indians withdrew their supplies, and the colonists, becoin- 
2* 



34 TUE MODEL HISTORY. 

ing dissatisfied, returiKnl to England. They took with thom 
three products ol" America, — corn, potatoes and tobacco. 

37. Ills third attempt was to found an agricultural 
colony in Viiginia. He saw that he must send not advent- 
urers but I'amilies to America, who would make it their 
possession and home. Tiie party founded the city of 
Raleigh, but failed in making a })ermanent settlement. 
Uidike their predecessors, they awaited death in the laiuJ 
of their adoption. "If America had no English towns it 
soon had English graves." Every member of the colony 
perished or was adopted by Indian tribes. 

THE FRENCH. 

38. The French navigators could not remain quietly at 
home with the glories of western exjiloration ringing in 
their ears. 

39. Under Vevva^^atli they explored the coast fi-om 
Caroliiui to Nova Scotia. They supposed this land had 
never been seen by white men, but we know that Cabot 
had discovered it twenty-five years before. Th(>y named 
the country New France. Verrazzani wrote to the king ol 
France the earliest description of the Atlantic coast now 
extant. 

40. Cavtierf in search of the Northern Passage, 
explored the coast of Newfoundland and named the St. 
Lawrence. 

41. Under J)e 3IOflts they made good their claim tc 
Canada and the St. Lawicnce by establishing a permanent 
settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. 

42. Chainplaln founded the City of Quebec as a 
trading post, lie has been termed the father of New 
France. 

TIIE DUTCH. 

43. The Dutch, still trying to find a Northwestern Pas- 
sage, made a single expedition under Henvy Hudson, 
who discovered and ex])lored the Hudson River, and trav 



EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 35 

ersed the coast nortliward to Hudson Bay. He named the 
country New Netherlands. 

44. The objects of these explorations were 

various. The Spaniards went for gold and precious 
stones; the Portuguese to capture Indians and reduce them 
to slavery; the French for the sake of fishing-; and the 
English and Dutch to find a passage to India. Even the 
learned supposed for a loiii^ time that the new lands 
were a series of islands called "Florida," " Hispatiiola," 
and " America." The geogra})hei's thought China and 
.lapan lay just west of these islands, and they eagerly 
sought a passag;e thence. 

45. The claims of territory resulting from these 

explorations were very conflicting. The Spaniards wished 
to own all the lands they had seen or sailed near. So did 
the English. So did the French. So did the Dutch. Hut 
none of them were willing to stay there and keep posses- 
sion. Finally the Spanish made a beg'inning at St. Augus- 
tine, and the French at Port Royal. The right of 
discovery was then regarded as a just title to ownership ; 
and the conflicting claims led to endless trouble in after 
years, and finally brought on a contest of arms for the pos- 
session of the continent. 

40. The Spanish clahned nearly all of the United 
States under the name of Florida, and all the Pacific coast 
under the name of New Mexico. 

47. The English claimed the coast from Cape 

F'oar to Halifax, and the territory west of it to the Pacific. 

48. The French claimed Canada and the Avhole 
of the Mississippi Valley. 

40. The Dutch claimed the territory between the 
Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. 

50. We shall now study the settlements made on this 
contested territory, the conflicts of authority, and the 
development of a great nation. 



36 THE MODEL HiSTORt. 

BE VIE W. 

CIIAPTKR I. 

The beginning of modern liistoiy. — An incomplete map of the 
world. — Known to be a sphere but thought to be small. — The great 
problem. — i\Iandeville first suggests the idea. — Toscanelli confirms it. 
— Columbus resolves to jirove it. — He finds much to confirm his 
theory. — And spends eiglUecn years searching for a patron. — He sails 
and finds land. — And makes three other voyages.— The new lands 
called Anu'rica. 

CHAPTER II. 

Tlu' fever for western exploration. — Balboa sees the Pacif c. — Ves- 
puccius visits Brazil. — Cortcz in Mexico. — Magellan circumnavigates 
Hie globe. — CabriUo first visits Oregon. — De Soto explores the South- 
ern States. — The Cabots first explore the Atlantic coast.— Frobisher 
visits Labrador. — Drake explores the Pacific. — Raleigh makes three 
attempts to found a colony in Virginia. — Verrazzani visits New 
France. — Cartier names the St. Lawrence. — De INIonts plants a colony 
at Port Royal. — Champlain founds Quebec. — Hudson discovers the 
Hudson River. — The object of the exi)loratious. — The confiicting 
claims. 



TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

UO-2-lGO:. 

Tliis period in Europe was a tini3 of StOmiS. Strujr- 
i^les of vast power, religious, civil, and intellectual, shook 
the continent. It was the stormy dawn of Modern Times. 
The temporal power of the Papacy was declining from the 
height which it liad attained under the diplomacy of war- 
like popes. The four great monarchies of England, France, 
Spain, and Germany, having recovered from feudal strifes, 
stood in !-()lid form and power under rulers of surpassing 
ability. The wonderful awakcniing of intelligence in the 
preceding period passed over into this to stir the mind of 
Europe in every class of society, and in every department of 
thought. The Protestant Reformation, at first a religious 
di i)ute, swept over the continent in a whirlwind of opinion, 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 37 

and soon absorbed within itself all other issues, political, 

social, and moral, of the age. 

A-'itiei'lCd, as we have seen, became the theater upon 

which the active spirits of an adventurous age played their 

parts in (piest of wealth, knowledge or dominion. 

141)2. Ferdinand conquered the Moors, who for SOO 3'ears 
had held the fairest portions of Spain. 

1517. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by 
his opposition to papal indulgences. 

1520. Raphael and Michael Angelo ilourished in Italy. 

1524. The Peasants' War in Germany. The revolt sup- 
pressed with terril)le slaughter, 

1529. The Reformers called Protestants because they ^:>ro- 

testcd against the decrees of the Diet of Spires. 

1530. The Augsburg Confession drawn up by Melancthon, 

and aj)proved by Luther, as the creed of the Ger- 
man Protestants. 

151)2. True theory of the solar system taught by Coper- 
nicus. 

15;»4. The order of Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola, 
with six other students of the University of Paris. 

1545. Flourishing pei'iod of the Dutch linen, and the 
Spanish silken and woolen, manufactures. 

1550. The Catholics control in England. Persecution of 
English Protestants. Ridley and Latimer burned 
at the stake. 

1555. The Revival of Learning promoted by the trans- 
lation and study of the Bible. 

1558. The first English newspaper (the English Mercury) 
by Lord Burleigh. 

1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which 70,000 French 
Protestants were murdered. 

1579. The East India Company established. 

1581. Independence of the Dutch Republic declared. 

1582, Reformation of the Calendar— called the New Style 

— introduced into Catholic countries by a papal 
decree, October 5 being reckoned October 15. 



38 THE MODEL IIlSTOItT. 

1588. The "Invincible Armada" defeated in the English 

channel. 
1598. Edict of Nantes restored religious liberty to tlie 

Protestants of France. 
IGOO. During the latter half of the century Europe was 

scourged by desolating wars between the old 

Catholicism and the young Protestantism. 
lODl. Great commercial companies incorporated for trading 

with, settling, and governing distant lands became 

very popular with the nations of western Europe. 
1G05. Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot for blowing up the 

English Houses of Parliament. 



PERIOD ITT. 



COLONIAL TIMES. 

FROM THE FOUNDING OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLOHY 
TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

1G07-17T6. 



FAUTHORITIES AND Referencks. — Bancroft's, Graliain's ami llildretli's His- 
tDiiesof United States.— I'alfrey's " New England."— Upliam's "History of Witcli- 
craft."— I>ral<e's "Indian Wars."— Elliott's " New England."— Mather'.s " Magnolia.'' 
—Sparks' "American Biography." — Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia." — Hauvard's 
"Plyniontli and the Pilgrims."— Parton's "Franklin."— Wirt's "Patrick Henry."— 
Longfellow's ".lolin Endicott," "Giles Corey," "Evangeline," and "Ct iirtship of 
Miles Standlsh."— Mrs. Hemans' "Landing of the Pilgrims."] 



CHAPTER I. 

COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 

1. At the close of the former period the COlldltion of 
Attiet'lCCl was nearly the same as when Columbus found 
it. It was still almost an unbroken wilderness. The few 
settlements which had existed were of a commercial and 
transient character, and it had not yet entered the European 
mind that here was to be the seat of great states. But now 
that gigantic commercial corporations had come into vogue, 
with powers of colonization and government, the work of 
settlement was ready to begin. The state-builders of the 
new world were now to enter on their labors. 

2. A.p}'il 10 f 1606f was an important day for the 
western continent. On that day the king of England issued 
two great patents to men of that country, authorizing them 
to possess and colonize most of that portion of North 
America lying between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth 
degrees of latitude, and extending from ocean to ocean, 

,(39> 



40 THE MODEL IH STORY. 

3. The London Company was an association of 
nobles, gentleinen, and in<M-cli;ints residing in London. To 
it was granted the territory lying between the thirty-l'ourtli 
and thirty-eighth degrees — from C'ape Fear to the Potomac. 

4. Tlie 1*1 yniouth Cofnpany was composed of 
corresponding classes at Plymouth, in tlie west of England. 
It received the exclusive right to plant colonies between 
tne forty-first and forty-fifth degrees — from New York City 
to Halifax. By this allotment a strip of land three degrees 
wid(> lay between the territories of the companies from 
which both were excluded. These grants led to the per- 
manent settlement of the country. 

5. By the terms of the patents the affairs of the 
companies were to be managed by a Superior Council 
residing in England, and an Inf(M-ior Council residing in 
the colony. "• The mend)ers of both Councils were apjiointed 
and dismissed at the ])l(\asure of the king. All law-making 
authority was also finally vested in the monarch, and not a 
single ])rincipl(i of self-government was admitted. The 
(;ompanies were l)ound to pay to (he king one fifth of all 
the gold and one fifteenth of all the silver found within the 
territory. Tiie colonists were retpiired to hold all property 
in common for five years, and were to retain all the rights 
and privileges of Englishmen. 

VIRGINIA, IGOr. 

0. The first settlement was made by order of the 
London Company. One; hun(b-ed and five men without 
families reached Chesapeake Bay and coasted along the 
southern shore till they came to the mouth of a broad and 
beautiful riv(ir. They proceeded up this stream about fifty 
mil(>s, moored their vessels, and in the forest laid off a town. 
The stream was called James River, and the town James- 
town, in honor of their king. This was one hundred and 
ten years after Cal)ot had sailed along that coast. This 
length of time had l)een required to plant English civili- 
zation among the forests of America. 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 41 

7. The colonists were not the kind of men to found 
a new State. They were idle and wasteful. There were 
only twelve commoii laborers, six masons and blacksmiths, 
and four carpenters. There was a long list of forty-eight 
" useless gentlemen," and several pardoned criminals. 
They regarded themselves as mere sojourners, expecting 
to dig gold, trade with the Indians, get wealth, and return 
home. Being mere adventurers, they planted nothing the 
first year, and the provisions they brought were soon con- 
sumed. By autumn, famine and the diseases of a hot, moist 
climate had swept away half their number, 

8. Cuptaiu John Stnith, a very brave and able 
man, was the president of the colony for several years. 
Though less than thirty years of age, his life was full of 
experience. Born in England; a soldier in Holland; a 
traveler in France, Italy, and Egypt; captured by the 
Turks and sold as a slave; sent to distant Tartary whence 
with an iron collar about his neck he escaped through the 
forests of Russia to Europe; thrown overboard at sea; 
he returned to England, restlessly joined tlu; London Com- 
))any, and was now to rescue a colony from destrneJ^ion. 
He was the most noted man of early tinies in America. 

9. His labors were incessant and generally success- 
ful. He cultivated the friendship of the Indians and tried 
to stimulate the indolent colonists. He spent the winters 
in exploring the shore and interior, and he made the first 
accurate map of the coast. In these expeditions he had 
many adventures with the Indians. He was greatly cha- 
grined to find that in spite of his entreaties the company 
continued to send out gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, 
adventurers, and " gentlemen," instead of mechanics and 
laborers. 

10. The love of (jold was the impulse which drew 
these people to America. As soon as spring came they 
began to stroll over the country in search of it, and the 
industry which Smith encouraged was laughed at. When 
some glittering sand was discovered on the banks of the 



42 



THE MODEL HISTORY, 




SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 



river the whole colony began to glow with excitement. A 
ship was loaded with this " fooPs gold " and sent to Eng- 
land. Even the Indians laughed at men who would rather 
dig worthless sand than raise a crop of corn ! 

10. The growth of the colony was slow for many 

years. The reinforce- 

iiSff •i-/'^' 4Xi^ J'4^^ys^—'>S^ ments from England 

could do hut little 
more than supply the 
loss from disease, fa- 
mine, and Indian mas- 
sacre. Two or three 
times the entire colony 
was on the point of .abaiuloning Jamestown and returning 
to England. Twice they had already taken passage with 
this view, but luckily met new colonists, with provisions, 
who induced them to return. At the end of twelve years 
not one in twenty of all those who had lived in the colony 
was alive. 

11. After the gold fever had passed, the pvofTllCtlotlS 
of the soil rapidly increased. Tobacco was now very j>opu- 
lar but very scarce in England, and the colonists engatred 
extensively in its cultivation. It became, and for many 
years remained, their principal article of export. With it 
they paid for the goods brought to them from England. 
The huge forests of Virginia supplied large quantities of 
lumber, which was very welcome in the mother country. 
" One fir-tree will make the main mast for the greatest ship 
in England," wrote a colonist to his relative. Tar and 
pitch, deer skins, beaver pelts, and salted fish were exported 
in considerable quantities. 

13. The want of laborers was severely felt for 
many a year. The Company induced many young men 
to join the colony who were to have a free passao-e, and 
food, clothing, and tools to work with, for one year. They 
were then to choose a master among the planters, whom they 
were to serve for seven years. They were called " bound 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 43 

servants." This plan was not very successful. English- 
men did not like to deed away their freedom, and so the 
great want of the colony still continued. 

13. JilacJv labovevs were first introduced into the 
colony in 1()'*0. A Dutch ship trading in the East Indies 
stopped at Jamestown, and sold the planters twenty negroes 
as servants for life. They made good field-hands, and their 
number rapidly increased. The Council discouraged the 
importation of these people by placing a heavy tax on 
female slaves. But the demand for lal)orcrs was so press- 
ing that even the worst criminals were liberated from 
English prisons and sent to America that they might be of 
some use. Many of these convicts became honest men 
when they had a chance to begin a new life in the young 
colony, 

14. The presence of WOniCtl was another want. 
Many of the young men were idle and unsettled and needed 
tidy wives to care for their homos. The Company, there- 
fore, sent over one hundred and fifty young women as wives 
for the unmarried men. We are told that they were " maids 
of virtuous education, young, handsome and well recom- 
mended." In a short time every maiden was wooed and 
wedded by a young planter. The husband was required 
to pay the cost of his wife's passage to America, usually 
1"^5 pounds of tobacco valued at ^90. The result was that 
homes increased, the ])lantations flourished, and the colo- 
nists lost all desire to return to England. 

15. A ivriften COnstittttion was soon given to 
the colony, which granted the privilege of electing a legis- 
lature, the right of petition, and of trial by jury. Power 
was given the legislature to veto any objectionable acts of 
the Company. Under this constitution the first legislative 
assembly of America met. Thus the people learned the 
important lessons of self-government. 

IG. Two Indifffl massacres came near extermi- 
nating the growing colony. One day at noon the savages 
fell upon the settlements along the James River through a 



44 THE MODEL 11 r STORY. 

distance of one humlieJ and forty miles, and an indiscnnu- 
nate slaughter i'oUowedo Hundreds perished under Ihen- 
clubs and hatchets. The more distant plantations were 
entirely destroyed; but a friendly Indian having revealed 
the pU)t at Jamestown the night before, those settlements 
to which the news could be carried by the Ueetest horsed, 
prepared for the attack and were saved. 

17. The laiVS of the colony were very strange and 
very severe, especially on religious matters. At one time 
it was the law that if a man was absent from church, with- 
out a good reason, even for a single Sunday, he must be o.i 
half allowance of food for one week; if he offended a sec- 
ond time, he must be whipped; if a third time, he was to 
suffer death. A woman who was an habitual scold might 
be "ducked" three times in running water. The usual 
punishments were whipping, sitting in the stocks, and 
standing at the church door with the names of their crimes 
pinned to their breasts. The Roman Catholics and the 
(juiet Quakers were severely punished if they came into 
the colony. All these things were quite common in that 
period. 

MASSACHUSETTS, 1G;30. 

18. The second colony was planted witln'n the 
. territory of the Plv- 




■•^V^ mouth Comjiany, 

''y&^'^'^fr'''' ^^ ^^^ "9 "«'i''T''}"'"""thRock, 



^ i "^"l**^ ill ^y Englishmen IVom 
r' Tf^"* S'<'J'i«"'fr SCJ^j.'tA L Holland, who had 
,;^ , '/ -"^ -".:,^.>,^.^ resi(le(l there to se- 
cure religious free- 

SEAL OF MAPSACHrSETTS. l ■ i l 

dom, denied them ni 
Enghind. They were part of that large body of English 
people who dissented from the Established Churcli, the 
Episcopal, and who were called Puritans. 

19. They called themselves pilgrims, and they are known 
in American history as the Pilyrhn Fathers, Their 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 45 

clothes were plain in color and cut. They were also called 
in derision " Roundheads." Tliey were slow to quarrel, 
and never swore, as was then the wicked fashion. They 
spoke slowly, discouraged mirth, and took life in solemn 
earnest. One hundred and two of these people came in a 
single ship, the Mayflower. They landed on a frozen coast 
in the middle of winter, and began to build houses, divid- 
iiio- themselves into nineteen families. Their suffer! no;s 

CD O 

were very great, and the first winter swept away half their 
number. Occasionally a ship arrived from England, bring- 
ing them articles of comfort and luxury. After some years 
their exports of dried tish, furs, and lumber, brought them 
whatever civilized life required. 

20. A few years afterward anothci' C'OiUJ^nnf/ of Puri- 
tans arrived from England. They made wliat they called 
a " short and speedy" voyage of forty-five days, and settled 
on the coast of Massachusetts at Salem. They came in 
summer and saw the shore in its floral beauty. Soon after, 
three hundred of the best Puritan families in England 
came over in seventeen ships. They were not adventurers 
and vagabonds, but educated, enterprising, and virtuous 
people, wlio came to secure religious freedom, and with no 
expectation of returning. Their first governor was a noble 
man, John Winthrop. 

21. TheiP SllffeviriffS were scarcely inferior to 
those of their neighbors at Plymouth. It was the same 
old story of famine, disease, and suff'ering from cold. 
Many of the settlers Ivid been delicately nurtured in their 
old homes, and could not endure the wintry blasts. "Sleet 
and STiov/ drifted through the cracks of their board huts 
where enfeebled men and delicate women moaned out their 
lives." Before Christmas two hundred had perished ; but 
there was no complaint nor despair. 

22. The lildlatlS gave them no trouble, though for 
, a time the colonists were in great fear. One day an Indian 

came to the settlement, and, holding out his hands, ex 
claimed, " Welcome, Englishmen ! welcome. Englishmen I" 



46 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

A solemn treaty of IVioiidship was made with them, whi(;h 
was faithfully kejit for fifty years. Tliis was the first dis- 
play of justice and humanity toward the Indians made by 
any of the Europeans appearing on the American con- 
tinent. 

23. The f/ovet'n^nent of the colony at first was 
dem ocratic. The peo[)le elected their own officers, and a 
legislative body chosen by them made the laws. But after 
some years the right of suffrage was much restricted, and 
only church members could vote at the colonial elections. 
Thus a minority of one-fourth made laws for a majority of 
three fourths. None but members of the church were 
eligible to offices of trust , taxes were levied for the sup- 
port of the ministers of the gospel ; and attendance on 
public worship and oaths of obedience to the magistrates 
were required by law. 

24. During whole generations veligioilS matters 
were subjects of public and private discussion. In Eng- 
land at that time religious intolerance was common. An 
established church was thought to be a powerful thing in a 
State, and difference of belief in religion a very great dan- 
ger. The Puritans, therefore, having secured liberty of 
conscience for themselves, did not mean to give it to any 
one else, and kept strict watch that no one spoke disre- 
spectfully of the church or disputed any of its doctrines. 
If any one thus transgressed he was arrested and admon- 
ished. If he did it a second time, he was banished from 
the colony. 

25. The first man to speak against these practices, and 
in favor of religious freedom, was HiUjer WilllnniSf a 
learned and very promising young minister of Salem. He 
taught his congregation that a magistrate had nothing to 
do with the consciences of the people, and that they should 
rule only in civil cases, as the collection of taxes, the sup- 
port of equal rights, and the repression of crime. 

He wrote a paper, declaring that the lands belonged to 
the Indians, and that the king of England had no right to 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 47 

^ive them away without buying them. He also said that 
compulsory attendance of church service and forced taxation 
for the support of the ministry, were contrary to the gospel. 

26. There was much excitement, and his Cirvest soon 
followed. Governor Winthrop, who was a very gentle 
Puritan, entreated him to desist. But Williams said he 
came to America to secure liberty of conscience, that every 
one else had the same right as himself, and that he must 
declare what he believed to be true. 

He was condemned, and became an exile in the wild 
forest in the middle of winter, traveling through the snow 
for fourteen weeks, sleeping on the ground and in hollow 
logs, and living on parched corn and acorns. He made his 
way southward, and lived among the hospitable Indians. 
We shall hear of him again. 

27. Soon after this a noted preacher named A.tltie 
HiltchiflSOflf a clear-headed and powerful reasoner, 
desired the privilege of speaking in the weekly debates. 
The elders refused her, and said that women had no busi- 
ness in such assemblies. 

She declared that ministers who deprived women of the 
gospel were Pharisees. She called meetings at her own 
house and elsewhere, spoke much in public, declared that 
every person has a right to interpret the Scriptures for 
himself, and argued with great fervor for full freedom of 
conscience. 

The eloquence and ability of her argument gained many 
adherents. But she was declared unfit for the society of 
Christian people, and was banished from Massachusetts. 
With a company of her friends she joined the apostle of 
freedom, Roger Williams. 

28. The persecution of the Quakers was another 

event of interest in the history of this religious common- 
wealth. When these good, but sometimes rather imprudent 
people came, there was a cry of alarm. Two women were 
searched for marks of witchcraft, their books were burned, 
and they were thrown into prison. 



48 TUE MODEL HISTOBT. 

Soon after, eight others were banished, and a law was 
passed excluding Quakers from the colony. For the first 
violation the penalty was whipping, the loss of one ear, and 
banishment; for the second, the loss of the other ear; for 
the third, the tongue was to be bored through with a red- 
hot iron, and the victim hung. 

Under this law, four Quakers who came to preach against 
persecution, gave up their lives, and many others suffered 
banishment. But this savage intolerance was of short 
duration. The law was repealed, and the prisons were 
opened. It has always been thought strange that a people 
who fled to America to secure freedom in religious belief, 
should thus begin their career by intolerance and persecu- 
tion. 

But we should remember that the history of those times 
in Europe is full of wrong and violence, and that charity 
was not a popular grace. Since the colony was more of a 
religious than civil organization, heresy was considered worse 
than treason. We should be glad we live in better dayg. 

29. At the end of about half a century K:ing FhlHp^S 
TVdV broke out, and peace with the Indians was at an 
end. They saw in the increase of pale-faces the doom of 
their race. A new generation had come forward who 
longed for the hunting grounds of their fathers, and could 
not understand why the white men should possess them. 
The game was falling before the rifles of the strangers, 
and the fish were scooped from the rivers by English nets. 

Soon blood was shed on both sides, and the Indian chief 
King Philip regretfully prepared for war. The contest 
lasted over a year, and was full of terror and blood. Nearly 
all the frontier settlements of New England were attacked 
and burned and the inhabitants sank under the vengeful 
tomahawk. 

30. The principal battle was called the Swamp 
Fight, The Indians collected all their warriors to the 
number of three thousand, with all their possessions, in a 
deep swamp, which they carefully fortified. 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 49 

In this, as in nearly all the previous engagements, victory 
was with the colonists. A thousand warriors were killed 
and hundreds captured. The wounded and the old men, 
women and children, with all their goods, were consumed 
in the flames. The result of this contest was the subjuga- 
tion of the Indians of New England. 

31. But the darkest days were those of SaleWl Wiich- 
craft, a "remarkable delusion which spread through the 
colony. It was believed that the devil appeared to some 
people in the form of a black cat, and persuaded them to 
enter his service, and write their names in his big red 
book. Such persons had power to bewitch and injure 
others by magic arts. 

This belief was then common in many civilized countries, 
and even among the learned. At Salem it prevailed like 
a panic. The wildest tales were believed. To express 
doubt in witchcraft was proof of being a witch. If the 
accused persons confessed that they were witches they were 
pardoned, but if they would not tell a lie even to save their 
lives, they were tortured and hanged. 

Persons of the highest respectability, clergymen, magis- 
trates, and the wife of the governor, were accused. One 
child, only five years old, lay chained in Salem jail awaiting 
trial. An old man, Giles Corey, was slowly pressed to death 
by heavy stones placed on his chest. 

32. In about six months a recictiotl of Opinioil 
took place, but not till fifty-five persons had been tortured 
into confession; not till two hundred had lain chained in 
prison; not till twenty were hung, including one minister 
of the gospel. 

The Puritans were very much ashamed of what they had 
done, though they had acted with entire honesty. One old 
judge used to keep a day of fasting and prayer every year 
to atone for the sins he had committed. 

33. The cause of this strange outbreak of frenzy is 
now believed to have originated in the personal malice of 
a minister, Samuel Parris. He bad a quarrel in his church 

9 



50 



THE MODEL U I STORY. 



about tlie selection of a new minister, George Burroughs 
Under the management of Parris and the celebrated Cotton 
Matlier, minister of Boston, the superstitions of the people 
were turned against Burroughs and his party. He was hung; 
and every one of those accused, imprisoned, or hung, was 
in sympathy with him in the church quarrel. 

In Scotland, four thousand had suiferetl death on the 
charge of witchcraft, and it is not very strange that men 
high in authority should cause twenty to be executed in 
Massachusetts. 



^ 



--S,: 




SEAL OF NEW YORK. 



NEW YORK, 1623. 

34. The third colon]/ was planted by the Dutch on 
Maiiliattan Island, where New York City now stands. It 

did not occur to the 
English king wheu 
he granted the, two 
/^'iM^sJil - t ' '^ "Ufc^^^ great patents to the 
^/ V'^ ; uta^&iyiil^lL.^A ^ London and Ply- 
mouth Companies, 
that another nation 
might place a colony 
on the neutral ground between them. This is just what 
happened. The colonists bought the island of the natives 
for twenty-four dollars — about one cent per acre — and 
built a fort at its southern extremity. They surrounded 
this with residences, and called the place New Amsterdam, 
and the colony New Netherlands. 

35. At first the people who came were poor; but soon 
wealthy and influential men, called JPatroous, were sent 
out by the Dutch West India Company. Each of these 
men had authority to found a colony of fifty persons, and 
to own a tract of land sixteen miles wide and extending 
into the interior as far as he chose. Each patroon thus 
became a little lord, who was responsible to the Company. 

36. The population was chiefly honest, thrifty, whole- 
souled Dutchmen, thougli they were soou joined by 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 



51 



many French, Germans and English. They were slow and 
leisurely in their manners. They delighted in good eating 
and drinking, a fine story and hearty laughter. 

They it was who introduced into this country many of 
our popular festivals, — " Santa Claus " or " St. Nicholas " 
at Christmas, and dinner parties at New Year. These were 
very diiferent people from the Cavaliers in Virginia, and 
the Puritans in Massachusetts. 




A DUTCHMAN OF THE OLDEN TIME. 

37. For a long time friendly relations were sustained 
with the Indians, But finally, under the influence of 
Dutch rum, they committed several acts of violence. The 
governor, a cruel and unreasonable man, resolved upon a 
general destruction of the natives. A company of them 
one night was surrounded and murdered before they had 
time to take their arms. 

Soon after, the red men in revenge burst upon the lonely 
settlements and killed all the inhabitants. The contest 



52 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

thus became a succession of acts of retaliation and treach« 
ery performed by the opposing races. The })eople rightly 
charged all the bloodshed and horror to the headstrong pas- 
sions of their governor. 

38. Peter Stayvesantf familiarly called " Head- 
strong Peter," was the last Dutch governor of New Neth- 
erlands. Under his government the colony was ably man- 
aored and defended against the Indians and the Enirlish. 
He was very arbitrary and despotic, and the people had but 
little voice in the government. The greater freedom enjoyed 
by the other colonists made them dissatisfied. 

Finally an English fleet appeared before New Amster- 
dam and demanded its surrender. Disre^ardino^ the blus- 
ter of "Headstrong Peter," who had haughtily said that 
his authority was "by the appointment of God and the 
West India Company," the people welcomed the invaders, 
expecting to enjoy more freedom under English control. 

39. Under the Eilf/lish Vllle the people did not gain 
as much as they expected; and the history of New York in 
colonial times is a long succession of contests and trou])les 
with the royal governors, most of whom were obstinate and 
despotic men. 

40. New York, like Salem, was visited by a fatal delu- 
sion. It was The Negro Plot, Slavery was then per 
mitted in the province, and the slaves were suspected of 
having caused several destructive fires which occurred. 
Some worthless women testified that the negroes had plot" 
ted to burn the city, kill all who opposed them, and set up 
a neo-ro a:overnor. 

Freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the 
plot. Scores rushed forward to tell their contradictory tales. 
The jails were filled, and over thirty accused negroes were 
huno" or burned. Reason soon returned to the people. It 
was only a panic, and it became evident that there was no 
'plot at all. 



COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 



53 



41. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1629. 

The fourth colony was originally a part of Mas- 
sachusetts, and re- 
mained so during 
-<^jL4r most of the colonial 
times. It was twice 
made a separate pro- 
vince, but was again 
^— placed under the care 
of Massachusetts to 
secure protection from the hostile triljes of Indians. It 
was for a long time violently agitated by conflicting claims 
to the land. The people were courageous, hardy, and 
liberty-loving. 




SEAL OF NEW HAMPSUIUK. 




SEAL OP MARYLAND. 



MARYLAND, 1634. 

43. The fifth colony was founded l)y the Catholics of 

England under Lord 
Baltimore, whose 
name was Cecil Cal- 
vert. The object in 
coming was to secure 
religious liberty, de- 
nied them under the 
Episcopalian rule in 
England. Not meeting a cordial reception from the Puri- 
tans in Massachusetts, Calvert led his people south to 
Chesapeake Bay. 

43, Their Charter was the most liberal Avhich had 
ever received the sanction of the British government. No 
taxes were to be collected without consent of the people. 
Two Indian arrows were to be sent every year in token 
of subjection, and one fifth of any gold and silver found in 
the borders of the colony was to be the property of the 
king. 

Equality in religion was conceded to all, with the excep- 



54 THE MODEL ETSTORT. 

tion of those who denied the doctrine of the Trinity and 
the revelation of the Bible. The government was nearly a 
pure democracy. These liberal provisions were granted 
by the king as a special favor to Calvert who was his inti- 
mate friend. 

44. The J}OpulatioU rapidly increased. " Within 
six montlis it had advanced as much as Virginia had done 
in as many years." Here was an asylum for the oppressed 
consciences of England, and large numbers came. Puri- 
tans oppressed in Virginia, and Quakers persecuted in 
Massachusetts, found here a quiet home. 

45. Religious troubles afterward arose, and con- 
stituted a large part of the colony's history. The Puritans 
became so numerous that they obtained control of the colo- 
nial legislature. One of their first acts was to disfranchise 
the Catholics, and deprive them of the protection of the 
laws. A more ungrateful piece of legislation can not be 
found in history. 

War ensued between the Protestants and the Catholics. 
This strange contest between religions for political supre- 
macy continued at intervals and with varying fortunes for 
more than a century. 

46. Purely political matters claimed but little 
attention. The habits and occupations of the people were 
much like those of the Virginians. There were few large 
towns, and the people lived on plantations and raised 
tobacco. 

For a long time there was a dispute between Maryland 
and Pennsylvania about their boundary line. But it was 
at last settled by the appointment of two surveyors, Mason 
and Dixon, who drew the boundary called *^ J^IasOfl afifl 
jyixoil's lifie." This line afterward became of great 
importance, because it divided the Slave States from the 
Free States. 




COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. ' 55 

CONNECTICUT, 1635. 

47. The valley of the Connecticut was settled from Mas- 
sachusetts. The first company was composed of sixty 

men, women, and 
children, who made 
a journey on foot 
through the wilder- 
ness, guided by the 
compass and driving 

SEALOFCON.XECT.CUr. ^^dr flocks. Thc 

winter came on 
early, and they reached their destination after intense suifer- 
ing. Before spring came, they must have perished but for 
the milk of their cows. The country was found to be good, 
and settlements were made in several places. 

48. Almost at its beginning the colony engaged in a 
desperate struggle — The Pequod War. It originated 
in a single murder committed by some young Indians. 
This met a bloody punishment from a company of militia. 

An alliance of Indian tribes was prevented only by the 
intercessions of that noble man, Roger Williams. Embark- 
ing alone in a frail canoe, during a storm on the bay, he 
proceeded to the wigwam where the Pequod warriors were 
urging the alliance against the English. For three days 
and nights, at the imminent peril of his life, Williams 
resisted the arguments of the Pequods. His efforts were 
successful. 

Soon after, the colonists surrounded the palisaded fort of 
the Pequods, surprised it, and set it on fire. The destruc- 
tion was complete and awful. If the wretched Indian 
burst through the flames he met death by the sword or 
bullet. Six hundred men, women, and children, were roasted 
to death in a sickening heap ! The Pequods were utterly 
destroyed. 

49. The government was based upon a written 
constitution formed by a convention of the people, the first 



56 THE MODEL m STORY. 

instance of the kind in history. It was one of the most 
liberal ever adopted. An oath of allegiance to the State 
was the only (jualification of citizenship. The people made 
the laws and chose their officers, and all religions were 
allowed and respected. 

This instrument was sent to England, and, to the surprise 
of every one. King Charles II signed it without the altera- 
tion of a letter. Thus, as though striving to outdo his father's 
favors to Calvert, he granted the most liberal and ample 
rights ever secured from aii English monarch. 

oO. The career of the eolofiy was one of nearly 
uninterrupted peace and prosperity. The little republic 
was a shining example of self government. The farmer 
sowed and reaped his fields in safety. The mechanic toiled 
in cheerful content, and the hum of the spinning wheel was 
mingled with the voice of song. Want was unknown, 
wealth was lightly esteemed, and crime was rare, among a 
people who cultivated intelligence and virtue. 
RHODE ISLAND, ]636. 

51. The seventh colony was founded by the exile 
from Massachusetts, Roger Williams. His stay with the 

Indians had greatly 
endeared him to 
them, and they re- 
gretted to ]>art with 
^j^i .1 J^^J^ ")]^JUtjUi^Jik^ him. With five com- 
— * -"^^^^^^^C- '^'^^^'""'^ "!^^!^^»^^B*^^ panions he began a 
^ -^ " "■ settlementat a place 

SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND. i . i 

which, in order to 
express his confidence in the mercies of God, he called 
Providence. All the lands which he had bought of the 
Indians the generous founder gave away to the colonists 
who flocked in, except two small fields to be cultivated by 
his own hand. 

52. The f/OVemmeHt was a pure democracy. The 
supreme authority was vested in the entire body of the 
peoj)le. The majority should always rule. Laws were 




COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 



57 



passed g'uaranteeing the utmost freedom in belief and wor- 
ship to all, — " the first legal declaration of freedom of con- 
science ever adopted in Europe or America." 

Maryland made Christianity the religion of the colony, 
but in Rhode Island all beliefs were welcome. A Moham- 
edan from Constantinople, a .lew from Damascus, or a pagan 
from Madagascar, would have been welcomed at Providence, 
and given a voice in the provincial councils. Thus early 
was the precious tree of Equality planted in America. 

53. Such a scheme of government was a novelty on 
both sides of the Atlantic, and those who made pt'eclic- 
tlotlS of fdiluve were by no means few. But it stood 
the test of time, and became the asylum for all the 
oppressed bodies and consciences of the other colonies. 

Instead of the predicted turmoil there was only peace 
and quiet. It was found that when the State had nothing 
to do with the Church all men could live in harmony. Rhode 
Island was always true to these early professions. Although 
the least of the colonies in the area of her teri-itory, she 
was the greatest of them all in the grandeur of her prin- 
ciples. 

CAROLINA, 1GG3. 

54. This settleifietlt was made by English, Scotch, 

Dutch, and French, 
mostly from the other 
colonies. The king 
granted the land to a 
few English noblemen, 
who resolved to have 
a more aristocratic 
form of government 

than any existing in America. 

55. With this view the Granil 3Iodel was proposed 
as a constitution "agreeable to monarchy." It was the 
work of the philosopher .lohn Locke, and was an attempt 
to connect hereditary wealtli aiul political power. Orders 
of nobility were created, and the rights of the common 

3* 




SKAL OF SODTH CAROLINA. 



58 



THE MODEL UISTORT. 



people were ignored. It was an attempt to establish an 
aristocratic system among a democratic people. 

Of course, such a pompous scheme of government did 
not suit the plain people living in the woods of Carolina. 
Though nominally the law for twenty years, this ideal dream 
of a philosopher met with such opposition and contempt, 
that it never really went into effect at all. We see that the 
foundations of the Republic were not laid by men of giant 
intellect, or by "nobles after the flesh." 

56. The cultivation of rice flourished in Carolina. 
The captain of a ship from Madagascar presented to the 
governor a sack of seed, which was distributed among the 
planters. It yielded a good harvest, and the crop soon 
became a staple of the colony. Indigo, tar, turpentine, and 
deer-skins, were also exported. 

57. The division of the colony into North and 

South Carolina came 

^*.« after seventy years. 
w^^ I In the south the people 




SEAL. OF NOUTU CAROLINA. 



lived on large isolated 
1 plantations as in Vir- 
ginia; in the north the 
settlers lived in the 
woods, where they 
made tar and turpentine, hunted the bear, and trapped the 
beaver. These diff'erences caused the division of the colony 
in the year 1729. 

NEW JERSEY, 1GG4. 
58. The history of NetV Jersey begins with its set- 
tlement by English 

^^^'^^i^'^^^fe. Puritans from Long 

Island, in 1664. The 

colonists bought the 

^'^^'?^2, land of the Indians, 

and of the Governor 

SKAL OK NEW JEllSKV. of NcW York, whO 

claimed the territory as a part of his province. 




COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 59 

59. Afterward, it became a Quaker colony by being 

assigned to a company of English Friends, who ruled it by a 
body of laws called Concessions, The name was very 
proper, for it conceded every thing to the people, rivaling 
the code of Rhode Island, previously enacted, in the lib- 
erality and purity of its principles. 

All men and all religions were declared equal before the 
law; imprisonment for debt was forbidden; no rum was to 
be sold to Indians; no superiority was acknowledged to 
wealth, title, or birth; and taxes could be levied only by 
vote of the people or their representatives. 

■ 60. The career of the lyrovince was one of peace. 

Indian wars never troubled the Jerseys. The people were 
industrious, moral, and great lovers of liberty. They firmly 
resisted the attempts of the royal governors to impose upon 
them. The rich soil and the frugal habits of the peoj)le 
brought a prosperity which continued till the end of colonial 
times. 

PENNSYLVANIA, 1682. 

61. Wllllaui Penn, an eminent English Friend, 
obtained a charter from the king to plant a colony in 

America as an asy- 
lum for his afflicted 
„„, „„. people. For this 
\J\ ^ \^R,i ~ charter he aban- 
.U -ij V_"-?r~U •, y , )7»\ ~ doned a claim of 
„ --. _^_ ^ »^» eighty thousand dol- 

lars, which he held 

SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. • j. xl 1 • TT 

against the king. He 
bought the land a second time from the Indians, and invited 
all men to his colony without reference to race or religion. 
" I will found a colony for all mankind," were the sublime 
words of Penn. 

63. Its growth was very rapid, and over two thou- 
sand settlers came in one year. Within three years Phila- 
delphia had gained a larger population than New York in 
half a century. 






60 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 

63. One of Penn's first cares was to make a tt'eutif 
tvitll the IndlaflS, At a great conference, addressing 
them by an interpreter, he said, " My Friends: We are all 
one flesh and blood. Being brethren, no advantage shall 
be taken on either side. When disputes arise we will set- 
tle them in council. Between us there shall be nothing 
but openness and love." 

To this the chiefs replied, " While the rivers run and 
the sun shines we will live in peace with the cliildren of 
William Penn.'* This verbal treaty lasted seventy years. 
During the time the colony was under the control of the 
Friends it was free from border troubles, nor -was tiie war- 
whoop heard in the land. 

64. The f/ohernnient made belief in Christ a neces- 
sary qualification for voting and office-holding; but pro- 
vided tliat none who believed in the existence of the Deity 
should be molested in their views. These were very liberal 
provisions for those intolerant times. 

DELAWARE, 1703. 

65. This colony was settled by the Swedes as early as 

1638. They were 
soon overpowered 
b}^ the Dutch. De- 
laware fell under 
the control of the 
English at the same 
time as New York. 

formed a part of Pen liSi/f vaniu, but in 1703 it estab- 
lished a legislature, and became a separate colony. It 
took a prominent part in the Revolution. 

GEORGIA, 1733. 

Q(j. Iniprisoiinient for debt was for a long time 
common in England. Thousands of good but unfortunate 




COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 



61 



people lay without hope in prison, while their families were 

desolate and starving. 
A commissioner ap- 
pointed at his own 
request visited the 
prisons, investigated 
pauperism, and suc- 
ceeded in opening the 
jails and returning the 
Who was this noble hearted 




SEAL OF GEUUGIA. 



poor victims to their homes, 
commissioner ? 

67. James Oqletliorpe, the philanthropist. He 
obtained a grant of hind from King George II, to which 
he invited all the poor and oppressed of England. The 
land was given to the founder " in trust for the poor," and 
was named Georo-ia, in honor of the kino-, 

68. Oglethorpe spent ten years with the colony, 
wisely directing the government. The warm friendship of 
the Indians was early secured and always kept. Slavery 
was forbidden, and for many years excluded. The impor- 
tation of rum and the sale of it to the Indians, were pro- 
hibited. 

69. A conflict ivith the Spaniards of Florida 

was brought on by their nearness and their rival claims of 
territory. Hostilities continued over two years with vary- 
ing success, and ended in the defeat of the Spaniards. 

70. Beside this, there was much Internal troilhle. 
The settlers had not been allowed to own their lands by a 
deed, and agriculture had not flourished. Estates could be 
inherited only by the eldest son, and the colonists charged 
their poverty to the fact that slave labor was prohibited. 

Slaves began to be hired on terms of service which were 
sometimes as long as a hundred years ! This was equiva- 
lent to slavery. Finally slaves were imported, plantations 
laid out, the free-labor plan abandoned, and slavery formally 
introduced. 



62 THE MODEL HISTORY. 



NATURE OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 

71. Subjection to the king was tlie chief feature of the colonial 
governments. Tliese difiered greatly. The colonies received ditferent 
powers from the monarch, and had different laws among themselves. 
The styles of government were five in number. 

73. I. Voluntary Association. Some colonies, as Con- 
necticut, were founded by the people without asking authority of the 
king or others. 

73. II. Coininercial Association. Some, as Virginia, 
were founded by a company for purposes of trade and profit. 

74. III. Proprietary. Some, as Maryland and Pennsyl- 
vania, were founded and ruled by a Proprietor to whom the king had 
granted the land. 

75. IV. Koyal. Some, as New York, were ruled by governors 
appointed by the king and made answerable to him. Nearly all the 
colonies were, at some time, under this form. 

76. V. Charter. Some, as Rliode Island, had a written 
instrument from the king granting certain powers and conferring 
certain privileges. 

PERIODS OF COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS. 

77. Only six months were required to plant a colony by the 
wise governor of Georgia. 

78. Only one year did the Catholics, require in laying the foun- 
dations of the Maryland colony. 

79. Seven years were required in Connecticut. 

80. Eight years were necessary in Rhode Island. 

81. Twelve years were spent by English adventurers in their 
attempt to plant a permanent colony in Virginia. 

83. Fourteen years were required to make a permanent settle- 
ment in Massachusetts. 

83. For seventeen years Dutch traders were traffickiug on the 
Hudson before a permanent colony was planted in New York. 

84. Fifty years elapsed from the first settlements to the estab- 
lishment of colonial governments in Pennsylvania, Delaw^are, 
and New Jersey. 

85. Sixty years passed away before the settlements in Carolina 
and New Hampshire became fully developed colonies. 



COLONIAL PROGRESS. 03 

CHAPTER IL 

COLON I Ah PROGRESS 

86. The rate of settlement, as we have seen, was 
slow indeed. The idea of planting agricultural colonies in 
A.merica was long in being entertained, and slow in being 
executed. 

The great obstacle, at first, was the belief, which outlived 
the eai'ly explorers, and which for a century after Vespucci 
filled the popular mind, that America Avas only a portion 
of the great Asiatic continent. 

Other and later causes were the attachment of the people 
to their old homes, the dangers of the sea, the sacrifices to 
be endured by pioneers, and the hostility of the Indians. 

87o The great object of roloillzatioii was to escape 
from some form of persecution in the Old World. The 
people were nearly all pilgrims and refugees, who fled to 
avoid the intolerance of the state, of the church, or of 
society, beyond the Atlantic. 

To achieve freedom the colonists risked the dangers of 
the sea, endured the sufferings of a Avintry coast, braved 
the pangs of famine, and met Indian warfare at their own 
doors. 

88. Afrlrait Slaver ij was introduced, as we have 
seen, early in the settlement of the colonies. That score 
of blacks sold by the Dutch traders at Jamestown, was the 
advance troop of that host which was to overshadow the 
republic. 

At that time the slave trade was carried on extensively 
in Europe. Slave labor was wanted in Virginia and else- 
where in America. Tobacco was Mng. The soil and 
climate were adapted to its culture, and negro labor 
could best produce it. This was the real cause of slavery 
in this country. 

Cargo after cargo of blacks were stolen from their homes 
in Africa and brought to America. Slave labor was found 



64 THE MODEL HISTORY 

to be profitable to the planters in the South, and slave 
importation to the merchants in the North. Thus the insti- 
tution gradually extended to all the thirteen colonies. 
South Carolina alone was a slave colony from its beginning 
In New England the slaves were employed as house ser 
vants; elsewhere they performed all kinds of manual labor 
It is an interesting coincidence that the same ocean, in 
the same year, brought to the same shores the Pilgrim 
Fathers, the apostles of freedom, and a cargo of Africans. 
the victims of slavery. 

89. The treattnent of the Indians in early times 
produced Very marked effects on colonial life. The natives 
received the early explorers with hospitality and confidence. 
But this fair picture passed away, and in the place of mutual 
kindness came those acts of hatred and revenge which 
have resulted in three hundred years of border warfare and 
Indian atrocity. 

90. Thelt' iVVongs would make a long record of 
inhumanity. Columbus himself carried considerable num- 
bers of the natives to Europe, where they were sohi into 
slavery. 

Another explorer carried off fifty to the same fate. 

Another, having induced the confiding Indians to visit 
his ship, closed the hatchways, spread his sails, and started 
for the West Indies. 

Another enticed the king of the Hurons on board his 
vessel, and carried the captive chief to France, where he 
died of grief and loneliness. 

Another compelled them to perform the most degrading 
kind of work, used them as beasts of burden, loaded them 
with chains, killed them without regret, burned their vil- 
lages, and pursued the flying inhabitants with blood-hounds. 

When Hayti was discovered it contained about a million 
of inhabitants; but within fifteen years they were reduced 
to sixteen thousand by the cruelty of Spanish taskmasters. 

" The entire aboriginal population of the West Indies soon 
became extinct under the iron rule of the Spaniards." The 



COLONIAL PROGRESS. 65 

practice of selling Indians into bondage in Europe con- 
tinued for nearly two centuries. 

91. The news of these and other wrongs spread from 
wigwam to wigwam, from tribe to tribe, till the tales oi 
treachery and outrage reached the most distant nations ot 
North America, 

92. The vesillts were such as might have been 
expected. A general distrust of white men spread among 
the Indians, Except an occasional treaty of friendship, as 
those of Williams, Penn, Oglethorpe, and the French Jesuits, 
not one of the nations colonizing America met the red men 
with kindness, or succeeded in winning their confidence. 

The English colonists were not men of blood, but they 
were far more ready to punish than to pardon offenses. 
The wise men among the Indians told their tribes that more 
Englishmen were yet to come, tiiat they came to stay, and 
that they would drive the red men from their homes anrt 
hunting-grounds. 

They saw white men increasing, ships arriving, settle- 
ments spreading, cities growing. Tlie instinct of self-pre- 
servation brouglit a deliberate resolve to annihilate their 
enemies. Beside, there were frequent conflicts, which 
could not fail to excite revengeful feelings in a savage 
breast. 

Whatever might have been the immediate occasion, these 
were the real causes of those massacres, midnight horrors, 
and Indian wars, which fill the pages of colonial history. 

93. The Mer, John Eliot, of Massachusetts, often 
called the Indian apostle, was one of the many good men 
who tried to convert the natives to Christianity. 

He learned their language, wrote an Algonquin grammar, 
and translated the Scriptures into that tongue. This book 
was printed at Cambridge, and was the first Bible published 
in the country. He had spent many years in its prepara- 
tion, and he made good use of it. It is now a mere literary 
curiosity, the extinction of the tribe for which it was 
intended having made it a sealed book. 



66 THE MODEL UISTORY. 

He spent a lonj;^ lifo in missionary work, and was groatlj) 
beloved by the Indians. His labors were confined to a 
small district, and were only [)artially suucessfnl. At ono 
time there were thirty ciuirches ol" "praying Indians" 
under native preachers. 

The red men were found to adhere closely to the manners 
of tlieir fathers, and efforts toward their civilization were 
attciuled with the greatest dillioulties. They said they did nol 
want tlie tcniehings of a people wlu) murdered aiul enslaved 
th(^m. Eliot was followed by John Sargent, l^avid Brain- 
(Mil, David Zeisberger, James Marquette, 'JMiomas Mayhew, 
and otlier heroic hd)ortM's in this uni)roniisiiig held. 

1)4. The character of the Puritans was stern ami 

rugged. Ti\ey were sober, earnest people, moved by deep 
religious principle, and true to tlieir convictions of duty. 
They were part of a great body of people in England who 
lu>ld si'.nil.'ir o[)inions. They were haters of sham and 
fashion — wigs, veils, long hair, plumes, scarfs, silken hoods, 
and long: sleeves. 

They wore broad-brimmed hats, long vests, loose pants, 
and knee-buckles. They carefully observed the Sabbath, 
beginning it on Saturday evening. Amusements were 
restrained and holidays abolished. They esjiecially hated 
the observance of Christmas and all the ceremonies of the 
Episcopal church. Industry and economy were every where 
practiced. 

The authority of magistrates was highly respected, and 
the ministers of the Gospel wielded great influence in 
public and private life. In Connecticut it was said thai 
every town had a scholar for its minister. From these 
strange, good people have descended the enterprising, pro- 
gressive Yankees. 

95. The Puritans of Massachusetts had scarcely settled 
themselves in their new homes, till the nun'h' of C(l HC(l- 
tlon> claimeil tlieir attention. In ll!-fr, the general court 
declared tnat every town or district of lifty families should 
support a common school. Every town of one hundred 



OOLONTAL PROQUEHB. 



67 



families sliould maintain a grammar scJjooI of sufficient 
grade to fit young men for Harvard, founded nine yearh. 
before. 

This regulation soon found its way into the other New 
England colonies, and thus was founded the American 
system of public schools. Heretofore education had been 
the task of the church or private enterprise, but now for 
tlie first time in the history of the world, the State took thf; 
matter in charge, and taxed all for the support of public 
instruction. Thus the foundations of the republic were 
being laid. 

96. With these people churfJi inattevH were 
esteemed of the highest importance. A drum, a horn, a 

conch-shell, or possibly a bell, 
called the people to service at 
■\ nirje o'clock on .Sunday morn- 
ing. They came to the log 
.. "meeting - house," carrying 
' their muskets for fear of Indian 




i^^':j(/!vPi\ -M\ treachery. 

^^^ '• V'^^^jjr, • /^- Within the church, the old 

rir 1S|*Vi v.^', men sat in one place, the young 

1 j-:'*; i\ men in another, and the chil- 

' V ''''J>1 - £AP'^'>'' 't^i dren in another. The boys sat 

^ . :^'_^i W^''^-'^ ^^' ^'^'^ stairs or in the ir-A\<iT\\ 

.[•S^.^^^-j,'''' \\ f'^^K^/'/ guarded by an elder, who car- 

^wi^:L Jr^^^^^^^-JazA '^ ried a long, light rod with a 

hare s foot on one end, and a 



I 



EAULY ^■E■.V ENOL. 



■ D CHI-'BCH. 



hare's tail on the other. 

" If a woman went to sleep he touched her on the fore- 
head with the hare's tail; if a boy nodded, he received a 
rap with the otlier end. We can imagine the rod was often 
needed, for the service was from three to six hours in 
length, the sexton turning the hour-glass on the pulpit at 
the end of every hour." 

There were no organs, choirs, or hymns; but the music 
consisted of singing by the entire congregation, from a 



68 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

poetical version of the Psalms. The whole number of tunes 
did not exceed ten, and few congregations could sing more 
than five. 

Prayers and sermons were little esteemed, unless they 
were of great length. Tlie children and servants were 
regularly catechised. Persons were fined for unnecessary 
absence from service, and for protracted absence they were 
put into the stocks or into a cage. 

97. It was early seen that some form of union among 
the colonies would be desirable. The primary object was 
mutual defense. The Dutch threatened in the west, the 
French in the north, and the Indians in the very midst. In 
1643, the colonies Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, 
and New Haven, were joined in a loose confederacy, called 
the United Colonies of New Eitfjland, 

The chief authority was vested in the assembly, com- 
posed of two representatives from each colony. There was 
no president, and each colony could do as it pleased about 
obeying the laws. Only the general matters relating to 
war and revenue were submitted to the assembly. No 
other colonies were ever admitted, though several others 
applied. This first union lasted forty years. 

98. The laws of New Emjland were generally 
severe. All war that was not defensive was condemned, 
idolatry and blasphemy were punished with death, and 
heavy penalties were attached to gambling, drunkenness, 
and other immoralities. No interest was to be taken on 
borrowed money. 

Church and State were much united. The privilege of 
voting was greatly restricted, and the whole number of 
voters in Massachusetts was not over one-fifth of the popu- 
lation, 

99. The genuine Blue Laws of Connect Irat — so 

called because they .vere originally printed on blue paper 
— were very curious. A few of them will serve to illustrate 
the strange legislation of the times. The early citizens of 
Connecticut adopted, in substance, the law of Moses as 



COLONIAL PROGRESS. 69 

their code in the punishment of crime. Blasphemy, mur- 
der, and gross immorality were, therefore, capital offenses. 

A child of sixteen years or older, if stubbornly disobe- 
dient, or if he should curse or strike his father or mother, 
was liable to the penalty of death. 

Profaning the Sabbath was, in extreme cases, a capital 
offense. Lying subjected the offender to a fine of five, 
ten, or twenty shillings; inexcusable absence from church 
on Sunday, to a fine of five. 

No man could vote unless he was a member of one of the 
churches allowed in the province. 

All were required to pay for the suppoi't of the regular 
congregational minister, and if any failed to do so, he was 
assessed for that purpose, and the assessment was collected 
in law as an ordinary debt. 

If children were brought up in ignorance, the selectmen 
were to provide education at the expense of the parent. 

Married persons were obliged to live together or be 
imprisoned. Should a young man seek the hand of a young 
lady in marriage, without having obtained the previous 
consent of her father, he was liable to a fine of forty shil- 
lings for the first offense, eighty for the second, and a rea- 
sonable amount for the third, or he might be Hogged. 

It is well to remember that, though these laws seem to 
us severe, tlie men of Connecticut were no less tolerant 
tlian their fellows. While there were twelve capital offenses 
in Connecticut, there were about two hundred in England. 

100. The pOpuJatiOil of the colonies at the acces- 
sion of King James II to the throne of England was 
two hundred thousand, — seventy-five in New England, forty 
in the middle colonies, and eighty-five in the South. These 
were drawn from several different countries. English pre- 
dominated; but Dutch, Swedes, French, Scotch, Irish, and 
Germans also abounded. 

These people were nearly all of a good class, fully deter- 
mined to win their way in the New World. This mixture 
of solid men and women from the best races has made the 



TO THE MODEL EISTORT. 

people of the United States the most proi^ressive nation in 
the world. 

101. The farm i Tiff of the early settlers was attended 
by many difficulties. Unbroken forests extended from the 
Atlantic to the Mississippi. For many years the people culti- 
vated only those small patches of ground which the Indians 
had cleared of wood. After this it was thought necessary 
in clearing land to remove all the stumps and roots. By 
thus doing a man could not prepare more than one acre a 
year. 

But at one time a farmer, more negligent than the others, 
cut down the trees, plowed the stumpy and rooty ground 
as best he could, and scratched in his seed. His neighbors 
made him the subject of mvich ridicule; but at the time of 
harvest he gathered an excellent crop. It was a great dis- 
covery. 

From that time forward forests were rapidly cut away, 
farms were made, and the waving grain quickly followed 
the woodman's ax. In New England the land was divided 
into small farms, by which means social life was cultivated, 
and enterprise and thrift were increased. Towns and vil- 
lages were numerous. 

In the southern colonies the planters lived on great plan- 
tations, miles apart. Their households were large, consist- 
ing at first of apprenticed hands sent over from England. 
These laborers were afterward entirely superseded by 
slaves. 

102. The productions were corn, oats, rye, peas, 
hay, barley, squashes, wheat, and pumpkins. Many of the 
plants which the colonists had brought from Europe could 
not be made to flourish in the climate of the Atlantic coast. 
For whole generations public and private attention was 
given to the production of silk, — almost the only business 
that has not been made to flourish in America. 

It required many years to ascertain the crops suited to 
the conditions of climate; but this was finally done so 
thoroughly that, with the exception of sorghum, there has 



GOLONiAL PR0OBES8. Tl 

been no new field crop of any impoitanee introduced into 
American agriculture since the Revolution. 

Apples, pears, plums, quinces, and cherries, were raised. 
Linen and woolen cloths were made in early times in the 
homes of the people. Ship-building was carried on. The 
first cargo sent to Europe was a ship-load of sassafras root. 
The chief exports were furs, fish, sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
and lumber. 

It is a strange fact that one hundred and thirty years 
before England had a saw-mill, one was put in full opera- 
tion by the Puritans only fourteen years after their landing. 

103. At first the TtlOnetf in use was corn, beaver skins, 
bullets, and pounds of tobacco. These were used even in 
paying taxes. English and foreign coins afterward came 
into use. Massachusetts set up a mint in 1652, and coined 
small silver pieces for circulation. 

The mint-master was to receive fifteen pence for every 
twenty shillings coined. It is recorded that he became 
wealthy, and gave his only daughter her weight in silver. 
This coinage was called " the pine-tree currency." 

Paper money was first issued by Massachusetts in 1G90, 
to defray the expense of a military expedition. Paper cur- 
rency soon became common among the colonies. In trade 
with the Indians, Yankee-made wampum was much used. 
Value was estimated in pounds, shillings, and pence. Dol- 
lars and cents came in with the Revolution. 

104. The mode of life was exceedingly simple. 
The people wore home-spun clothes, and made their yarn 
from the wool of their own sheep. But on great occa- 
sions, and on the Sabbath, the young men wore gold 
and silver buttons and showy belts ; and the young 
women, silken hoods, lace handkerchiefs, and embroidered 
caps. 

All persons were required by law to dress within their 
means. Alice Flynt was accused of wearing a silken hood; 
but the complaint was dropped when she showed that she was 
worth a thousand dollars ! Jonas Fairbanks was arrested for 



72 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



wearing "great boots;" but he was acquitted of the crime 
for want of sufficient evidence. 

3fr., Mrs.^ and Miss, were titles applied only to min 
isters, their wives, and persons of high standing. Good- 
man and Goodwife, commonly contracted into Goody, were 
the addresses of all persons in ordinary stations. Mr. 
Josias Plaistowe stole some corn from the Indians. He 
was afterward only Josias Plaistowe. 



^'A 


■:;;;;'aiiiii. 


lir'^ 


1 • •■ ' :?(> 


"■ Ln,,J|,l|Mll|illlli 


-'ft' 




NEW ENGLAND KITCHEN. 

The farmer's wife rode to church or market behind her 
husband on the same horse. The roads were poor, and 
wheeled vehicles scarce. The food was simple but abun- 
dant. People in all stations made their morning and even- 
ing meal of mush and milk. The standard dinner was el: 
pork and beans, or beef and peas. Tea and coffee were 
not yet used, but home-made beer and cider were largely 
taken as drinks. Potat(ios were not used as food till about 
a century aftt'i- the- landing- :;t Plymouth. Forks were 



COLONIAL PROGRESS. 73 

not vised at the table. Bread was commonly made of rye 
and corn- meal rather than of flour. The houses were 
mostly log cabins, with small windows, and chimneys made 
of sticks and clay plaster The furniture was generally 
very simple and plain. The kitchen was the most important 
apartment, with its wide fire place, the mortar and pestle 
for pounding corn, and the firelock for hunting and 
defense. 

There were few amusements; dancing and the theater were 
not tolerated; and no one was allowed to carry cards or 
dice. Thanksgiving was instituted to take the place of 
the Christmas festival. The standard of morality was 
very high. 

105. Bfitish oppression was early felt, more or 
less, in all the colonies, in two ways. 

First. The exactions of the royal governors, who were 
often men without principle, seeking to enrich themselves 
by oppressing the people. 

Second. The Navigation Acts, which forbade all British 
colonies to send their products elsewhere than to England; 
to buy their goods any where but in England; and to send 
by any but English vessels. 

The love of liberty grew strong. Having come originally 
to secure freedom of conscience, the colonists soon wished 
it to extend to political matters. In every colony the ten- 
dency was toward "a rule of the people by the people." 
The royal interference might check, but it could not destroy, 
this strong tendency toward republicanism. 

106. The veliffious belief of the colonists differed 
greatly, though nearly the entire population professed 
Christianity. Maryland, founded by Catholics, soon had, 
like the other colonies, a majority of Protestants. 

The Church of England, — the Episcopal, — prevailed in 
Virginia and Carolina. In New England, the people were 
largely Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational in prac- 
tice. In New York, the Dutch Reformed were supreme. 

The Quaker element predominated in Pennsylvania, 



74 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

Delaware, Rhode Island and New Jersey. Roger Wil 
liams established at Providence the first Baptist church in 
America. 

The French Protestants, — the Huiruenots, — were found 
ill considerable numbers in New York and Carolina. 

107. The celebrated Johfl Weslcf/^ the founder of 
Methodism, and Creorf/e JV I lit ('fields an eloquent evan- 
gelist, visited America on a missionary tour, in 1738. It 
was the mission of the latter to arouse the people; of the 
former, to lead and organize. 

The people flocked to their ministry, and on one occasion 
in England, Whitefield is said to have preached to sixty 
thousand listeners. His open-air meetings were often 
attended by foi'ty thousand. This was a time of intense 
religious enthusiasm on both sides of the ocean, and is 
known as the " Great Awakening." 

108. A. ivav of sectH was waged in several of the 
colonies. The people forgot their ideas of tolerance and 
religious equality when power came to them. " New Eng- 
land Protestants appealed to Lil)erty; then they closed the 
door against her." It was a sad, strange picture of life. 

The Puritans imprisoned Baptists and executed Quakers. 

The Churchmen in Virginia banished Puritans and 
imprisoned Baptists. The Protestants in Maryland disfran- 
chised the Catholics. 

But as years passed away, a more kind, tolerant spirit 
prevailed; and long before the end of the colonial period 
the illiberal sentiment of persecution had passed away. 

CHAPTER III. 

THE FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

109. For three hundred years five powevs struggled 
for the possession of North America, — the Indians, Spain, 
France, England, and the Thirteen Colonies. These strug- 
gles have occasioned nearly all the wars in our history. 

110. The Tnillans were in reality subdued by the 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. T5 

white races at an early period, althougli they have continued 
a hopeless struggle at intervals during our entire history. 
For the last fifty years it has been within the power of the 
United States, did not humanity forbid, to inflict upon the 
red man the last wrong he can suffer — extermination. 

Ill- The Spanish did not engage to much extent 
in conflicts with other colonists. They left behind them 
names for our towns, rivers, and islands; but they disap- 
j)eared from the territory now inclu(l(Ml in the United 
States late in our history, at the purchase of Florida, the 
annexation of Texas, the acquisition of California, and the 
war with Mexico. 

112. The French first engaged with the English in 
the struggle for supremacy on the continent. It had long 
been foreseen, in a day when arbitration was not practiced 
and men knew no better way of settling disputes than by 
warfare, that a contest of arms must some time come. 

113. The causes of the war had existed for genera- 
tions. They were two in number. 1. The conflicting claims 
of territory. 2. The old enmity of England and France. 

114. The claiins of territory on both sides were 
very distinct. The English based their pretensions of 
ownership on the voyage of Cabot along the Atlantic coast, 
and always assumed that their territory extended westward 
to the Pacific. The French claimed the Mississippi valley, 
because they first explored and occupied it. 

115. Froich '■Tesilits, acting in the double capacity 
of explorers and Indian missionaries, had penetrated far 
into the interior. They were brave, devoted men, who 
were ready to endure every privation, suffering, and even a 
lonely death, in carrying a knowledge of Catholic Chris- 
tianity to the red men of the forest. 

Under their leadership, the French had explored the 
Great Lakes, had seen the Mississippi River from the Falls 
of St. Anthony to the Gulf, and had established a chain of 
no fewer than sixty military posts on the lakes and in the 
Mississippi valley. 



76 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



116. Some jyvevious collisions had occurred 
between the English and the French in America; but these 
conflicts had grown out of war between the parent coun- 
tries. The issue now raised was an American question, and 
was to be decided, in part, on An;erioan soil. 

117. The x>opulation of the two national it ies 

in America at that time was nearly as follows: English, 
one million; French, one hundred thousand. The former 
were confined to the Atlantic coast; the latter to the valleys 
of the St Lawrence and the Mississippi. 

118. The iniinediate occasion of the war was an 

infringement on the French claims by the issue of a grant 
of land to a number of capitalists called The Ohio Com- 
pany. This grant consisted of a large tract on the Ohio 
River, with the obligation of colonizing it, and the privi- 
leges of the Ii}dian trade. 

The Company set up peaceful trading posts. But the 
wary Frenchmen busily established forts, indicatino- mili- 
tary occupancy, in the center of the contested territory. 

119. Major Geotufe Wash ington now first appears 
in the history of his country. The act of the French 
alarmed the English government, and orders were dis- 
patched to the governor of Virginia, to send " a person of 
distinction " to demand of the French the abandonment of 
the disputed territory. The letter was to be carried from 
the capital of Virginia to the French commander on Lake 
Erie. It was the most serious mission yet undertaken in 
America. 

George Washington was chosen. He was a Virginian 
by birth. When a boy he was distinguished for good 
behavior, for energy, and for a disposition for hard work. 
At sixteen he became a good surveyor. At nineteen he 
was made adjutant of one of the military districts of his 
native State, ranking as major. 

He was twenty-one when he undertook the message to 
the French commander. He was even then regarded as a 
young man of unusual promise. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 77 

. 120. Sis journey lay through four hundred miles 
of forests. Selecting a few companions, he traveled the dis- 
tance to Erie, delivered his message, and bore back the reply- 
in safety. No subsequent act of his life elicited so much 
admiration as the performance of this hazardous mission. 
The re])ly was a courteous and evasive refusal to accede to 
the demands of the English. 

131, Unity of action was secured to the colonies 
by the home government. A council was held at Albany, 
in which the provinces resolved to act together. Treaties 
were also made with several Indian tribes. 

A. plan for the political union of the colonies was pro- 
j)osed by Benjamin Franklin, a delegate to the council. 
The scheme was adopted by the convention, but it did not go 
into effect. It was rejected by both the colonial assem- 
blies and the British government, being too aristocratic for 
the former, and too democratic for the latter. 

1 22. It should be remembered that the idea of union 
grew very slowly on this continent. A part of the New 
England colonies had been joined for many years in a con- 
federacy formed for protection against the Indians, and for 
the regulation of commerce. 

William Penn had proposed, ])ut not successfulU^, an 
annual congress of all the colonies, with power to regulate 
trade between them. Franklin revived this idea, and 
argued it acceptably before this provincial congress at 
Albany, twenty-two years before the Great Declaration. 

123. The contest which ensued was fought on both sides 
of the ocean, and is called in European history The Seven 
Years' War. In American history it is known as The 
French and Indian War, For five years commis- 
sioners from both nations had been engaged at Paris in 
discussing the conflicting claims. 

Their labors were in vain. The quarrel was secretly 
incited by the parent governments, and these intrigues 
soon brought on a general war vastly more disastrous than 
the contest on this side of the Atlantic, nearly nine 



78 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

hundred thousand men falling on the battle-fields of 
Europe. 

1755, 

124. General Edward JivaddoeU^ an Irish officer 

of distinction, bore a commission as Commander-in-Chief 
of all the British and colonial forces in America. 

125. Four ejrpeditions were jjlanned as the opera- 
tions of the year : one under General Johnson, against 
Crown Point; a second under General Shirley, against Fort 
Niagara ; a third under General Winslow, against the French 
settlers in Nova Scotia; and a fourth, and chief, under Gen- 
eral Braddock, against Fort Du Quesne. 

126. The first was a failure. 

127. T/w second was a failure. 

128. T/te third was a success. The French settlers 
of Nova Scotia were a peaceable, innocent, and happy 
people. Tliey desired to remain neutral during the war, 
but it was claimed that they might join their countrymen 
in arms. 

Seven thousand of them were therefore kidnapped, put 
on ships, and carried into exile into the various colonies. 
Families were broken up, never to be reunited; and the 
newspapers in following years often contained advertise- 
ments asking for missing relatives. The crops and the 
homes of the simple Acadians were destroyed, and the 
people stripped of every possession except the clothes 
they wore. 

This act resulted in the expulsion or extinction of the 
entire French population of Nova Scotia. The poet Long- 
fellow founded his poem entitled " Evangeline " on this 
sad event. 

129. The foarth, was a failure. Rejecting the advice 
of Washington, JJraddock fell into an Indian ambuscade, 
and his army was thrown into confusion. The loss Avas 
heavy. Braddock was killed, and the remnant was saved 
only by the coolness and skill of Washington, who led tho 
shattered army back to Philadelphia^ 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



79 




80 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

1756. 

i;30. The pla^i of the campaign was the same as 
the year before, with the exception of the expedition against 
Nova Scotia. The colonies had twenty thousand men in 
the field. Evert/ one of the expeditions failed. 

1757. 

131. TJie plan this year was a single expedition 
against Louisl>urg, on Cape Breton. Leaving the entire 
Canadian frontier in undisputed possession of the French, 
the British General Loudon settled down near Louisburg 
with eleven thousand men, cleared off a mustering plain, 
and, lest his men should take the scurvy, planted the fields 
near the city in onions ! 

When he heard that the enemy had one more ship than 
himself, he surpassed his former absurdity by sailing away 
to New York. Thus the expedition ended in disgrace and 
failure. 

133. The situation was far from satisfactory to the 
English. They had not a single village or fortress remain- 
ing in the whole valley of the St. Lawrence. West of the 
mountains there was not a single cabin where English was 
spoken. France claimed, and appeared to possess, twenty 
times as much American territory as England, although its 
population was only one-tenth as great. 

1758. 

133. Discontent with the management of the war was 
now freely expressed in the colonies and in England. 
3Iore viyorous nieasares were adopted. The firitish 
ministry was changed, and William Pitt, called the Great 
Commoner, was placed at the head of the government. 
The colonies raised men and money, and in the spring 
fifty thousand regular and provincial troops took the field. 
This force equaled the entire male P^rench population of 
the continent. 

134. The Xilan of operations was nearly the same 



THE FEENGH AND INDIAN WAR. 81 

as that of the first year of the war. Three expeditions 
were planned. The first against Louishurg; the second 
against Ticonderoga; and the third against Fort Du Quesne. 

135. TJie first was successful. With twelve thousand 
men the British attacked the fortress by land, and bom- 
barded it from the fleet. After thirty days the defenders 
of Louisburg struck their colors. It was the first heavy 
blow of the English armies against the French power in 
America. 

136. The secOfl,fl was a failure. A finely eqvupped 
army of fifteen thousand, — the largest force that had ever 
been seen iu the western hemisphere, — came confidently to 
Ticonderoga. It was repulsed with a loss of two thousand. 

137. The third was successful. Nine thousand men 
went against the fort. The advance detachment, under 
Washington, proceeded with caution, and found the fortress 
burned and abandoned. The army entered the ruins, raised 
the English flag, and named the place Pittsburg, in honor 
of the British minister. Washington had already displayed 
military qualities superior to those of any other general 
who had appeared on the continent, 

77,7.9. 

138. The plan of the campaign was to conquer 

Canada, and it eml)raced tliree expeditions: one against 
Ticonderoga; the second against Fort Niagara; and the 
third, and chief, against Quebec. Every one of these 
expeditions was successful. 

139. General Wolfe, the British commander of the 
third expedition, rose from a bed of sickness, and in the 
stillness of night led his army up a precipice three hundred 
feet high to a plain, — the Plain of Abraham, — overlooking 
Quebec. 

3fontCalinf the French general, led out his forces, and 
a bloody battle was fouglit. Both commanders were slain. 
The capital of New France surrendered. 

140. The Treat t/ of J*aris ended the war. France 

gave up to England all her possessions in North America 
4* 



82 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

east of the Mississippi River, except the city of New Orleans 
and the island adjoining it. Thus England won in the con- 
test for the possession of the continent. It was to be the 
home of the Eng-Iish-spoaking- millions. 

141. The cost of the ivat' to the colonies was very- 
great. The British generals often sneered at the awkward 
young farmers and mechanics fighting in their armies, but 
they nearly always did their duty well, and many thousands 
of them had fallen in the struggle. The colonies spent 
sixteen million dollars, five of which were afterward repaid 
by the British government. 

142. The sigfiificance of the war was in its being 
a preparation for the impending struggle of the Revolution. 
It was a training-school for the generals and soldiers of the 
colonies. It showed them war as conducted by the best 
captains of Europe. Washington, Putnam, Gates, Mont- 
gomery, Stark, Arnold,' Morgan, and others, who acted in 
the Revolution, here learned the science and art of war. 

It taught the colonies the idea of consolidation, and that 
" in union there is strength." In later years, when defend- 
ing the x\merican colonies in Parliament, the statesman 
Burke strikingly illustrated the process of growth now 
going on in American character: " These colonies are yet in 
the gristle ^ they have not yet hardened into honey 

CHAPTER IV. 

THE INTERVAL. 

143. The sixteen years between the close of the 
French War and the opening of the Revolution, were years 
in which the character of the colonies rapidly matured. It 
was a time of deep political study. 

The Common Law of England was everywhere discussed, 
and every young lawyer became familiar with the legal 
literature of the parent country. Burke said of America, 
"In no country in the world is the law so gen(M-al a study." 
Meetings for political debate were held in every city and 



THE INTERVAL. 83 

village. The rights of man were the absorbing theme; 
and the very schoolboys tried to handle, in earnest discus- 
sion, the high topic. 

144. The State of society was very different fron, 
that of the early colonial times. There had been a gradual 
assimilation of manners, and the colonies had become a 
coherent people. Instead of being thirteen provinces with 
separate and sometimes opposing interests, they had be 
come one nation in thought and feeling. 

They were Americans. They began to feel that they fJl 
had the same interests, and that it was their destiny at sonib 
time to be a united people. Society was growing in prepa 
ration for nationality; but the most far-seeing statesman 
could not have imagined that union and independence were 
to come together. 

145. Agt'iCiiltUVe continued to be the chief industry, 
but slow progress was made in introducing improved meth- 
ods of husbandry. 

Seeds were expensive and implements imperfect. The 
sickle, the scythe, and the flail, made the farmer's life full 
of labor. Rotation of crops was not thought of, and tlie 
value of fertilizers was little understood. 

Sheep and cattle were not over half as large as at the 
present time. The swine were long-legged, covered with 
bristles, and hard to fatten. There were no agricultural 
journals, and "book-farming" was often spoken of with 
contempt. With the exception of a few valuable essays 
on field husbandry, published in 1747, by .Tared Eliot, a 
clergyman, there were no attempts to encourage improved 
tillage. 

Tobacco was the source of much wealth in Virginia, 
where the planters became an aristocratic class. The pro- 
duce of the Mt. Vernon plantation was carefully managed 
by the proprietor, and the barrels of flour bearing the brand 
of George Washington of Mt. Vernon were entered in the 
ports of the West Indies without inspection. 



84 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




About the year 1740, a young woman of eighteen, named 
Eliza Lucas, was managing a 
plantation in South Carolina. 
Her father sent her some cotton 
seeds from the West Indies. 
She planted them and had a 
good crop. From that day, the 
cultivation of cotton increased 
with great rapidity in the South, 
till it became the king of pro- 
ducts. 

146. In the northern colo- 
nies, 7naniifactiiriti(f also 
received much attention. The 
people early began to diversify 
their industry, and to make by 
hand nearly all the articles pro- 
duced in England. 

The first manufactory was a 
glass furnace. Hats, paper, household furniture, farming 
implements and cutlery, were made to a limited extent. 
Silks were made in Connecticut, cotton and woolen cloth 
in Rhode Island, and shoes at Lynn. 

The weaving of cloth by machinery was not yet thought 
of, and the thrifty people spun their yarn and wove their 
fabrics by hand. It is recorded that Mrs. Washington had 
sixteen spinning-wheels ri;nning 
at a time. 

Ship carpenters were busy. 
Nantucket had one hundred and 
fifty vessels engaged in whaling 
voyages; and Marbleliead had fifty 
vessels in the foreign fishing trade. 
Iron furnaces were erected as 
^y- early as 1740, the same year in 
which Eliza Lucas planted her 

SPINNING-WHEEL. COttOU Seed. 



THE COTTON PLANT. 




THE INTERVAL. 85 

147. The usual mode of travel was on foot or on 
horseback, thougli the gjeiitlemen planters of Virginia used 
to ride in great coaches with yellow wheels, and drawn by 
six horses. 

There were no turnpikes nor macadamized roads. Lum- • 
bering coaches made the trip from New York to Philadel- 
pliia twice a week ; but in 1766 a stage was put on the 
route which accomplished the journey in "the remarkably 
short time of two days." This was called The Flying 
Machine. 

148. For a long time postal accoimuodations 

were very inferior. Previous to 1693, all mail matter was 
carried by private conveyance. In that year Parliament 
voted to establish post-offices in the colonies, and Thomas 
Neale was authorized to transmit letters and packets " at 
such rates as the planters should agree to give." 

Seventeen years later, a chief office was established at 
New York, and a line of posts reaching northward to New 
Hampshire and southward to Philadelphia. The postman 
traversed "this route as often as letters enough had accumu- 
lated to pay expenses. 

Benjamin Franklin held the office of postmaster general 
in America for twenty years, until his dismissal at the out- 
break of the Revolution. 

149. Slavery continued to flourish in all the colonies. 
Its prosperity was owing in part to the demand for slave 
labor, and in part to slave importation by order of 
the British government. 

In 1712, the English South Sea Company and the 
African Company were endowed with the monopoly 
of introducing negro slaves into the western world. 
They were encouraged and firmly sustained by English 
legislation, and during the century ending at the Declara- 
tion of Independence, the British nation, chiefly by these 
two companies, imported into the English, Spanish, and 
French colonies in America about three million negroes, 
most of them between the ages of fifteen and thirty years. 



86 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Several of the colonies, and especially Virginia, com- 
plained of this excessive importation ; hut Parliament was 
firm in the support of this traffic, pronouncing it " a trade 
highly advantageous to the kingdom and its colonies." The 
object of all this was to encourage agriculture and discour- 
age manufacturing in America, in order that British facto- 
ries might have an abundant supply of raw materials and a 
ready market for their goods. 

The acknowledged policy was to keep the colonies 
dependent on the parent country. The result was that fifty 
years before Independence some of the colonies had a 
greater colored than white population. 

150. The sldve laws in force during colonial times 
were very severe. As a sample, it may be stated, that in 
the colony of the Carolinas, it was enacted, in 1712, that 
" all negroes, Indians, and mulattoes, who can not prove 
themselves freemen, are made and declared slaves." Any 
person finding a slave abroad without a pass, must 
chastise him, or else be liable to a penalty for the 
omission. 

All crimes committed by a slave, from theft to murder, 
were punishable by death. If the owner of a runaway 
slave failed to whip the culprit, cut off" his ear, or brand 
him with a red-hot iron, he forfeited his ownership. 

The expense of hunting slaves was paid from the public 
treasury, and if any person, while engaged in such service, 
should be disabled, the public paid the damages. If a slave 
died during his punishment, no penalty was to be attached, 
unless murder was intended, when a fine of fifty pounds 
was to b(i ])aid. 

151. TJie N'ew EnfflfnideVS could no longer be 
called Roundheads. IIicn wore great powdered wigs, 
and tied them behind in a long queue fastened by a pink 
ribbon. Well dressed gentletnen at home wore a red velvet 
cap, a l>lue damask dressing-gown, a white satin waistcoat 
with deep embroidered flaps, black satin breeches, lon^ 
white silk stockings, and red morocco slippers. This was a 



THE INTERVAL. 87 

very dandyish costume compared with the modest dress of 
the early Puritans. 

In manners and opinions the people had not changed so 
much. They believed in the future, and they labored as 
much for posterity as for themselves. They still maintained 
their spiritual worship; they called upon no saint; they 
hated Christmas and Popish festivals; they erected neither 
altar nor crucifix; they married without a minister; and 
buried the dead without prayer. They thus manifested 
their dislike of Episcopacy and Catholicism. 

152. Tlie Soutliet'liet'S were mostly descendants of 
the earlier Cavaliers of Virginia. They dressed much as 
tlieir neighbors in New England, but differed from them 
greatly in manners. The Virginia planters lived like 
princes. They had grand Christmas dinners, with music 
and dancing. They did not care much for schools and 
books, but built fine residences, and bought gay dresses and 
rich furniture. 

They busied themselves in managing their plantations, 
and spent their vacant time in hunting and fishing. Bull- 
baiting, cock-fighting, and fox-hunting were popular amuse- 
ments. Much attention was given to politics. 

153. As time advanced, many new CitStoms were 
introduced into society at which we would smile to-day. 
Watches were rarely carried. Forks at the table were used 
in 1680 in the wealthier families, but plates were articles 
not yet thought of. 

Coffee was used by only a few, and as a luxury. Tea 
was supped sparingly in 1710. Potatoes began to be used 
as food about 1720; but when, fifty years later, Samuel 
Garver put away a bushel for winter use, his neighbors 
wondered what he would do with so many ! 

In 1721, singing by note began to be introduced into 
church service, a custom which encountered much 
opposition, and opened a ten years' quarrel in the 
chui'ches. 

An organ was made in 1745, but it was not allowed in 



88 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

the " meeting-house." At home, young ladies played on 
the spinet, and the young men on the violin. 

About the close of the French war, chaises came into use 
for Sunday traveling, in place of the saddle. 

154. The Press early became a power in the land. 
Few books were allowed by Parliament to be printed in 
the colonies, but they were highly prized. In 1639, an 
English printer named Stephen Day, set up at Cambridge 
the first printing press. 

The first printing done in the country was The Freeman's 
Oath, and the next, an almanac calculated for New England. 
The first book was a poetical translation of the Psalms, 
which was published in a volume of three hundred pages, 
and went through seventy editions. It was the hymn-book 
of New England. 

The first newspaper appeared in 1701, and was called 
the JBoston News Letter. John Campbell was the first 
American editor. Fifty years later there were but seven 
newspapers in the country. They were small, single sheets, 
frequently printed on only one side, and mostly devoted lo 
local news. 

The age of newspapers had not yet come. But pam- 
phlets on political topics were very popular, and teemed 
with much thought in the right direction. Sound political 
philosophy was thus spread among a people who were so 
soon to take a place among the nations. 

]55. In 1732, John Peter Zenger, of New York, pub- 
lisher of the Weekly Journal., strongly censured the gov- 
ernor and the assembly for laying illegal taxes on the 
colony. No newspaper had ever taken so bold a step 
before. Zenger was arrested on a charge of libel, and the 
edition of his paper containing it was publicly burned. 
The freedotn of the press was thus for the first time 
put on trial. Attorneys feared tlie power of the govern- 
ment, and it was very difficult for Zenger to obtain counsel. 
On the day of trial, a venerable, noble-looking stranger 
appeared on his behalf. It was Andrew Hamilton, the 



THE INTERVAL. 89 

speaker of the assembly of Pennsylvania, and the famous 
"Quaker lawyer " of Philadelphia, Being not allowed to 
prove the truth of the charge which Zenger had made, 
Hamilton appealed to the jury that they were aware from 
their own knowledge, that it was true, and asserted that 
the principles of liberty were on trial before them, and not 
the mere person of a man. 

Zenger was acquitted amid cheers; and thus freedom 
was proclaimed to the press in the New World, long before 
it had escaped the censorship of the government in the Old. 

156. The I*lllplt was also a great educator of the 
times. Many of the ministers were men of superior scholar- 
ship, who preached their long, strong sermons to congre- 
gations of farmers, mechanics, and small tradespeople of 
the district. In many a parsonage the Scriptures were read 
in the original languages at the morning and evening 
worship. 

For two-thirds of a century metaphysical theology had 
held the ascendency in the ministry; but the clergy did not 
stop with the discussion of dogmas : they led and inspired 
the people ; they kept patriotism aflame ; they promoted 
vital religion ; they moulded national character. 

157. The importance of ef7tlC((ti(Hl was acknowledged 
from the first settlement of the colonies. In NuiV JEtlf/- 
IffUdf the people prized it next to religion. In Connecti- 
cut, every town that (lid not keep open a school at least 
three months in the year, was liable to a fine. 

1 iie "town meetings," now mostly abandoned, were 
then common. Old and young, rich and poor, there met 
on equality, and discussed matters of local and national 
interest. Every one had the right to vote and speak. In 
these village councils the people formed the habit of acting 
in a body for the good of all, and accepting the will of the 
majority as law. These meetings developed public spirit, 
taught the people the important art of self-government, 
and gave skill in puljlic debate. 

158. The M^iddle colonies had their common 



90 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 

schools and colleges. The first schools in New York were 
taught by Dutch masters, who gave instruction in English 
as an accomplishment. 

The first girls' school in the country was started at I.ewis- 
ton, Delaware. In the first schools of Pennsylvania, "read- 
ing, writing, and casting accounts," were taught for eight 
shillings a year. 

159. Tlw SoHfJiern colonies met with difficulties 
in their plans to promote education. The royal governors 
were generally opposed to public instruction, and would 
not allow the people to have common schools. One of the 
governors of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, said, " I thank 
God there are no free schools nor printing in the colony, 
and I hope there will not be these hundred years: for learn- 
ing has brought disobedience, heresy, and sects into the 
world, and printing has published and scattered them." 

This wish came near being fulfilled; for, a century and a 
half later, a member of Congress from Virginia thanked 
God that his district was without a newspaper. The scat- 
tered condition of the people was unfavorable to the cause 
of general education. The planters, and others who could 
afford the expense, sent their sons to be educated in 
England. 

160. It must bo acknowledged that litevittlU'e and 
science did not receive much attention in colonial times. 
The people were too busy in making homes and developing 
their country. Increase Mather, one of the early presi- 
dents of Harvard College, and his son, Cotton Mather, were 
the founders of American literature. 

Cotton Mather's Magnalia, a religious history of New 
England, was the first important book written by a native 
of this country, and it is still interesting reading. Frank- 
lin's experiments with a ])()y's kite, by which he proved the 
identity of lightning and electricity, elicited the praise of 
all Europe. 

161. Nine COlleffes existed in this country at the 
close of the colonial period, — three Episcopalian, three 



THE INTERVAL. 91 

Congregational, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, and one 
Dutch Reformed. They exerted a great and steady influ- 
ence from a very early date. They sent out a continuous 
succession of minds, trained to do their country's solid think- 
ing and effective action. They educated the generation 
of men who achieved Independence. 

162. Harvard College was the oldest of these insti- 
tutions, being founded in 1638, at Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, oidy eighteen years after the landing of the Puritans. 
They saw that they must provide for the education of young 
men in the ministry, as they could not fill their pulpits 
from England. 

At the outset about two thousand dollars were appropri- 
ated by the general court, gifts of books were made, many 
subscribed cash or supplies, and the school was opened with 
a very small attendance. 

A few years afterward, each family gave a peck of corn, 
or a shilling, or a sheep, or a string of wampum, for its 
support. The income of a ferry was set aside for its usC; 
and valuable presents of liooks were sent from England. 

It was named Harvard College in honor of John Harvard, 
a lately arrived and learned Englishman, who, in his will, 
made bequests of his library and five thousand dollars in 
money. As a college motto it adopted the words, I^or 
Christ and the Cliurch. As it was the earliest, it has also 
been the most richly endowed, institution in the land. It 
is the pride of the United States, as it was the pride of its 
Puritan founders. 

From its walls' have issued Everett, Sparks, Emerson, 
Bowditch, Felton, Ticknor, Longfellow, Lowell, Channing, 
Palfrey, Parsons, Story, Kent, and many other illustrious men. 

163. William and 3Iarif Collerfe was next in 
order, being founded in 1693, at Williamsburg, the colonial 
capital of Virginia. In its early history it was much inter- 
ested in humane but impracticable schemes for the educa- 
tion of the Indians, who, instead of instructing their race, 
nearly always relapsed into barbarism themselves. 



92 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Another object was the preparation of youn<^ men to 
become ministers of the church in Virginia — the Episcopal. 
Although Joxr times destroyed by fire, it was promptly 
rebuilt, and has always been the leading institution of the 
South. 

Its list of distinguished names is very long. It instructed 
Peyton Randolph, Thomas .leiferson, .James Monroe, .John 
Tyler, Chief Justice Marshall, and Winfield Scott. It gave 
Washington his commission as surveyor, and made him its 
chancellor during the last ten years of his life. 

164. Seeing the great success and advantages of the 
Harvard school, ten worthy ministers assembled, in 1700, 
near New Haven, and each placed a few volumes upon the 
table at which they were sitting, with these words: "I give 
these books for the founding of a college in this colony." 

Such was the beginning of Yale Colleije, It was 
named in honor of Elihu Yale, a native of Nev/ Haven, 
who made valuable gifts of books and money. Sir Isaac 
Newton and other Englishmen sent books. 

The college has always .held a prominent })lace in Ameri- 
can education, and has produced many famous men. Ten 
thousand persons have received degrees, of whom over two 
thousand have been ministers of the gospel. It has now 
about one thousand pupils, under fifty professors. 

165. The College of New Jersey at Princeton was 
founded in 1T4G. It had its origin, like the others, in a 
desire to educate gospel ministers. It has always filled a 
laro-e sphere, especially in the education of Presbyterian 
clergymen. It has granted about six thousand degrees. 

166. Colliynhia College — formerly called King's 
College — was founded in the city of New Yoik, in 1755. 
Among its early students were DeWitt Clinton, Alexander 
Hamilton, and John Randolph. It has always been famous 
as a classical school. Its School of Mines is probably the 
most prosperous in the country. It has about one thousand 

pupils. 

167. In the same year the JJnivevsity of JPenn" 



THE INTERVAL. 



93 



sylvanict was founded at Philadelphia by Benjamin 
Franklin. 

168. SrOlVH Univer'sity — formerly called Rhode 
Island College — was founded at Providence in 176-1:. It is 
controlled by the Baptists — the followers of Roger Wil- 
liams — but the utmost liberality is practiced in religious 
opinion. Like nearly all the other colleges, it was closed 
during the Revolution. 

169. Rutf/ers College — formerly Queen's College 
— was founded in 1770 by the Dutch Reformed. It is situ- 
ated at Brunswick, New Jersey. It has had much financial 
embarrassment during its history. 

170. Uartmouth College was founded at Hanover, 
New Hampshire, in 1769, to provide a Christian education 
for the Indians. Without exalted pretensions it has always 
done its work well, and has sent out over five thousand 
graduates, among whom were Daniel Webster and Rufus 
Choate, 

171 The libraries of colonial times were few in 
number but great in power. They were moulders of society. 
The Philadelphia Library was founded by Franklin in 1731. 
He was then a young man, and desired to provide the means 
of self-improvement to the masses. It now contains about 

one hundred thousand vol- 
umes. 

The Redwood Library, at 
Newport, R. I., was founded 
near the same time by a club 
of literary gentlemen. The 
New York City Library was 
chartered in 1754. The Li- 
brary of Congress was not 
founded till after the Revolu- 
tion. 

172. The colonial times 
produced several great 
fiteflf whose lives are illus- 




JONATHAN EDWARDS. 



94 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



trious examples to American youth, and whose labors did 
much to sliape the American character. 

173. Jonathan EdwardSf of Connecticut, was one 
of the greatest theologians and metaphysicians that has 
lived in this country. Born in a colony which was almost 
a wilderness, educated at a college yet in its infancy, and 
settled for many years as pastor over a church on the 
borders of civilization, he yet exerted the greatest influence 
over religious thought and character. His greatest work 
was "An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will." His 
belief was severely Calvinistic. He died in the midst 
of his usefulness, at the age of fifty-five. 

174. Senjainhl Ft'aJlhlin^ the philoso]iher and 
statesman, was a man of ceaseless activity, and possessed 

a trvily practical mind. He 
founded the first public library, 
and edited the best newspaper 
in the colonies. He first intro- 
duced newspaper advertising. 
He created our post-office s^'s- 
tem. He invented the Frank- 
lin stove, and abolished that 
great nuisance of colonial times, 
smoking chimneys. ' He first 
eff'ectually taught the necessity 
of ventilation, introduced the 
basket willow, and suggested 
the use of mineral fertilizers. He proved the identity of 
lightning and electricity, and set up the first lightning- 
rods. 

He founded the American Philosophical Society, our first 
organization in tlie interests of science. He first expounded 
the theory of ocean navigation by means of winds and 
currents. He pro])osed the first acceptable scheme for 
uniting the colonies, and was chiefly instrumental in caus- 
ing the repeal of the Stamp Act. He took a leading part 
in concluding the peace which ended the Revolution, and 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



THE INTERVAL. 



95 



in the labors of the convention .which framed the Constitu- 
tion. He died at the age of eighty-four. 

175. James Otis, the fervid orator of Massachusetts, 
was the first man to assert before a supreme court the doc- 
trine of the riglit of the colonies to absolute freedom ot 
trade under self-imposed laws. He was the earliest leader 
of the Revolutionary party in Massacliusetts. He made a 
masterly argument against the "Writs of Assistance," and 
was largely instrumental in securing their repeal. 

He became the Father of Congress by first proposing to 
call a convention of the colonies without asking consent of 
the king. He issued a radical treatise entitled, " Rights of 
the British Colonies." He died just before the Revolutioii, 
by a stroke of lightning, at the age of forty-nine. 

176. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was the twin 
spirit of Otis. The early part of 
his life was spent in struggles with 
poverty; but he made up for his 
early disadvantages by subsequent 
study. His first case in law won 
him fame. His vigorous argument 
in the House of Burgesses secured 
tiie opposition of the colonies to 
the Stamp Act. He is represented 

W/ as having possessed extraordinary 
powers of oratory, and he was 
every where regarded as the cham- 
PATiucK HENuv. pion of colonlal liberty. 




CHAPTER V. 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

177. The attachment of the colonies to the 

mother country was deep and sincere. Thoy believed in 
the justice of English sentiment, and had no thought but 
of submission to the king and the laws. Even after thev 
had raised armies and begun to fight, the Continental Con- 



96 TUB MODBL iirsroitr. 

{.^n^ss said, " W(! liavj; not raised urmirs with the aiiihitious 
dcsif^ii (»( scparatiiii;- fit)!!! Groat Britain and cstahlisliinjr 
ind('|>(Mid('nt States." 

178. Jiiit the (lest hit/ of America yf AH a separate 
national e.xistence. Numerous influences wore at work to 
produce this result much sooner than the most far-sooinj^ 
statesman would have predicted. 

I7i*. JfU'Sty the v(My orij^in of the colonies indicated 
independenc(! as thcur ])irthrii^ht. 

IHO. Second^ their isolation from thi; parent country 
iorhadi! IOnrop<'an control of the continiMit. 

ISl. !FhU'(lf the misconduct of the royal <rovernors, 
and the obstinacy of the Enjrlish kin<r, made the people 
suspicious of arbitrary power. 

IS'i. l^^Olli'th, tlie anti - monarcliical institutions, the 
marked absence of class le^'ishition, the; coiisciousiK^ss of 
capacity for self-fj^overnment, and the opinions of a self- 
i-eliarit people conccMMiin^ political libi'rty — ail pcjinted to 
independence as tlu; natural condition of the colonics. 

bs;{. These were the re((l Ctiusrs of the Itrt^olu- 
fioti. 

1S4. The immediate occasion of that struggle 

was the passage of s(;veral acts by Parliament, supposed 
to be destructive of liberty. These extended over a period 
of twelve years just preceding the outbreak, and related to 
the collection of money l)y taxation. 

185. T/n' pofiCi/ iff l^Jllfflaml was to nuike all her 
colonies a source of revenue. An English statesman 
declared in Parliament that this was the very purpose for 
which they were planted. With this view, the treatment 
of the American colonies was, from the first, rather severe, 
though far less so than the oppression of English countries 
in other parts of the world, as India and Ireland. 

Tlie idea j>revailed tliat if one nation b(>came wealthy 
another must become poor, that what one gained another 
lost, and that it was necessary to enact laws to secure the 
prosperity of England. 



CAUHKS OF 11 iH iiI':v()Ij:ti()N. 97 

180. To socuro the execution of iltia jtol letj, tlio 
Navigation Act had boon passed by Pariiam'-nt lo re-strict 
the commerce of other nations, over a century before this 
time — lOol. Other Acts followed: one placing a heavy 
tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported into the country; 
a/iother, forbidding the erection of iron works ; anothe-r, 
{prohibiting the manufacture of steel and other articles 
which would compete with the English products in the 
markets of the world. 

ill the land of the beaver no hats could be made, as, it 
was argued, America would soon supply the whole world 
with hats, in a land of abundant mineral wealth it was 
forbidden "to niake even a nail for a horse-shoe." Jn a 
country where every family read the Scriptures, no English 
Ijible could be printed without committing piracy. 

The ol^ject of all this was to secure an American market 
for English goods at a high price, and an English market 
for American goods at a low price. 

187. But such laws could never be carried into effect. 
They were simply disregarded and ignored. To aid the 
oflicers in finding smuggled gor^Js, Parliament autliorized a 
kind of search-warrant called Wl'itH of Asfiifitfince, 
They gave command to the constables to enter houses to 
search for and seize goods suspected of having evaded the 
duty. These acts created much excitement in the colonies. 

188. The eSHentifll point in the difficulty was that 
America was not represented in the British Parliament. 
It should be remembered that at this time it was not the 
custom with the European nations to permit the representa- 
tion of their colonies in their law-making assemblies. The 
colonists were willing to pay taxes only on condition that 
they should have a voice in the government. 

" jYo tnxotion irUhout repreaentoMon^^'' was the pithy and 
popular motto of the times. When the colonies were called 
upon to pay a still greater portion of the expense of the 
?Vench AVar, which had added three hundred million dollars 
to the English debt, the colonial legislatures declared that 



98 THE MODEL U I STORY. 

tlieir losses and expenses in the struggle were already as 
great as they could bear. 

1S9. .Nevertheless the Stamp Act passed Parliament 
by a vote of seven to one. It provided that all legal docu- 
ments, almanacs, pamphlets, newspapers, and advertise- 
ments should be written or printed on paper bearing an 
English stamp, and furnished by the British government at 
high prices. 

The sum demanded for each sheet varied from a half- 
penny to six pounds. This would prove a heavy tax on 
business. As some compensation to the colonies for the 
stamp duties, provision was made for allowing the exporta- 
tion of American lumber to all the ports of Surope. 

IQO. The Qtiarterinf/ Act was passed about the 

same time. It provided that a standing army should be sent 
to America, and that the people should provide bedding, fire- 
wood, drink, soap, and candles, for the soldiers. It was a 
new thing to see soldiers among the colonists in times of 
peace, and it was regarded by them as a menace. Their very 
presetice was, under the circumstances, hateful and irri- 
tating. 

191. The feeling of the colonists on the passage 
of these measures, was one of sorrow and anger. Frank- 
lin, who was then in England, using his influence to pre- 
vent their adoption, wrote home: "The sun of liberty is 
set; you must light up the candles of industry and 
economy." Serious alarm was excited from one end of the 
country to the other. 

192. Several of the colonial Icffislatuves passed 
strong resolutions denouncing the Acts. In Virginia, after 
waiting several days in vain for the older members to speak, 
Patrick Henry, " alone, unadvised, unassisted," jotted down 
five resolutions on the fly-leaf of an old law book, read 
them, and, in a sj^eech of thrilling eloquence, so ably 
defended them, that they passed the House. They were 
cautiously circulated, till they reached New England, where 
they were fearlessly published in the newspapers. Speeches, 



CAL^SES OF THE REVOLUTION. 99 

liamplilets, and sennons, against the odious measures, 
increased the popuhir excitement. 

193. The Sotis and Dfmghters of Libert tj were 
the names of organizations wliich had their origin in these 
patriotic times. Tiie Daughters pledged themselves to buy 
no goods imported from England. They formed sjiinning 
societies, and wove all the cloth used in the families. At 
one spinning match a company of school -girls produced 
two hundred and thirty skeins of yarn as the result of the 
afternoon's labor. 

The Sons made it their special business to frighten and 
drive away stamp officers. In some of the colonies these 
officials were compelled to resign, and the stamps were 
seized and burned. 

194. Political Parties were now formed for the 
first time in our country. Two great parties, Whigs and 
Tories, appeared. The Wiiigs were advocates of popular 
freedom, and even encouraged resistance to the laws of 
Parliament. 

The Tories were upholders of Parliamentary authority, 
and believed that the true interests of the country 
demanded a cheerful obedience to the commands of Eng- 
land. 

195. The excitement resulted in the meeting of the 
First Colonial Conr/reSSf which assembled in New 
York in 1TG5. It was not a numerous body, being com- 
posed of only twenty-eight delegates from nine of the 
colonies ; but it was an imposing assembly, embracing the 
foremost men in the country. It remained in session only 
fourteen days; but it prepared three official papers whose 
spirit and principles were unmistakable. The first was a 
Declaration of Rights ; the second, a Memorial to Parlia- 
ment ; the third, a Petition to the King. 

These documents expressed attachment to the govern- 
ment of the parent country, urged the injustice of being 
taxed and at the same time nnre|)resented, and maintained 
that the advantage derived by England from the monopoly 



100 TIIS MODEL insfOtt'/. 

of the Amorican trade was a sufficient contribution from 
the colonies to her treasury. 

19G. The Atneflfau nierchants resolved to import 
no more goods till the measures were repealed. Associa- 
tions were formed for the encouragement of manufactures, 
and the people very generally agreed to wear garments 
made only of American cloth. The most wealthy men and 
women clothed themselves in homespun goods. There was 
no market for foreign luxuries, and the trade with England 
Avas nearly discontinued. The very cliildren echoed the 
cry, " Liberty, ])roperty, and no stamps ! " 

197. Of course tlie sale of stamps was very slow. 
To avoid using them, proceedings in the courts were sus- 
pended, and differences were wisely settled by arbitration. 
Society was at a standstill. The stamp officers were 
nowhere to be found ; no stamps were on sale ; the royal 
governors did not dare to attempt the execution of the law ; 
and the Act never went into effect during the twelve 
months of its existence on the statute books of England. 

108. This opposition created great surprise and alnt'iil 
ill Ellffldild, The law was just such as has existed in 
England for several generations. It was such a law as has 
since been imposed in America by vote of the people. 
The colonists objected because it involved a principle. 
The British merchants, seeing their trade ruined, peti- 
tioned for a repeal. The friends of America were very 
numerous in England, and they strongly urged the same 
thing. William Pitt and Edmund Burke, two eminent 
statesmen, were advocates of the repeal. These efforts 
weresuccessfal. The joy in both countries was excessive and 
demonstrative. Good fe(»ling revived and trade was resumed. 

199. A great ('Jtaitf/e 1)1 sentiment had taken place 
in the colonies concerning taxation. Before this the people 
had not objected to external taxation, as duties on imports, 
but only to internal taxation, as was imposed by the Stamp 
Act. They now olijected to all taxation, l)asing their argu- 
ment on their non-representation in Parliament, 



CAUSES OP THE REVOLUTION. 101 

200. The right of taxation had not been relin- 
quished. Tlie historian says: " Wise princes, wlien forced 
to yield, do it with a pjraee that wins tlie populace." This 
could never have been said of King George and his party, 
for when repealing the Stamp Act, it had been explicitly 
declared that Parliament had a right to bind the colonies in 
all cases whatsoever. This "right" was the very thing 
objected to. It was pithily said by John Adams, " The right 
to take one pound implies the right to take a thousand." 

201. Another Act was soon passed, laying a tax on 
tea, paints, lead, glass, and paper. The duty was soon 
removed from every thing except tea. Although the tax 
on this was reduced to six cents a pound, the sales of tea 
fell off, the non-importation societies were formed again, 
and the old spirit of resistance was aroused. 

202. The history of the colonies for the nCJCt eight 
years may be summed up in the passage of odious meas- 
ures by Parliament, and remonstrance and evasioii by the 
colonies. 

203. T he first blood of the impending struggle was 
shed in New York. A riot occurred because the soldiers 
had cut down a liberty pole. One citizen was killed and 
several were wounded. 

204. Although the importation of tea was discon- 
tinued by the people, British merchants sent it at their own 
risk. In New York and Philadelphia the tea ships were 
not allowed to land their cargoes. In Charleston the tea 
was stored in damp cellars until it became worthless. 

In Boston, forty citizens, disguised as Indians, very 
quietly proceeded to the ship, broke open three hundred 
and forty chests of tea, and, in the presence of a large 
crowd, emptied their contents into the sea. As soon as the 
news of this audacious proceeding reached England, an Act 
was passed closing Boston port. These were the sad times 
of violence and retaliation. 

205. The Second Colonial Congress soon after 
met in Philadelphia, composed of delegates from all the 



102 TUB MODEL UISTORT. 

colonies except Georgia, where the governor prevented 
their appointment. It was the most important body which 
had ever assembled in America. It had authority to act 
for the colonies even to the declaration of war. It issued 
addresses to the king, to the English nation, and to the 
people of Canada. It reaffirmed the sentiment of non- 
importation of English goods, voted to encourage domes- 
tic manufactures, and resolved upon a steadfast resistance 
till the objectionable acts were repealed. 

30G. It was evident that a crisis was ax>proachiiig. 
For several years British soldiers had been stationed at 
various places ; and now the British General Gage seized 
tiie military stores in the provincial arsenals, and fortified 
advantageous positions near Boston. Parliament voted 
that a rebellion existed in Massachusetts and was encour- 
aged by the other colonies. Ten thousand more troops 
were ordered to America. 

207. The preparation in the colonies was active. 

In Massachusetts a committee of safety was appointed, and 
the volunteer militia were ordered to train and be ready to 
march on a minute's notice. Twenty thousand pounds were 
voted to pay for their equipment. In Virginia Washing- 
ton was organizing the militia, and Patrick Henry was 
exclaiming, " I repeat it, we must fight ! '' 

208. The Tories loved their country as truly as the 
advocates of resistance. They were generally the rich and 
prosperous men, and those who held office under the British 
government. They believed that the colonies were too 
weak to oppose England, and that it would be better to 
submit than to resist. Many of them, with tearfid eyes, 
tried to persuade the Whigs to listen to reason. Their 
oj)inions were at first opposed by argument ; they then 
became unpopular and hateful ; and finally were regarded 
as treason. Many of these Tories afterward changed their 
opinions; others went to England and the other British 
provinces; others joined the royal armies to fight against 
their country. 



THE REVOLUTION. 103 

209. The Tories rightly said that the resolve of 
Khig George was to make the colonies submit. It was 
the old contest of argument against obstinacy. It was 
popular aspirations against kingly pride. Neither the 
moderation of Congress, nor the diplomacy of Franklin, 
nor the forbearance of the people, nor the statesmansliip of 
Pitt and his associates, could avert the determination of the 
king and his party to coerce the colonies. Sorrowfully and 
prophetically Washington wrote: "More blood will be 
shed than history has yet furnished instances of in the 
annals of North America." 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

1775. 

210. The opeiiinff of hostilities soon followed. 
One midnight a regiment of British soldiers was ordered 
by General Gage to destroy some military stores collected 
at (Joncord, a small town near Boston. The design was 
anticipated by the wary colonists, and a light was raised 
in the belfry of the old North Church as a signal to 
the surrounding country. Swift messengers rode all night, 
arousino- villaire and farm house for miles around. Long- 
fellow's poem, " Paul Revere's Ride," was founded on this 
incident. 

211. At Lexington the troops found a party of min- 
ute-men collected on a green. " Disperse, ye rebels," cried 
the leader of the British. No one mov'ing, he ordered his 
men to fire. Seven of the patriots were killed and nine 
were wounded. 

The troops then marched to Concord, destroyed such 
stores as could be found, threw a small quantity of ammu- 
nition into a mill-pond, and began a retreat. The minute- 
men were pouring in from all quarters, and the retreat soon 
became a rout. Hidden behind trees, rocks, fences, and 
barns, the provincial soldiers poured in a constant fire upon 



104 TUB MODEL HISTORY. 

the ranks of the running enemy. This bush-fighting and 
chase continued till the panting regulars found refuge in 
Boston. 

The losses in this memorable skirmish were small, the 
Americans losing eighty-eight, and the British two hundred 
and seventy-three ; but the significance of the event could 
not be measured by the number who fell. It meant Ameri- 
can Independence. 

212. The effect was great and immediate. As the 
news flew through the colonies a tide of aroused men 
poured to the seat of war. Horses were taken from the 
field and mounted by men who rode them till they dropped 
dead, and witliiii a few days eleven thousand provincial 
soldiers had invested Boston. 

213. As another result of the startling news from Lex- 
ington, the Mecklenburg Derhi ration was passed 
by a coMHuittee of the citizens of Mecklenburg County, 
North Carolina, assembled at Charlotte. It was a declara- 
tion of iiidei)endence, and preceded the Declaration at 
Philadel])iiia more than a year. 

214. Fresh avrh'dls of British troops under Gen- 
erals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, placed twelve thou- 
sand veterans at the command of Gage. He resolved on 
active operations. 

215. The Hattle of Hunker HiJl soon followed. 

In order to strengthen the investment of Boston, fifteen hun- 
dred New England troops under General Prescottone night 
silently fortified the high ground in the rear of Charles- 
town. Having fired this place, the British made two assaults, 
which were severely repulsed. At the third attack, the 
ammunition of the Americans gave out, and the enemy 
carried the rude line of defences. Bunker Hill became a 
dearly bought English victory. The ])attle was witnessed 
by thousands of peo{)le from tlie house-tops of Boston and 
from burning Charlestown. 

21G. The Third Colonial CoUf/resS met in Phila- 
delphia according to previous agreement, and by common 



THE REVOLUTION. 



105 







106 



THE MODEL niSTORY. 



consent assumed authority to act in all cases for "The 
United Colonies." It passed resolutions declaring a strong 
desire for peace, and denying a wish to throw off allegiance 
to England. At the same time it voted that the colonies 
should be prepared for war, and would never submit to 
taxation without representation. It voted to raise and 
equip an army of twenty thousand men, and authorized an 
issue of one million dollars in paper money. 

217. John Adams made a powerful address on the 

choice of a coininander-ln-chieff and closed by 

nominating George Washington, of 
Virginia. As soon as his name was 
mentioned, Washington arose and 
left the hall. He was overpowered 
by the responsibility about to be 
placed upon him, and, with tears in 
his eyes, he remarked to Patrick 
Henry, " I fear this day will mark 
the downfall of my reputation." 

218. Washington entered atonce 
upon the dlschapf/c of his du- 
ties. His journey to Boston was 
one continued ovation : every where he was greeted with 
cheers and benedictions. He reached the seat of war two 
weeks after the battle of Buid-cer Hill, and next morning 
took command. He found fifteen thousand undisciplined, 
insubordinate, and ])oorly equipped militia, encamped on 
Cambridge common. Some degree of system and regu- 
larity was soon introduced, and arrangements were made 
for the manufacture of gunpowder. Several ships laden 
with this article and intended for the ]?ritish army, were 
soon after captured, affording a seasonable supply to the 
colonial troops. 

219. Four Major Generals were appointed to aid 
Washington. The first was Artemas Ward, one of Massa- 
chusetts's favorite soldiers. The secoiul was Charles Lee, 
of Virginia, a man possessing brilliant but superficial quali- 




GEOBGE WASHINGTON. 



THE REVOLUTION. 107 

ties, enjoying the society of British officers, and without 
much love for liberty or the cause of his country. The 
third, Pliilip Sclmyler, of New York, was a man of patriot- 
ism, but without military qualities or experience. The 
fourth was Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, whose adven- 
tures and dasiiing career had won him a reputation for 
bravery, Horatio Gates was chosen Adjutant General. 
" The colonies took up arms with only one general officer 
who drew to himself the love and trust of the country, with 
not one of the next five below him fit to give him efficient 
aid or to succeed to his place." 

220. The difficult ies to be surmounted were appal- 
ling. They were of two kinds : 

First. In the colonial army there was no lack of valor, 
ef patriotism, and, at first, of men. But the enthusiastic 
multitudes who rushed to the contest, although intelligent 
men and good marksmen, were ignorant of field movements 
and the whole art of war. They were to resist a disci- 
plined force largely superior in numbers and trained on 
the battle-fields of Europe by the best generals of the age. 

Second. The authority of Washington was greatly 
restricted. He could not choose his subordinate officers, 
he was dependent upon voluntary enlistments for his troops, 
and Congress more than once interfered with his plans. 
The colonies were not accustomed to unity of action. They 
were only united in the common impulse to resistance. 
The habit of subordination and the unquestioning obedi- 
ence so necessary in war, were new. 

From this source sprang those sad and almost fatal con- 
fli^cts of authority which were continually arising. It is 
not at all strange that the friends of popular freedom in 
Europe regarded the issue with doubt, and welcomed suc- 
cess as an unexpected triumph. 

221. An im^asiou of Canada was first planned to 
prevent a union of the British forces there with those on 
the coast. It was intrusted to Generals Richard Mont- 
gomery and Benedict Arnold. After a march of great 



108 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

difliiuilty, Montreal was taken. An attack on Quebec was 
repulsed with luuxvy loss, including Montgomery. The 
remnant spent a miserable winter in fortifications of snow. 
When S])ring came they were driven back to the colonies. 
The expedition was a total failure. 

222. A postal St/.stritl was adopted by Congress 
during the third session, and Benjamin Fraid<lin was re-ap- 
pointed Postmaster General, with power to appoint depu- 
ties to carry mails from Maine to Georgia, with as many 
cross lines as might seem fit. He made a grand tour of the 
country in a chaise, maturing the plan. It took five months 
to make the trip, which could now be accomplished in as 
many days. This was the beginning of the mail service 
of the nation. 

223. Each of the three Colonial Congresses had 
addressed petitions to their monarch, and now, for six 
months. Congress had been waiting for tJiC fnistrc)' of 
Kiilf/ QeotUje to their third and last ap})eal. There sat 
John Adams, Samuel Adams, Franklin, Patrick Henry, and 
Jefferson. The colonies were still loyal to the British 
Crown. It was a time of hesitancy and uncertainty. 

At last the message came. It was such a reply as 
George III and his l)arty would make to the petitions for 
human rights. He did not know any such a bod}^ as the 
Colonial Congress. He insisted on the right of taxation, 
spurned the idea of representation, and demanded disarm- 
ament and submission. Unconditional submission was the 
only passport to his favor. Congress and the nation saw 
that the day of independence had come. 

RE VIE W. 

CHAPTER I. 

Two great Cliarters issued by Kiug James. — Jamestown is founded 
by a party of "gentlemen." — They talie the gold fever. — Jolin Smilli 
sets them to worlc. — Tobacco culture begins. — Slaves needed and 
bougiit to till the fields. ^The youiiL,'' women come to make homes 



BE VIEW. 109 

for the colonists. — The people troubled by Indian massacres. — The 
Virginians pass some strange laws. 

The Puritans come to Massachusetts. — They sutler greatly. — They 
are welcomed by tlic Indians. — Are very strict in religion. — Roger 
Williams makes trouble in the church. — Anne Hutchinson reasons 
well and is driven away. — The Quakers are persecuted. — Finally 
King Philip's War throws New England into alarm.— But the 
Indians are exterminated in the Swamp Fight. — The mini.sters quar- 
rel, and Salem hangs twenty witches. 

The Dutch found New York.— They set up the Patroons. — The 
English take possession in spite of Headstrong Peter. — The Negro 
Plot creates a panic. 

New Hampshire finally becomes able to take care of itself. 

The Catholics find an asylum iu Maryland. — Its advancement is 
very rapid. — Till its attairs are deranged by religious quarrels. 

Massachusetts sends out a colony to Connecticut.^ — Who are obliged 
soon after to wage the Pequod War. — Tiiey then live in peace. 

Williams and his friends settle at Providence. — They set up the 
first democracy in America. 

The Grand Model is tried in Carolina. — Rice is first cultivated.^ 
The colony is finally divided. 

The English found New Jersey. — It soon becomes a Quaker colony 
— And has a peaceful career. 

William Penn founds Penn.sylvania. — He keeps peace with the 
Indians. — And the colony grows rapidly. 

Delaware finally separates from Pennsylvania. 

Oglethorpe brings a colony of paupers to Georgia. — And manages 
its affairs for ten years. — He prohibits slavery and rum. 

The colonies furnish examples of five kinds of colonial government. 

The period of colonial foundation varies from six months to sixty 
years. 

CH.\PTER II. 

The rate of settlements is hindered. — Slavery flourishes in all the 
colonies. — The Indians are harshly treated from the beginning. — 
This produces endless trouble and bloodshed. — John Eliot, the Indian 
apostle, organizes thirty churches among them. — The character of the 
Puritans delineated. — The public-school system is founded. — Form 
of church service described. — Examples of the Blue Laws. — A lazy 
farmer greatly stimulates agriculture. — Character of the colonial pro- 
ductions. — The colonies use many kinds of money. — Their simple 
mode of life. — The people feel the weight of British oppression. — 
Wbitefield and Wesley visit the colonics. 



110 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

CHAPTEK III. 

Five powers struggle for America. — The war is caused by the 
rivaling claims. — Washington appears in history. — The colonies 
unite in the war. — The first year ends in failure.— The second docs 
not better affairs. — The third results in some success. — And the fourth 
ends the war to the satisfaction of England and her colonies. — It 
becomes a training school for the Revolution. 

CHAPTER IV. 

During the interval the people study ])olitics. — And begin to think 
of uniting in one government. — Sketch of progress in agriculture. — 
Origin of the cotton culture. — Sketch of colonial mauufacluros. — 
Postal accommodations. — Dress of the New Englander. — Introduc- 
tion of new customs. — Freedom of the press is established. — Progress 
in printing. — Education flourishes in New England and languishes 
in the southern colonies. — Sketch of the nine colonial colleges. — 
Colonial libraries. — Sketch of Jonathan Edwards. — Of Benjamin 
Franklin. — Of James Otis. — Of Patrick Henry. 

CIIAPTEK V. 

The real causes of the Revolution enumerated. — Scope and effect 
of the Navigation Acts. — The Writs of Assistance give offense to the 
colonies. — The Stamp Act and the Quartering Act increase this feel- 
ing. — Patrick Henry makes a sensation in Virginia. — Political i)ar- 
ties are first formed. — Acts of the First Colonial Congress. — Non- 
importation societies are formed. — The sale of stamps is very slow. — 
The act is repealed. — But a tax is placed on tea. — Boston has a tea 
party. — Convention of the Second Colonial Congress. — The colonies 
prepare for war. — What the Tories thought. — King George is evi- 
dently intent on crushing resistance. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Ilostililies open at Lexington. — AVhereat there is a great uprising. 
— And independence is declared in Carolina.— Battle of Bunker Hill 
is fought— The Third Colonial Congress chooses Washington as 
commander.T— He is assisted by four major-generals. — The soldiers 
are brave but undisciplined. — Montgomery and Arnold invade Can- 
ada. — The reply of the English king puts aside all idea of peace. 



G0NTEMP0RAB7 EVENTS. H* 



TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

1607-1776. 

In Europe this was a jferiocl of reaction. There 
was a backward movement in both religion and govern- 
ment. The grand and successful struggle for republican 
freedom in the Netherlands was followed by the pitiless 
tyranny of the House of Hapsburg. The constitutional 
government of Queen Elizabeth, conceding important popu- 
lar rights, was followed by the despotic reign of the Stuarts, 
in Great Britain. The long battle for religious freedom in 
France, ending in triumph with the Edict of Nantes, was 
followed by the intense al)solutism of Richelieu and Maza- 
rin. The Reformation had succeeded throughout Europe, 
except in Spain and Italy, where the Inquisition crushed out 
reform. But in the midst of its success Protestantism 
began to fall into formalism and to split into opposing 
factions. "Reformers sought the corrupting alliances of 
the state, and religion was made subordinate to politics." 

On the other hand, there was an era of splendid intellect- 
ual progress. Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Montesquieu 
in philosophy; Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Leibnitz in 
physical science; Shakespeare, Milton, Johnson, Rollin, 
Racine, and Corneille in literature; and .Jansenius, Pascal, 
Fenelon, Fox, Bunyan, Wesley, and Whitefield in divinity, 
pushed the sphere of knowledge far beyond the range of 
ancient thought, and prepared the way for still grander 
achievements in our own century. 

Ifl Alfiericxi the period was one of steady progress. 
The reactions and oppressions of Europe drove out many 
liberty-loving souls, who found here the freedom denied 
them beyond the Atlantic. "It was as if God, having 
matured the seed for a new civilization, had now permitted 
it to be rudely shaken from the European tree." During 



112 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

this long- period, as we have seen, the Atlantic coast was 
being lined with happy and growing colonies, eventually 
to be moulded into nationality. 



10 10. The thermometer invented in Germany by Drebel. 
IGll. Completion of the authorized version of the Bible 

by order of King James. 
1610. Death of William Shakespeare, the great dramatist. 
1618. Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded. Beginning of the 

Thirty Years' War. 
1G26. Death of Francis Bacon, philosopher. His writings 

changed the current of human thought. 
1628. The circulation of the blood discovered in England 

by Harvey. 
1631. First French journal — the Gazette of France. 

1640. The Long Parliament convened in England. Charles's 

reign was one long battle with his subjects. 

1641. Coffee first brought to England. 

1648. The Peace of Westphalia readjusted the map of 

Europe, ended the Thirty Years' War, and first 
promulgated the doctrine of "the balance of 
power," which became the basis of modern Euro- 
pean politics. 

1649. Execution of Charles I. 

1650. Sect of Friends, or " Quakers," founded in England 

by George Fox. 
1654. The air-pump and electrical machine invented in 

Germany by Guericke. 
1660. Founding of the Royal Society in London, and the 

Academy of Arts in Paris. 

1665. The Plague in London cai'iied off 100,000 victims. 

1666. A great fire in London laid waste two-thirds of the 

city. Tea first used in England. 
1679. Habeas Corpus Act passed in England to protect 

citizens against illegal imprisonment. 
1G83. Discovery of the sujiposed Rye House Plot for thg 

assassiiuition of Kina: Charles IL 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 113 

1684. Rise of the two great parties in England, the Whigs 

and the Tories. The former was the party of 
popuhir liberty, denying the divine right of kings, 
Tories were the supporters of kingly authority. 
The contest between them was long and bitter. 

1685. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes let loose 

fresh terrors of persecution upon the French 
Protestants. 

1694. Bank of England established. 

1707. England and Scotland united under the title of Great 
Britain. 

1720. Bursting of the South Sea Bubble. 

Viib. Stereotype printing invented by Ged, a goldsmith 
of Edinburgh. 

1727. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, the great physical phil- 
osopher, who founded the modern system of phil- 
osophy and physics. 

1729. Sect of the Methodists founded at Oxford by the 
Wesleys. 

1753. British Museum founded. 

1757. Lord Clive took Calcutta to avenge the " Black 
Hole," and laid the foundation of the English 
empire in India. 

17li3. End of the Seven Years' War. 

1769. Invention of the spinning-jenny by Arkwright. 

1770. Lord North became prime minister of England, 

He was the ready servant of George HI. 



PERIOD IV. 



NATIONALITY. 

FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

177G-1893. 



[AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES.— Hildreth's "Hlstory United States" tc 
1820.— Bryant and Gay's " History United .States " to 1865.— Lossing's " Field-Book 
of the Revolution."— Wilson's " Rise and Fall of tlie Slave Power. "—Parton's "Jef- 
ferson," "Burr," "Greeley," " Franiclin," and "Jackson."— Lossing's "Field-Book 
of the War of 1812."— Benton's "Thirty Years' View."— Mayer's "History of tlie 
Mexican War."— Moore's "Rebellion Record."— Greeley's "American Conflict."— 
Pollard's "Lost Cause." — Thayer's "Youth's History of the Rebellion."— 
Duyckinck's" American Literature."— Bancroft's "History U. S." to close of Revo- 
lution.— Appleton's, Johnson's and Chamber's Cyclopedias.— For the English view 
of the Revolution, see Stanhope's "History of England from Peace of Utrecht."— 
Irving's " Washington."— Parker's "Historic Americans."— Adams's "Life of John 
Adams," and "John Adams's Diary."- Sparks's "American Biography." -Cooper's 
"History of the Navy."— Griswold's "Courtof Washington."— Giddings's "Exiles 
of Florida."— Webb's and Redpath's " John Brown."— Dunlop's "History of Art 
and Design in America."— "Lewis and Clarke's Expedition."— Pierce's "Charles 
Sumner."— Draper's "American Civil War."— Story, Towle, or Alden on Constitu- 
tion of the U. S. — Renwick's "Hamilton." — Rives's "Madison." — Mansfield's 
"Scott." — Colden's "Fulton." — Jenkins's '-Calhoun."- Sargent's "Clay."— Curtis's 
" Webster."— Powell's "Taylor."— Hall's or Dawson's "Harrison." — Chase's "Ad- 
ministration of Polk."— Stowe's •' Men of our Time."— Holland's and Raymond's 
"Lincoln."— Adams's "Life of J. Q. Adams."] 



CHAPTER I. 

INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 

1776. 

1. It is important to understand the nature of the 

Revoltitionary govern/nient. The SeeoTid Colonial 

Congress had resolved to remain in session, from time to 
time, till the odious measures were repealed. This was 
done. Delegates to Congress were voluntarily chosen by 
the colonies, some by the legislatures, and some by the 
people, and this irregular association of the States consti- 

114 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 115 

tuted the national government till near the close of the 
Revolution. The powers of Congress were nowhere 
denned or limited. It did whatever seemed best, and its 
acts were approved by the people. Of necessity it assumed 
arbitrary and revolutionary powers. 

2. The idea of independence was of very slow 
growth. More than ten years liad elajDsed from the passage 
of the Stamp Act to the Declaration. It was not till blood 
had been shed at Lexington and Bunker Hill, that the popu- 
lar mind welcomed separation from England. Thousands 
of additional troops and millions of money were voted by 
Parliament to crush the rebellion of the colonies. The 
people urged the general assemblies, and the legislatures 
urged Congress, to assert Independence. 

3. A Hesolutlon offered in Congress by Richard 
Henry Lee, on the 7tli of June, embraced three subjects — 
a declaration of independence, a confederation of the States, 
and treaties with foreign powers. It was in the following 
words : 

" Resolved, that the United Colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent States; that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown; and that 
all political connection between them and Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient 
forthwith to take the most effective measures for forming 
foreign alliances. That a plan of Confederation be pro- 
posed and transmitted to the respective colonies for their 
consideration and approbation." 

4. It was known that Conf/pcss was not pre- 

pai'ed to vote such a radical sentiment. Many in that 
brave assembly could see nothing but calamity in declaring 
a separation from England. Beside, every man knew that 
in voting for it he was risking a swing on the gallows. 

Congress sat with closed doors, and no report has ever 
been made of the grave and exciting debate during the 
time the resolution was pending. Not a single speech 
then delivered is now in existence; but the arguments irs 



116 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

favor of independence prevailed, and many doubters were 
convinced. 

5. Meanwhile a committee of five was appointed to pre- 
pare a fortnal declaration^ and be ready to report 
when Lee's resolution was brought up for the vote. Thomas 
Jefferson was made chairman, and the special lal)or of pre- 
paring the paper fell upon him. The original resolution 
was made the order for the 1st of July. Tiie debate con- 
tinued during the 2d, the 3d, and till five o'clock on the 
4th of July. The Declaration of American Independence 
from the pen of Jefferson was then passed, with a few addi- 
tions and erasures, by a unanimous vote. It still remained 
for the Thirteen Colonies to make good their claim of sov- 
ereignty by the labors of camp and court. 

6. The reception of the Declaration was most 

cordial. It was. commended by the general assemblies, 
cheered by every brigade in the army, welcomed by the 
people, and praised by the friends of freedom in Europe. 
" It was received more like a song of triumph than a call to 
battle." Its effect was to give a definite aim to the war, 
and to greatly increase the interest in the cause. 

7. Its recei^tion in Etigland was very different. 
Parliament pronounced the Americans rebels and outlaws, 
prohibited all intercourse with them, ignored their civil 
existence, and placed the entire country under military 
law. All American ports were declared closed, and prison - 
ships, and irons, were to be the fate of all those taken in 
arms. 

8. The UritisTl forces in the war were drawn from 
three sources: 

First. Troops were voted for service in America to be 
taken from the standing: armv of Eng-land, and to be 
enrolled by voluntary enlistment. 

Second. By a treaty with one or two small German 
States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired to come 
across the Atlantic to fight in America. 

Third. The English relied upon making allies of the 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. H^ 

Indians. By the influence of British gold they were very 
successful, and the barbarous mode of warfare thus inau- 
gurated was persisted in to the very end. 

9. The campaigns of the year were three in num- 
ber: The Siege of Boston; the Siege of Charleston; and 
Washington's operations in New York and New Jersey. 

10. The first was successful. The British army had 
spent the winter, close prisoners, in Boston. With a 
view of forcing the enemy into battle or driving him out 
to sea, Washington fortified, one night, the heights com- 
manding the city. The English general saw his danger. 
He hastily lifted his anchors and spread his sails for Halifax. 

11. The second was favorable to the Americans. A 
British fleet attacked Charleston and its defenses. After 
a long bombardment the attempt was given up. 

13. Tlie thil'fl was a failure. Howe, who had super- 
seded Gage, returned from Halifax to New York with 
largely increased forces. He now had thirty thousand 
men. General Putnam was sent to resist the advance to 
Brooklyn. The Battle of Lo7Uf Island was fought, 
in which the Americans were defeated, with a loss of nearly 
two thousand. 

1.3. The retreat of Washington was very skill- 
fully managed. During a foggy night he silently withdrew 
his army to New York, thence northward, followed by the 
enemy. As soon as he saw Howe's plan to threaten Phila- 
delphia, where Congress was sitting, he left seven thousand 
men under Lee, and retreated southward. The British, 
with heavy loss, took Forts Washington and Lee on the 
Hudson, and then a well-appointed detachment under Lord 
Charles Cornwallis, the ablest British general who took part 
in the war, started in pursuit of Washington. 

14. On Christmas night Washington crossed the Dela- 
ware, marched to Trcnton^ and surprised a body of Hes- 
sians, who were sleeping off the eff'ects of their holiday 
debauch. He took a thousand prisoners. A few days 
afterward, by a brilliant dash to the rear of Cornwallis's 



118 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

army, he defeated a regiment at Princeton, and came off 
loaded with prisoners and military stores. 

These sudden strokes were the only successes attending 
the operations of this critical time. They strengthened the 
Americans for future battle; they reversed the judgment 
of foreign nations on the prospects of success, and made it 
easier to gain allies to the patriot cause. They showed 
Washington to be a brave yet prudent general, and secured 
the confidence of the nation. 

15. But the result of the catnpaif/nSf in most 
respects, was very unfavorable to the cause of independ- 
ence. Beside the losses in battle, the soldiers were poorly 
fed and clothed, and large numbers, being discouraged by 
continual retreat, and allured by the pleasures of home, 
deserted the army. By the expiration of the term of enlist- 
ment many regiments were disbanded at the very time 
when their services were most needed. Questions of rank 
and precedence were continually arising, and no vigorous 
measures were taken by Congress to equip a force able to 
resist the attack of a single hostile division. 

The flight of Congress from Philadelphia to Baltimore, 
at the approach of the British, had a very depressing effect. 
The paper money issued by Congress had so far depreciated 
that it was no longer acceptable as pay to the soldiers, and 
Washington, with other leading patriots, pledged his pri- 
vate fortune to raise specie to pay the suffering troops. 

16. The j>ff.so*«-<?i'S taken by the British were carried 
to New Yoi'k, and placed in loathsome prison-ships in the 
harbor, where they experienced intense suffering from want 
of fire, clothing, food, and medicine. Large numbers died 
in captivity, when they might have had freedom by accept- 
ing the i>ardon offered by the British commander and join- 
ino- the roval party. These sufferings resulted partly from 
inhuman treatment, but chiefly from the neglect and rigor 
which is always a part of war. After Washington's vic- 
tories in New Jersey it was agreed to exchange prisoners, 
man for man. 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. It9 

17. Washington's army went into ivintev quarters 

at Monistown. Tlie British spent the winter at New 
Brunswick. 

1777. 

18. The poivers of Washington were greatly 

enlarged by Congress during the winter. He had shown 
himself to be the proper man for the supreme command, 
and he was authorized to enlist men from the entire coun- 
try. He could displace all incompetent officers and appoint 
new ones to the rank of brigadier general. He could arrest 
troublesome persons, and take supplies for the use of the 
army at a just valuation. He thus became in fact, what he 
had been only in name, Commander-in-Chief. 

19. He was busily engaged, durlilf/ the ivlnter^ in 
recruiting his army, and when spring came he had ten 
thousand men in his command. "Good news from the Jer- 
seys," became an inspiring proverb. The timid became 
brave, and from all quarters armed men came flocking in. 

The British ceased to sneer about the "mob of un-uni- 
formed rebels," and began to dread the man who could play 
about and outgeneral their best commanders. British offi- 
cers, who were held as prisoners in the American camp, 
wrote home: " It will be hard — yes, impossible — to con- 
quer such men." Frederick the Great, of Prussia, said : 
"This young American general is opening a new chapter 
in the art of war. England h'as no man to match him." 

20. During the winter session of the legislatures State 
Consttttltions were adopted in all the States. These 
differed greatly, but they all embraced the essential prin- 
ciples of a republican form of government. 

21. Wash tHf/tOH's policy was now fully developed. 
He did not risk a battle in an open field, with a force supe- 
rior to his own, where defeat would be ruinous, but he 
harassed the enemy by unexpected attacks, flank move- 
ments, countermarches, and ambuscades. In this he imi- 
tated the ancient Roman general, Fabius. He was there- 
fore called the American Fabius. 



120 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

22. The eampaigns of the year were two in num- 
ber: The invasion of northern New York by the British; 
and the operations of Washington in New Jersey and Penn- 
sylvania. 

23. The fovniCV was a brilliant success for the 
Americans. With a force of ten thousand the Britisli gen- 
eral, Charles Burgoyne, invaded New York from Canada, 
with a view of holding the Hudson River, and thus sepa- 
rating New Eno-land from the Middle States. The Ameri- 
cans under General Gates fell back, abandoning their stores 
and fortified places, felling trees, and ])urning bridges, 
behind them. 

24. Meanwhile a body of British, sent to destroy stores 
a.t Self H htf/fOilf wsis totally defeated by a regiment of 
militia under tlie dashing, rough-and-ready Colonel John 
Stark. A saying of his, as he dashed into the battle, has 
become quite famous: " Boys, we conquer to-day, or Betsy 
Stark is a widow."* 

On the same day another body was defeated by Colonel 
Seth Warner and his "Green Mountain Boys." Congress 
passed a vote of thanks to the soldiers thus engaged, and 
made Stark a brigadier general in the regular army. 

25. A general engagement soon came on at StilliCa- 
tev. The army of Gates was in excellent condition, and 
was the strongest American force ever collected in one 
command during the Revolution. Tiie battle was severe, 
and both sides claimed the victory. Night closed the fight; 
and for two weeks the armies lay within cannon shot of 
each other. 

26. The second baffle of Stillwater then fol- 
lowed. Burgoyne fought bravely against superior numbers, 
but was every where repulsed. His personal bravery 
amounted almost to recklessness. After spending several 
days in attempts to escape, he surrendered his army, num- 
bering six thousand men, beside seven thousand stand of 
arms, a fine train of artillery, and a large supply of tents, 

•stalk's wife was named Elizabeth, and not Mary, or Mollie, as has been so 
often stated. She was the daughter of Caleb Page, and married Stark Aug. ;30 1758- 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 121 

clothing, and othei' stores. These were greatly needed by 
the Americans. 

27. The latter was a total failure. Howe left his 
quarters at Brunswick with eighteen thousand men, and, 
embarking in his transports, sailed up the Chesapeake Bay. 
Washington anticipated his design, and went to the defense 
of the national capital. It was insisted by members of 
Congress that Washington should risk a general engage- 
ment. He therefore proceeded southward to Svaildy- 
ivine creek, where the armies met, and a battle was fought. 
The Americans were defeated with a loss of twelve hun- 
dred, and their retreat left the road open to Philadelphia. 
Congress adjourned to York, carrying all the public records, 
and the British marched into the city. 

28. Soon afterward Washington formed a design to 
attack a portion of- Howe's army stationed at GemiClU- 
tOWtl. After a stubborn contest, the Americans were 
again defeated, with about the same loss as before. 

29. Tlie success of Howe had cost dearly in time 
and men. It required all summer to take the capital, and 
he was detained a whole month, in a march of fifty miles, 
by the ceaseless strategy of Washington. He clearly saw 
that his tardy success would cost him his commission as 
commander-in-chief. 

30. The armies now went into IVUltef qUClTteVS — 
Howe at Philadelphia, and Washington at Valley Forge. 

31. The effect of the camxmiffns was very marked. 
With the patriots the feeling was rather one of confidence, 
though good fortune and bad had been so evenly mixed. 
The Tories, who had been loud and numerous in the spring, 
now became silent and dejected. Men began to treat Tory- 
ism, not as a mere opinion, but as treason. In Europe, 
public indignation was aroused against the barbarous policy 
of forcing German peasants into the British service, to fight 
in a foreign land. Because France and Spain hated Eng- 
land, their sympathies were strongly enlisted in favor of 
independence. 

6 



122 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



32. The Liberal Party in Enffland^ although 
saddened at the shiughter of tlieir countrymen, acknowl- 
edged a strong sympathy for the Americans. In a speech 
on the war, the Earl of Chatham uttered the memorable 
words: "If 1 were an American as I am an Englishman, 
while a single foreign troop remained in my country, I would 
never lay down my arms; never, never, never." Burke 
plead for "an agreement with the Americans on the best 
terms we can make." Fox said, " I do not fear the conse- 
quences of their independence." 

33. Offers of pardon were published by Howe to 
all soldiers vvlio would lay down their arms and take the 
oath of allegiance to England. Citizens were encouraged 
to accept his protection, or take the oath, and Toryism was 
cultivated to weaken the American cause. Tiiousands of 
people, all over the country, accepted these terms. When 
Washington saw his movements revealed to tlie enemy, and 
his operations hindered, he struck terror into the Tory heart 
by this positive order : " All persons who have accepted 
British protection shall withdraw within the enemy's lines, 
or take the oath of allegiance to the United States of 
America." 

34. During the sunmier a young nobleman of France, 
titled Mart/ais of La Fayette^ but whose real name 

was Gilbert Motier, came over and 
joined the American cause. The 
king withheld his consent to his 
plan, the British minister protested, 
an<l his friends pictured to him the 
brilliant career which his talents 
and large fortune would open to 
him in his own country. He pro- 
cured a vessel, eluded the officers, 
and landed on the coast of South 
Carolina. Here he purchased horses, 
and, with six companions, rode to 
i,A FAYJSTTB. Philadelphia, and offered his ser- 




INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 123 

vices to Congress. He joined the army as a volunteer, but 
was soon made a major general. Although only nineteen 
years of age, he soon became the trusted companion of" 
Wasliington. He rendered invaluable service to the cause 
of independence, and was admired and beloved by the 
army. 

35. The ivintet' at Valley Forge was gloomy in the 

extreme — the darkest of the war. The army was discouraged 
by continual defeat and retreat. It was poorly clad, ill-fed, 
and unpaid. More than half the soldiers were barefooted; 
and bloody footsteps marked their route to the spot. The 
paper money had so far lost its value that the pay of an 
officer would not procure him the necessities of life, and it 
required six months' pay to enable a soldier to buy a pair 
of boots. It was the darkest day in Washington's life. 
Congress, in a measure, abandoned him, and many people 
blamed him. " It seems almost incredible that there could 
have been enough patriotism in the breasts of any body 
of men to stand by a cause so deeply and so sorely 
tried." 

36. Meanwhile the Cofiwai/ Cabal was hatched in 
Congress. It was a shameless plot to remove Washington 
and to appoint Gates to the supreme command. When it 
became known, the indignation of the army and people 
was so great that those who were active in the scheme sank 
away into silence or denial. 

37. No sooner was the Declaration passed and provision 
made for the immediate public safety, than Congress began 
to devise means for a permanent union of all the States 
under a general government. Thus far the States had vol- 
untarily associated in Congress under the cementing 
influence of a common cause. But it was foreseen that 
when independence had been attained and peace had 
returned, rivalries, and jealousies, and differing local inter- 
ests, would soon sever the common attachment, and bring 
on a condition dangerous to peace and prosperity. 

A plan for a " perpetual union " was proposed by Con- 



124 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




o-ress iti tlu; Articles of Conjed- 

f'rflfioi). Tins was immediately sub 
iiiitted to the States, when delays and 
ohjections arose; and as the government 
was not to go into effect till the consent 
111" all the States should be obtained, 
the Confederation was not finally adopted 
till four years later — two years before 
the end of the Revolution. 

38. Congress also enacted that the 
Union Flag should " be thirteen 
stripes, alternate red and white, and 
thirteen white stars on a blue field." 
UNION FLAG. Jt was afterward ordered that a new 

star be added to the constellation on July 4th, following 

the admission of every new State. 

1778. 

39. A joyful event was the alliance tvith France, 

Commissioners, headed by the venerable philosopher, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, had been in Europe, chiefly at Paris, for 
more than a year, endeavoring to conclude treaties of friend- 
ship and defense with the powers of the continent. France 
happened to be at peace with England, and, although very 
willing to see that country lose its provinces, it was regarded 
as a very serious thing to interfere in behalf of rebellious 
colonies, which, it was supposed, would soon be conquered, 
and thereby bring on a conflict with her ancient enemy. 
The entire French nation treated Franklin with the utmost 
respect and admiration. He was a man of most persuasive 
manners 'and great majesty of intellect. He was regarded 
in Europe as the greatest man America had produced. 

It should always be remembered that one of the severest 
and most important battles of the Revolution was fought 
by Franklin in the cabinet of the French king. He won 
the victory. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender 
reached Europe, Franklin was informed that the nation was 
ready to aid the Americans. A treaty was made, recogniz- 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 125 

m^ the independence of the United States, providing 
for commercial intercourse, and binding the two nations not 
to lay down arms till the acknowledgment of American 
independence by Great Britain. 

40. Proposals of peace were then made by Eng- 
land. It was urged by the liberal party in Parliament that 
another war with France should be avoided. Conciliatory 
bills were passed repealing all taxes, granting all the 
Americans originally asked, and appointing commissioners 
to negotiate for peace. But it was too late to talk of peace 
without independence. The envoys soon departed for home. 

41. The symi^athy of other nations was extended 

to the Americans. This was owing not to the love of repub- 
licanism among European monarchs, but chiefly to the 
jealousy which they entertained toward the power of Eng- 
land. It is believed that without this aid and sympathy 
the Revolution would have been a failure. Several mili- 
tary men came from Europe to assist the Americans. 
Besides La Fayette, there were two Polish patriots, Thad- 
deus Kosciusko and Count Pulaski; and two Germans, 
Baron De Kalb and Baron Steuben. They were very com- 
petent men, and rendered valuable service. 

Steuben was a veteran soldier and disciplinarian from 
the Prussian army. He was appointed inspector-general 
of the American forces. He drilled the army in the tactics 
of war as practiced in Europe. From that time the Ameri- 
can regulars were never again beaten by an equal British 
force. 

43. The removal of Howe as commander-in-chief 
occurred in the spring, and Sir Senry Clinton took 
his place. 

43. The operations of the year were two in num- 
ber — the Battle of Monmouth and the Massacre of 
Wyoming. 

44. The former was an American success. Clinton 
left Philadelphia and started for New York. Washington 
followed, and at Monmouth succeeded in bringing Clinton 



126 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

to battle. The causeless retreat of General Lee, at the 
beginning, came near bringing disaster, but Washington 
dashed to the front, sent Lee to the rear, and turned the 
course of the battle. The conflict lasted all day. During 
the night Clinton hastily retreated, leaving his killed, 
wounded, and sick. These were cared for by the Americans. 

45. Tlie Iflttev was a British success. The Indians 
of the Six Nations, being bribed by gold, became English 
allies, and, together with a band of Tories, planned the 
destruction of the unsuspecting colony of Wyoming, Penn- 
sylvania. They were led by a ruffian named Butler. They 
overcame the small force opposing them, burned every 
house in the valley, and killed by scalping or torture all 
who fell into their hands. This sickening story is useful 
for two purposes — to show the atrocities of war, and how 
merciless is despotism in its outrages on human rights. 

46. The French fleets carrying six thousand men, 
did valuable service on the coast, following and defeating 
the British fleet under Admiral Howe, brother of the 
general. 

47. The result of the year was satisfactory to the 
Americans. The British were confined to two islands — 
New York and Rhode Island. The Americans held every 
other stronghold in the country. 

48. The British found ^v inter quarters in New 
York; the Americans at Middlebrook. 

1779. 

49. Two campaifpis marked this year — one in the 
South and one in the North. 

50. The former was advantageous to the British. 
The French fleet departed for the West Indies, to attack 
the English possessions there, and the fleet of the British 
went to oppose it. Clinton then transferred the war to the 
South, that he might be near his ships and co-operate with 
them. The operations were several in number: 1. The 
British took Savannah. 2. A body of Tories, on the march 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 



127 



to join the enemy, was defeated by Colonel Pickens. 3. A 
force of two thousand Americans, under General Ashe, 
were surrounded and beaten, with heavy loss. 4. The siege 
of Savannah, by the French fleet and General Lincoln's 
command, failed, with a loss of one thousand men. The 
gallant Pulaski was among the slain. 

51. The latter went generally in favor of the British. 
Their moves were unimportant, being chiefly plundering 




. op THB 

REVOLUTION. 



expeditions, in which villages and towns were burned, 
crops destroyed, houses robbed, homes desolated, and their 
inmates abused. The Americans sent ont an expedition 
against the Indians in revenge of the massacre of Wyoming, 
They burned forty villages, destroyed the crops, and killed 
many of the people. It was a time of barbarous raids and 
butcheries. The sad policy of revenge prevailed on both 
sides. 

52. The naval operations of the war do not occupy 



128 THE MODEL HISTORT. 

a })rominent place in history, but they resulted in remark- 
able success to the Americans. At the outbreak of the 
war, Conjrress authorized a regular navy of seventeen ves- 
sels, varying in force from ten to thirty-two guns. Durincr 
the first year, over three hundred British vessels were cap- 
tured, and many privateers were sent out to prey upon the 
British commerce. Expeditions fitted out in French sea- 
ports produced great alarm on the English coasts. 

53. The first commander-in-chief of the navy was lEseh 
HopkUhS. He was succeeded by .Paul Jones, a 
Scotch American. His little fleet, aided by his ceaseless 
activity, proved a match for " the mistress of the sea." His 
pluck was astonishing, and some of his encounters were the 
most desperate on record. He first hoisted the American 
flag at sea. 

54. The State of American finance at this time 

was very low. The pajier continued to depreciate. It 
took fifty and sixty dollars to buy one in specie, and yet it 
was considered as treason to refuse to accept the conti- 
nental currency. One cause of this prostration of the pub- 
lic credit was the failing confidence of the world in the 
success of Independence. The French alliance, which 
promised so much, had resulted in but little real benefit, 
and the American armies were melting away by desertions, 
sickness, and defeat. 

Another cause was the fact that England counterfeited 
the continental currency. These facsimiles were printed 
in England to the extent of many millions, brought to 
America, and scattered through the country. This was 
done by the British government, which was every month 
hanging men for committing the same crime against her 
own currency. People knew that if the Revolution proved 
a failure, not a dollar of the continental debt would ever 
be paid. To purchase army supplies with such money 
became very difficult, and finally impossil)le. 

Two hundred million dollars of this currency had been 
issued, and it now became worthless and ceased to circu- 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 129 

late. Strange expedients were used to obtain money; one 
of these being the establishment of a lottery " for defray- 
ing the expenses of the next campaign." Washington was 
obliged to take subsistence from the surrounding country. 

55. The results of the year were very discourag- 
ing to the Americans. With all the desperate fighting, 
nothing definite had been accomplished. It seemed that, 
with reduced forces and universal destitution, a final tri- 
umph of arms was not to be hoped for. The soldiers of 
Washington were shivering in their huts at Morristown, 
while the resources of the British were unlimited. 

Parliament voted one hundred and twenty thousand men 
and a hundred million dollars, to prosecute the war. The 
French fleet had sailed for home, and Congress was divided 
in angry disputes on questions of public policy. In bit- 
terness Washington wrote: "It seems that friends, as well 
as foes, are combining to pull down the fabric they have 
been raising at the expense of so much time, blood, and 
treasure." 

1780. 

56. The campaigns of the year were again two 

in number — the Southern and the Northern. 

57. The former resulted greatly to the advantage 
of the British. Clinton advanced to the siege of Charles- 
ton and surrounded the city. Lincoln was obliged to sur- 
render his force of three thousand men. The British then 
spread over the State, and Clinton wrote to the home gov- 
ernment, " South Carolina is English again." But it was 
the territory and not the people who were conquered. 
Such dashing officers as Francis Marion and Thomas 
Sumter came forward with hastily gathered militia, and 
kept up an irregular warfare. They harassed the enemy 
and kept down the Tories. 

58. After the fall of Charleston the British forces con- 
centrated at Camden under Cornwallis. Near this place 
they were met by five thousand Americans under General 
Gates. The battle was short but violent, and ended in the 

6* 



150 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

complete defeat of the Americans, with a loss of nearly 
two thousand, beside stores and artillery. De Kalb fell 
with eleven wounds, 

59. The lattet' is to be remembered for one infamous 
plot of treason. Benedict Arnold was a brave man, and 
had done effective service for the American cause. But 
being censured by Washington for misuse of public funds, 
his pride was wounded, and he resolved to betray his 
country. Being appointed commander at West Point on 
the Hudson, he offered to surrender this most important 
post, and had an interview with Clinton's adjutant-general, 
Major Andre, to arrange the details. 

While returning to the British lines Andre Avas arrested 
by three patrolmen, and his papers were found concealed 
in his stockings. He was tried as a spy, found guilty, and 
hung. He was a young man of noble character, and his 
fate elicited much sympathy in both armies. Washington 
wept when he signed his death-warrant. Arnold escaped, 
and received the price of his treachery. A plan for his 
capture unfortunately failed on the eve of its success. He 
joined the British service, and led a desolating expedition 
against Virginia. He spent the rest of his life in England, 
a shunned and despised traitor. 

1781. 

60. A mtitiny at 3forrisfoirn occurred on the 

first day of the year. Extreme destitution still existed in 
the army; and fifteen hundred Pennsylvania soldiers rose 
in tumult, and threatened to march with arms in their hands 
into the hall of Congress to get their pay or end its ses- 
sions. La Fayette was much beloved, but when he attempted 
to prevent the mutiny he had to leave the camp. General 
Wayne entered the ranks, and, with a loaded pistol, 
threatened to shoot the first man that opened his mouth; 
but in an instant a hundred muskets were pointed at him. 
The mutineers were met on the way by a committee of 
Congress, who made some provision for their immediate 



INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 131 

necessities, and gave pledges which were subsequently 
redeemed. The soldiers returned to camp. 

61. A wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, named 
Robei't MlovriSf was appointed financial agent of the 
government. His measures did much toward securing a 
successful ending of the struggle. His credit was unlim- 
ited, and on several occasions he used his private fortune to 
relieve the government. 

63. A. Frefich fleet under Count Rochambeau, carry- 
ing seven thousand men, arrived during the year. They 
were sent chiefly through the influence of La Fayetie. 

63. In the South General Nathaniel Greene super- 
seded Gates. He was a man of noble character, and a 
general of great energy and prudence. His troops met the 
British at Cowpens^ and an obstinate battle followed, 
with victory for the Americans. 

64. Another action soon occurred at GuiffOf'fl CoilVt- 
Soiise. Ten thousand men were engaged, and the 
losses were fifteen hundred on each side. It was a severe 
but indecisive battle. The British had been so much har- 
assed by scouting parties of the enemy that they ceased 
ofi"ensive operations in the South, and retired to Charleston, 
where they were watched by the Americans till the close of 
the war. 

65. In the WortJi the Americans were able to gain a 
victory which put an end to the war. Cornwallis received 
an order from Clinton to take a position with his army on 
the sea-coast, so as to be able to assist in case Washington 
should attack New York. It was true that Washington 
had spent the season in collecting forces, and had formed 
the very design anticipated by Clinton. But when Corn- 
wallis centered his army at Yorktown he resolved to strike 
a blow in Virginia. 

When his secret preparations were completed he made 
forced marches for Yorktown, arriving at the same time as 
the French fleet. The sieo-e then beo-an. Washington 
had the largest force he jver commanded, sixteen thousand, 



132 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

of whom seven thousand were Frencli. Cornwallis had an 
army of eight thousand, embracing the flower of the Brit- 
ish forces in America. He stood the siege for three weeks. 
Finding all means of escape cut off, he surrendered his 
entire army. 

66. The etld of the wav had evidently come. The 
wildest rejoicings prevailed in the army and with the peo- 
ple. Public sentiment had so changed in England that 
King George could no longer continue his warlike policy. 
Lord North, the leader of the Tory party there, and the 
obedient prime minister of the king, was forced into 
resignation, and the Marquis of Rockingham, the leader of 
the Whig party, took his place. 

Clinton was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton, who was 
instructed to open the way for peace. The soul of the 
war was gone. Hostilities ceased and both sides waited 
for peace. 

67. In Parliament a resolution passed to give up 
" all further attempts to reduce the revolted colonies." 
The city of London entreated the king to " put an end to 
this unnatural and unfortunate war." Spain and Holland 
had declared in favor of Independence. Tlie stubborn 
monarch was obliged to submit to the voice of his people. 

68. The American commissioners, headed by Franklin, 
met the delegates from England, France, Spain, and Hol- 
land, at Paris. The Treaty of JParis was drafted aiid 
signed. It acknowledged the political independence of the 
United States, secured to the Americans the free naviga- 
tion of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, and 
granted the right to the cod fisheries of Newfoundland. 
The boundaries of the United States were declared to be 
the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi River, the St. Lawrence 
and the Lakes, and Florida. Florida, and all the territory 
west of the Mississippi, was declared to be the possession 
of Spain. 

69. The dishandlng of the army was attended 
with serious difficulty. The men had not been paid for a 



CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 133 

long' time, and the discontent from this cause was about to 
break out into another mutiny. Many of the officers had 
expended their private fortunes, and were fearful of being 
left without any provision for future support. A plot was 
made to march to the capital and demand satisfaction of 
Congress. But by great effort Washington averted the 
danger. Congress redeemed its pledges, and the army was 
quietly disbanded. 

70. According to an estimate by Congress, the COSt 
of the wav' to the country was one hundred and thirty 
million dollars and forty thousand men. It had cost Eng- 
land fifty thousand lives and five hundred million dollars. 
Beside this visible loss, there was great depression in busi- 
ness, and a serious decline in private morals. 

71. Washimjton-s retirement immediately fol- 
lowed. His work was done. In New York he assembled 
his officers and bade them an affectionate and tearful fare- 
well. His journey to Annapolis, where Congress was in 
session, was a continual triumph. Old nuen crowded to the 
roadside to bless the chieftain ; young men, to shout with 
enthusiasm; and young women, to strew his path with 
flowers. 

In an address full of feeling, wisdom, and modesty, he 
resigned to Congress his commission as commander-in- 
chief, which he had received over eight years before. He 
soon after retired to his home at Mount Vernon, which he 
had seen but once during these years of warfare. He car- 
ried with him the benedictions of a nation. 



CHAPTER II. 

CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 

72. The tardy adoption of the Articles of Confederation 
had left the prosecution of the war to the generalship of 
Washington and the assvimed powers of Congress. These 
proved sufficient. The success of the Coufedera- 
tiofl during the last two years of the war, and the subse- 



134 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

quent years of peace, was far from satisfactory. Though 
intended to serve as a bond of perpetual union, its princi- 
pal provisions referred to a state of war, and were dormant 
in time of peace. The States had preferred to reserve to 
themselves nearly all the power, and regarded the least 
possible delegation of authority to Congress as quite suffi- 
cient for national purposes. There could be no such a 
thing as a strong central government. Foreign nations did 
not like to make treaties with such a loose and feeble com- 
pact of States. Washington said, " We are one nation 
to-day, and thirteen to-morrow; who will treat with us on 
these terms.?" 

73. The defects of the Articles soon became appar- 
ent : 1. Congress could ascertain the sum necessary to 
defray the expense of the public service, but it could not 
collect a dollar. It could contract debts, but it could not 
raise money. Some of the States made the desired levy, 
some delayed, and others refused. 3. There was no power 
to regulate commerce, either foreign or domestic. State 
taxation of goods brought in from adjoining States, was 
very common, and produced endless disputes and bitterness. 
3. Nearly all the powers of Congress were merely advisory. 
It could declare any thing, but it could do nothing. " The 
wonder is, not that such a scheme of government should 
fail; but that it should have been capable even of a 
momentary existence." 

74. The eoitseqiience was that the government was 
often entirely without funds; and it is probable that, had 
Congress not had the good fortune to secure some foreign 
loans, this dilatory scheme of taxation would have been 
fatal to the cause of independence. The large fortune of 
Robert Morris was much reduced and he brought to want 
in the attempt to sustain a government which the States 
refused tcj support. 

War between individual States was seriously threatened, 
agriculture languished, and trade fell off. Private debts 
were enormously increased and public ones were not paid. 



CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 135 

Foreign nations saw our weakness, and proceeded to ruin 
our commerce. The Confederation had not only lost all its 
vigor, but it had even ceased to be respected; and it 
became evident to all that an important work was yet to be 
done or the great interests of the Union would fall in ruins. 
Washington said: " Thirteen sovereignties pulling against 
each other and all tugging at the Federal head, will soon 
bring ruin on the whole." 

75. The idea of refnodeling the government 

originated at Mount Vernon. The convention of revision 
met at Pliiladelphia in May, 1787. Washington was chosen 
chairman. The object which called these fifty men together 
was to devise better regulations fi)r commerce between the 
States. The proposed amendments to the Articles were 
debated two weeks, when Edmund Randolph introduced a 
resolution to set aside the Articles of Confederation and 
adopt a new Constitution. This constitutional convention 
sat with closed doors, and its proceedings were never pub- 
lished. But James Madison, who was a ready penman, took 
copious notes of the speeches and deliberations, frequently 
submitting them to the speakers for revision. These valu- 
able papers were afterward bought by the government, and 
were published in 1840, as a legacy to the nation. 

At the end of four months the Constitution was com- 
pleted and signed. The original draft was from the pen 
of Gouverneur Morris, of Pennsylvania. It was a work of 
the greatest difficulty. The interests of the various sec- 
tions of the country were thought to be so opposite that 
the chances of a union were very small. A final adjourn- 
ment was several times proposed, and it required all the 
tact of Washington, Franklin, and others, to hold the con- 
vention together till its work was done. 

76. The first slavery trouble arose in that con- 
vention. The six hundred thousand slaves in the country 
at that time were mostly in the South, and violent disputes 
arose between the two sections concerning the ratio of 
representation. The northern members claimed that slaves 



136 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

should not be counted in representation and taxation; the 
southern, that they should. A compromise was eflFected by 
which ever afterward during the existence of slavery in the 
country, live slaves were equal in political power to three 
white men. This power was exercised by the masters, and 
not by the slaves; and thus, in several States of the South 
a white man had twice as much political power as a white 
man in the North. 

This over-representation enabled the slave interest to 
control the government most of the time till the abolition 
of slavery. It was also agreed that the northern States 
were bound to return fugitive slaves. It is believed that 
without these concessions on the part of the North, the 
Constitution would never have been adopted by the States. 

77. Before this time there had been but little politics in 
the country; but questions of importance now came for- 
ward which divided the convention and people into two 
political J^flt'ties, These were the Federalists and the 
Republicans. The former favored a strong, central, and 
united government, which would confer large powers on 
the President and Congress, and make a nation " one and 
indivisible.'' 

The latter believed that the government should be strictly 
democratic, the power being more in the hands of the 
people and the States. This party favored " State Rights," 
meaning the right of each State to be independent of the 
others, with the agreement that all should unite for the 
common defense. Beside these, there were a few who 
thought that a limited monarchy and a system of institu- 
tions resembling the English, would be most suitable. The 
political parties remained thus for thirty-eight years. 

78. In the new Constitution tJie legislative power 
was vested in Congress — a body composed of a Senate and 
a House of Representatives. The Senators are chosen by 
the State legislatures, and serve six years. Each State is 
entitled to two Senators. The Representatives are elected 
by the people, and each State is entitled to a number pro- 



CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 137 

portionate to its population. They serve two years. Con- 
gress makes laws for the entire people, and no State can 
pass a law conflicting with them. 

79. The executive l)Olver of the government was 
vested in a President, who is a native of the United States, 
and is chosen to serve four years by bodies of men called 
the electoral colleges. The people choose the electors, each 
State being entitled to as many as it has members in Con- 
gress. The chief duty of the President is to execute the 
laws which Congress may make. He may veto a bill passed 
by Congress; but a congressional majority of two-thirds 
may pass a law without his consent. He has the general 
appointing power, and is commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy. The Vice-President presides over the Senate, 
except when called to the presidency by the death, resigna- 
tion, or removal of the President. This has occurred four 
times in our history. 

80. The judicial po wer was vested in one Supreme 
Court and sevei'al inferior courts. The chief- justice and 
his associates hold office during life or good behavior. 
These courts have jurisdiction in all cases in which the gov- 
ernment niay be a party. 

81. By further provisions the right of trial by 
jury is granted in all cases, except the impeachment of 
public officers. Treason consists only in making war against 
the United States, or in giving aid and comfort to their 
enemies. New Territories may be organized and new 
States admitted into the Union. Each State is guaranteed 
a republican form of government, and is protected against 
invasion and domestic violence. 

Amendments may be made when sanctioned by a two - 
thirds vote of both Houses of Congress and ratified by the 
legislatures of three- fourths of the States. Fifteen amend- 
ments have been made since the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion — most of them soon after it went into effect. These 
secure religious freedom ; alter the manner of electing 
President and Vice-President; abolish slavery; and secure 



138 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

the right of manhood suffrage without regard to race or 
color. 

82. Within one year after the Constitution had been 
framed, eleven of the States had ratified it, being two more 
than was necessary to put it in operation. Senators and Rep- 
resentatives were elected in the several States thus ratify- 
ing, except New York, and presidential electors chosen. 
Soon afterward the cJloice of a President was made. 
There was but one voice in selectino; the man for this hisfh 
trust. 

When the ballots of the electors were opened in the 
presence of Congress, George Washington was found to have 
been unanimously chosen President, and John Adams was 
made Vice-President. Washington's journey from Mount 
Vernon to New York was a continued triumpii. The " more 
perfect union " was thus formed, and Congress ordered that 
the new government should go into operation on the fourth 
of March, 1789, a day since called Inauguration Day. 



CHAPTER III. 

WASHINGTOX'S ADM I X ISTRAT [OX. 

1789—1797, 

83. On the third of March the Continental Congress 
ceased to exist. The non-arrival of the members of the 
first Constitutional Congress deferred the COiniilCilce- 

tnent of the new (/overnitient^ and that event did 

not occur till the thirtieth of April. On the balcony of the 
Federal Hall in New York, the Chancellor of the State of 
New York administeriHl to Washington the oath of office, 
which was in the following words: "I do solemnly swear 
that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of 
the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
serve, protect, and defend, the Constitution of the United 
States." In all subsequent inaugurations this oath has beeri 
administered by the Chief- Justice. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 139 

84. Five Departiuents of State were soon 
after created. Thomas Jefferson was confirmed as Secre- 
tary of State; Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the 
Treasury; Henry Knox, as Secretary of War; Edmund Ran- 
dolph, as Attorney - General, and Samuel Osgood, as Post- 
master-General. These men became the chosen advisors 
and assistants of the President, and were collectively called 
the Cabinet. Later in our history three other departments 
were added — the Navy, the Interior, and Agriculture 

85. Many coti.stUiitional anieii(linenfs were now 
proposed, and eleven of them were adopted. By this 
action on the part of Congress, which now for the first time 
sat with open doors. North Carolina and llhode Island 
became satisfied with the Constitution, and ratified it accord- 
ingly. The thirteen States were thus united. 

86. The juflicifll'f/ of the nation was established 
soon afterward. The bill was the work of Oliver Ells- 
worth. .John Jay became the first Chief Justice. The 
judiciary remains to this day, in substance, as it was first 
organized. 

87. The salaries of the puhlie officers were also 
fixed by the first Congress. The President was to receive 
$25,000 yearly, the Vice-President 15,000, and the cabinet 
officers $3,500 each. Senators were entitled to seven dol- 
lars a day and mileage for their traveling expenses; Repre- 
sentatives, the mileage and six dollars per day, 

88. With the wise and impressive sentiments of Wash- 
ington's Inaugural Address before it. Congress gave its 
immediate attention to the subject of revenue. To pay 
the current expenses of the government and provide for 
the liquidation of the public debt, a tax was placed on 
goods brought into the country, and on the tonnage of 
merchant-ships entering the ports of the United States. 
This was called indirect taxation. A tax was also placed 
on spirituous liquors distilled in the country. This was 
called an excise. 

Direct taxation was considered unwise in policy and 



140 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

odious in practice; but by the metliod adopted, while the 
tax was really paid by those who bought and used the 
imported articles, its presence in their cost was often unsus- 
pected and therefore cheerfully paid. 

89. The public credit was still very low. The 
paper money of the Continental Congress was worth onl}! 
one per cent, of its nominal value, although independ- 
ence was achieved, the new Constitution was adopted, and 
the good wishes of the world were secured. 

At the request of Congress, Hamilton presented a plan 
f(M- the relief of the country. He proposed the funding 
of the National Debt, in which he included not only the 
fifty -four millions contracted by Congress, but also the 
twenty -five millions owed by the States. The interest 
was to be paid regularly, and the principal finally extin- 
guished by the revenue derived from imported articles 
and from distilled spirits. 

The warmest feelings were aroused, and the excitement 
reached a dangerous intensity. Hamilton's scheme pre- 
vailed. Part of the debt was funded at dollar for dollar, 
and this part was afterward paid in coin. The rest was 
not presented for redemption, and was never heard of 
again. The walls of a barber shop were papered with this 
worthless money. 

90. A National Sanh was also proposed, to regulate 
the currency by securing uniformity in the kind and value 
of money in the different parts of the country. The Repub- 
licans violently opposed the measure, saying that it was 
unnecessary, unconstitutional, and adverse to republican 
institutions. The bill became a law, and the bank was 
chartered for twenty years with a capital of ten millions. 
It was established at Philadelj)hia, whore a mint was also 
put in operation. 

91. The seat of govermnent had always been at 
places which the Continental Congress had found most 
convenient for its sessions, chiefly New York and Phila- 
delphia. It was now decided that Congress should hold its 
sessions at the latter city for ten years, or during the rest 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 

of the century, and that the capital be then permanently 
established at some point on the Potomac. 

Under authority from Congress, Washington selected the 
District of Columbia, which was ceded by Maryland and 
Virginia to the general government. The place was densely 
wooded, level, and wet, and, in the opinion of many, quite 
unsuited to the purpose. The capital city was named Wash- 
ington, public buildings were erected, and Congress removed 
thither in 1800; and art so far overcame natural disadvan- 
tages that the city finally became prosperous and handsome. 

92. Few of the States had any regular code, and Stdte 
legislation was based on the Common Law of England. 
Independence made no violent changes in the institutions 
of the country, and in the law-books of this time were many 
quaint and strange regulations which would now excite a 
smile or awaken censure. 

93. The First Census was taken, in obedience to 
the Constitution, in 1790, to determine the ratio of repre- 
sentation in Congress, and to obtain an official record of 
progress. When completed it was found that the enumera- 
tion amounted to nearly four millions (3,929,214), of whom 
seven hundred thousand were slaves. The ratio of repre- 
sentation in Congress was placed at one representative for 
every thirty -three thousand inhabitants. 

94. Foreign affairs claimed much attention. Trea- 
ties were made with Spain, Algiers, and England, securing 
the navigation of the Mediterranean sea and the Mississippi 
River. In France, the French Revolution was in progress. 
Monarchy was overthrown in 1792 and a republic formed. 
Remembering their own recent struggles for independence, 
many people in this country sympathized with the move- 
ment. France was then at war with England, and as soon 
as the new French ambassador. Citizen Genet, arrived in 
the United States, he began to fit out privateers in Ameri- 
can ports to capture British ships. 

He also demanded an alliance between France and. this 
country. In this course of conduct he was sustained by many 



142 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

of the Republicans, who favored an alliance as a return for 
the aid rendered by France during our struggle for inde- 
pendence. But the President resolved to remain neutrai 
and adopted the motto of Jefferson: "Friendship with 
all, but entangling alliances with none." This has ever since 
been the settled foreign policy of our goverinnent. 

Relying on the sympathy of the Republicans, Genet 
thought he could demand almost any thing, and he behaved 
very defiantly. But when he threatened to appeal from 
the President to the peo])le, his adherents deserted him, and 
Washington secured his recall. The forbearance of the 
administration with Genet gave rise to the idea that the 
government was not strong enough to enforce its authority. 

95. This quarrel was scarcely ended when another 
trouble, called the Wliisky Insurrection, arose in 
western Pennsylvania. The excise on spirits had always 
been unpopular there, and meetings were called to con- 
demn the tax. The collectors were threatened, and the 
marshal was resisted and fired upon while in the discharge 
of his duties. The mills and barns of those who paid the 
tax were burned. The insurgents numbered seven thou- 
sand, and matters remained thus for two years. 

The President finally resolved that resistance to the laws 
should be ended. He therefore sent an army of fifteen 
thousand into the rebellious district, and the mob melted 
away before it. 

This was a political rather than a social outl)reak. The 
whisky-tax was a measure of the Federalists, and was sup- 
posed to bear heavily on the distilling districts. Genet and 
his partisans had carefully cultivated the discontent till it 
broke out into resistance. 

96. A more serious work was before the President. 
Troubles witJl Emjlun.d had survived the treaty 
which ended the Revolution, and the newspapers in both 
countries continued to abound in irritating editorials and 
correspondence. Complaints were made in England that 
private debts contracted before the Revolution could not 
be collected in x\merica. 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



143 



On the other hand it was charged by the Americans that 
the British armies had carried off their slaves, that posts 
were still held on the western frontier in violation of the 
treaty, that Indians, having committed massacres, were 
protected by the British, and that American seamen were 
impressed into the marine sei-vice of England. All these 
complaints, on both sides, were true. 

97. But the imtnediate occasion of the alarm was 
the secret issue of instructions by King George to British 
privateers to seize all neutral vessels found trading with 
the French in the West Indies. Before Congress had noti- 
fication of this measure goods to the value of millions of 
dollars had been taken on American ships on the high seas. 

Every thing was tending toward another war with Eng- 
land, when fortunately the American minister in London 
succeeded in concluding a treaty on the basis of mutual 
concession. Although it did not secure all that the Ameri- 
cans desired, it was admitted to be the best that was obtain- 
able, and after a time of violent party warfare it was rati- 
fied by Congress and the best judgment of the people. 

98. Three new States were added to the original 
thirteen during this presidency. New States were allowed to 
have at least one representative in Congress, and were 
required to adopt a State constitution, republican in form, 
and consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United 
States. They were then admitted, on application, by a vote 
of Congress. 

99. Vevmontf signifying green mountain, was settled 

by hardy woodsmen 

>^^^ from New Hamp- 

shire. New York 
afterward claimed 
the territory and 
;J;c^^ tried to drive out 
the settlers, but 
without success. 
The volunteer militia aided greatly in the Revolution. 




SEAL OF VEaMONT. 



144 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




^KAL OP KENTUCKV. 



100. Keiltuchy was at first considered a part of 
Virginia, and was explored before the Revolution by 

the famous hunter 
and pioneer, Daniel 
Boone. The story 
of his remarkable 
life leads us to re- 
member theproverb, 
" Truth is stranger 
than fiction." The 
long series of conflicts between the Kentuckians and the 
Indians caused the region to be called the Dark and Bloody 
Ground. 

101. Tennessee 

was first settled by 
people from North 
Carolina. At one time 
the settlers became dis- 
satisfied with the laws 
of the parent State and 
proposed to set up a new one under the iiauie of Frankland, 
but it was changed to Tennessee, the Indian name of the 
principal river flowing through it. Both Kentucky and 
Tennessee, being settled from slave States, became slave 
States themselves. 

102. Although the country needed quiet so much, 2>(X,Vt f/ 
.S7>irif was exceedingly bitter. The Federalists — called 
by their opponents High -Flying Feds — were accused of a 
desire to form an alliance with England, and of hostility to 
the growth of republican ideas in Europe. The private 
character of Washington did not escape the -worst insinua- 
tions, and malicious satires were aimed at his policy. 

On the other hand, the Republicans were charged with 
being friendly toward the bloody leaders of the French 
Revolution, with entertaining loose views of government, 
and even with a desire to introduce commvmism, by break- 
ing up the foundations of tlie Republic and shattering the 




SEAL OiTteNNESSEE. 



WASHINGTON'S AD3IINISTRAT10N. 145 

structure of society. None of these charges were correct; 
but they show to what extravagance patriotic men may be 
led by the force of party strife. 

103. In 1793 the country was visited by a calamity to 
which it had before been a stranger. The yellow fcvev 
broke out in Philadelphia with such fatality that, out of a 
population of sixty thousand, four thousand died. Terror 
seized all classes, and the city was nearly deserted. Among 
those who heroically remained to attend the sick was Dr. 
Benjamin Rush. His treatment was highly successful, and 
after a course of three months the pestilence was stayed. 

104. The subject of 2)llblic education received the 
attention of Congress even before the administration of 
Washington. In passing laws respecting the disposal of 
the public lands, it was ordered, in 1785, that section six- 
teen in every township be set apart for the maintenance 
of public schools. In justification of this national legis- 
lation, this sentiment was expressed: "Knowledge being 
necessary to good government and the happiness of man- 
kind, schools and the means of education shall be forever 
encouraged." 

Two years later Congress further donated two complete 
townships of land perpetually to support a university in 
each State. Every State admitted into the Union has par- 
taken of these bounties from the general government. The 
States also began to tax themselves to support universities, 
colleges, and common schools, and to authorize county and 
township taxation for educational purposes. 

Thus the government undertook to provide for the edu- 
cation of the people, and from these provisions has come 
our system of public instruction. The little district school - 
house of the country, and the large ward - school building 
of the city, have resulted from this wise legislation of our 
forefathers. 

105. The litePCltllve of the time was mostly of a poli- 
tical character, explaining legal and constitutional principles. 
We should remember that beside their political labors, 

7 



146 



THE MODEL BISTORT. 




BENJAMIN WEST. 



Washington, JefFersou, Adams, Hamilton, Jay, Franklin, 
and others, were lal)orious and voluminous authors. Dr. 
David Ramsay was tlie first American historian. 

106. The fine Clt't^S were cultivated by few, Init with 
great success. John Trumbull, 
a member of Washington's staff, 
painted the scenes of the Revo- 
lution. Tiie best of his pictures 
now adorn the rotunda of the 
Capitol at Wasliington. Ben- 
jamin West excelled in painting 
Bible scenes, and many of his 
pictures may now be viewed at 
the Academy of Fine Arts in 
Philadelphia. 

107. Tlie Cotton Gin 
was the name of a very import- 
ant machine invented at this 
time — 1792. The Southern States were well suited by 
nature for the production of cotton; but the labor of sepa- 
rating the seed from the fiber — called ginning it — was so 
great that a man would not gin more than a pound a day. 

A machine was greatly needed. 
So much was cotton - raising 
hindered, that after the Revolu- 
tion " eight bags of cotton-wool " 
shipped to England were seized 
at the custom - house at Liver- 
pool as being dishonestly entered, 
,^ " cotton not being a 2)'>'oduction 
of the United States.'''' Finally, 
a young man from Massachu- 
setts, named Eli Whitney, who 
had just graduated at Yale Col- 
lege, went South to teach school. 
He lived in the family of Mrs. 
Greene, widow of the revolutionary general, Nathaniel 




KLI WUIINKV. 



WASStNQTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 147 

Greene; and during his moments of leisure he had made 
many ingenious toys for her children. 

One day she had a company of planters at her house, and, 
in their presence, she asked Whitney to try his skill in 
making a machine for ginning cotton. He secretly 
undertook the task. But he could buy neither tools nor 
materials in that region, and had to make the former 
before proceeding. He also spent weeks in making iron 
wire. 

After much difficulty the rude machine was completed, 
and Mrs. Greene invited the leading planters to examine it. 
They were delighted to find that with Whitney's invention 
one man could gin as much cotton as live hundred men 
without it. The news flew rapidly, and multitudes clamored 
for a sight of the wonderful machine. One night the shop 
was broken open and the prize was carried off. 

Before Whitney could complete his model and get his 
patent, many machines were set to work in the South, and 
it was a long time before he could get any compensation 
for his labor. The cultivation of cotton immediately 
assumed great importance, and through the invention of 
the gin the production increased from five thousand to five 
millions of bales yearly, being seven - eighths in value of 
all the cotton produced on the globe. It is a very moderate 
estimate to say that this machine was worth to the South- 
ern States a thousand millions of dollars. 

108. The niatmers of socletff at the capital were 
very formal and exacting, much resembling the manners 
then prevalent at the English court. The President held 
receptions every Tuesday at his own house. At precisely 
three o'clock the doors were thrown open, and the Presi- 
dent was seen, surrounded by his cabinet and other promi- 
nent citizens, dressed elegantly in black velvet, with white 
waistcoat, yellow gloves, silver knee -buckles and shoe - 
buckles. He held a cocked hat and wore a sheathed sword. 
His hair was powdered and tied up in a silk bag liehind. 
He never shook hands with his guests, but bowed when 



148 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

introduced, and afterward exchanged a few words in con- 
versation. The President was a master of etiquette, and 
never descended to familiarity. 

When a title for the President was to be selected, " High 
Mightiness," was suggested, the words used to describe the 
president of the republic of Holland; but the more moder- 
ate title, " Excellency," was adopted. When Washington 
went to the sessions of Congress he used a fine stage - coach, 
which was usually drawn by four white horses, but on great 
occasions by six, and on Sundays by two. The drivers and 
footmen wore liveries of white and scarlet. 

The President's birth- day was celebrated by dinners and 
public meetings, and poets often ad(b-essed odes to His 
Excellency. It was thought by the Federalists that these 
things were necessary to add dignity to the Republic ; but 
the Republicans ridiculed them as a weak imitation of the 
habits of monarchy, and accused Washington of too much 
etiquette and love of display. 

109. I}i fasliionahle life the style of dress differed 
much from the custom of the present day. Clergvmen 
wore wigs and silk gowns in the pulpit and cocked hats on 
the street. " Gentlemen had a great variety of brilliant col- 
ors in their clothes, such as only ladies now display. When 
a well dressed gentleman went into company he appeared 
in a wig, white stock, white satin embroidered vest, black 
satin small - clothes, white silk stockings, and fine broad- 
cloth or velvet coat." 

Pantaloons were worn occasionally as a business costume, 
but never when in full dress. A gentleman's snuff-box 
was as indispensable as a cigar is now, and courtesy was 
shown in taking the weed in this form with a friend. A 
snuff-box was a very popular kind of gift, and much 
expense was often lavished upon it. 

" Ladies wore those beautiful silks and brocades which 
are still preserved as heirlooms in many American families. 
Their luiir was dressed in powder and ])omatuin, and was 
often built up to a great height above the head. The hair - 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 149 

dressers were kept so busy on the day of a fashionable 
entertainment that ladies had to employ their services as 
early as four in the morning, and sit upright all the rest of 
the day to avoid disturbing their head dress." 

110. Iti cotiiniOil life the people were recovering 
from the losses of the war. The soldiers went quietly back 
to their farms and workshops, and very few beggars were 
seen in the country. Most people wore home - spun clothes: 
for, although cloth was woven by machinery, the threads 
must still be spun by hand. Silk worms were raised in 
Connecticut, and it became the custom to give the minister 
a home-made silk gown. 

Carpets first came into use during this presidency, lying 
in a square in the center of the floor. The houses had spa- 
cious halls, wide stairs, and enormous "fire-places." The 
punch -bowl was always found in families of means, and its 
contents made a customary treat to company. 

Hotels on such a large scale as our modern ones were 
unknown; but there were taverns and coffee -houses which 
afforded solid comfort to the traveler. The people had 
great, open fires of wood, and when the Philadelphians tried 
to use coal as fuel they gave it up as a failure. 

111. Thus far the main party isSUe had been differ- 
ences of opinion respecting the fundamental principles of 
the government; but now a new question came forward — 
whether it was the true policy to enter into intimate rela- 
tions with the French Republic. The Federalists said. No ! 
The Republicans said. Yes ! 

The force of party feeling was shown by a remark of 
Hamilton to Washington, that he should consider the head 
of every prominent Federalist in danger if a Republican 
were elected President. Washington and Jefferson broke 
a friendly correspondence which had existed for many years. 
Outside of party platforms and popular imagination our 
politics have had no golden age. 

112. The question of foreign relations was the leading 

issue of tJie presidential campaign. Washington, 



150 TUE MODEL UlSTOllY. 

declining a third term, declared his intention to return to 
private life. The Federalists, desiring the continuation of 
his j)olicy, brought forward John Adjuns as their candidate. 
The Republicans named the foremost man of their party, 
Thomas Jefferson. At the election Adams stood first, 
with seventy -one electoral votes, and, of course, Jefferson 
second, with sixty - nine. As the Constitution then read, the 
former was declared elected President and the latter Vice- 
President. 

113. At the close of his presidency, Washington issued 
to the people of the United States his IPdrewell 
Address f a document full of political wisdom and lofty 
patriotism. It exhorts the people to cherish an unwavering 
attachment to the union of the States. It discourages the 
support of large militaiy establishments, cautions against 
the ill-considered alteration of constitutional provisions, and 
especially depicts the violence of party spirit as hostile to 
the best interests of the nation. The Father of his Coinitry 
was never again enticed from the retreat of Mt. Vernon 
to the performance of public duties. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ADAMSS ADMINISTRATION. 

1797 1801. 

111. The neiv President was sixty -two years 

old. In the Colonial Congress he had nominated Wash- 
ington as commander-in-chief, and had 
been a member of the first and second 
Continental Congresses. .Jefferson wrote 
the Declaration, but Adajns secured its 
adoption l)y his pcn-suasive argument 
during the three diU'S of debate. He 
was distinguished for his lofty patriot- 
ism. He was a good writer and an able 

JOHN ADAMS. i tt i i i 

lawyer. He was a ceaseless worker, and 
was said to have been the clearest-headed man in the nation. 




ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 151 

Of him Jefferson said: "Not always fluent, not always 
graceful in his public addresses, he yet came out upon us 
with a power, both of thought and expression, that moved 
us from our seats." He was distinguished for the stately 
formality of his bearing. He was sometimes called " the 
Colossus of Independence" in the American Congress. 

115. The presidential electioTi had shown a weak Spot 
ifl the Const it lit iotlf which declared that the candi- 
date having the highest number of electoral votes should 
be President; and the one ranking next, Vice - President. 
It now became apparent that the heads of the two opposing 
parties would continually share the two highest offices of 
the nation between them. This would inevitably bring 
such differences among those high in authority as to endan- 
ger the stability of the government. 

Few men could be found more unlike in mind and opin- 
ions than Adams and Jefferson; but they agreed in being 
true patriots, with a sincere wish for the good of their coun- 
try. Mutual respect and concessions preserved them from 
any great misunderstanding. 

116. The tt'ouhle with France did not end with 
the recall of Genet. The French people continued much 
displeased with the American neutrality, and especially 
disliked the dismissal of their minister. In retaliation 
for these supposed insults France declined to receive the 
newly appointed American minister to Paris, Charles C. 
Pinckney, and even ordered him to leave France. The 
French Directory authorized the capture of American ves- 
sels containing English goods. 

117. When Congress convened at the call of the Presi- 
dent, the matter was referred to that body. It was deter- 
mined to preserve peace if possible, and to make one more 
attempt at negotiation. Three special envoys — 
Charles C. Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry — 
were appointed to proceed to Paris and seek reconciliation. 

118. On their arrlral the envoys were informed 
that they could not be received by the Directory, but it was 



152 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

hinted to them that tlie payment of a large sum of money 
wouhl conciliate France. This was, in part, to heal the 
wounded French honor by bribing the members of the 
Directory. Insulted by these shameless proposals, Pinck- 
ney exclaimed, " Millions for defense, but not a cent for 
tribute." This became the American motto during the 
pending of these difficulties. The envoys soon left Paris. 

119. Hostilities began on the sea. There seemed 
to be a prospect of another war; and General Washington 
was made nominal commander with General Alexander 
Hamilton as his acting first lieutenant. It was during 
these excitements that the National Lyric was written, 
beginning, 

" Hail, Columbia! Happy land! " 

120. War was averted by an unexpected change in 
the French government. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew 
the Directory, and assumed control. He saw through the 
affair at a glance, and as he had nothing to gain by an 
American war, he concluded a satisfactory treaty of peace. 
Thus ended what is commonly called the " Quasi War." 
From that day to this, with the exception of one brief occa- 
sion, our intercourse with France has been marked ]:)y har- 
mony and mutual confidence, through all the changes of 
that fickle government. 

121. The death of WasJtiUffton occurred in the 
midst of these troubles. In riding out to superintcMid the 
affairs of his })lantation he was overtaken by a storm, and 
he returned home with a chill. Inflammation of the throat 
ensued, and being neglected a few hoiu-s till beyond medi- 
cal control, the disorder terminated liis life on the follow- 
ing day. 

All classes remembered how mucii the country owed to 
his covirao-e and wisdom. Funeral eulogies were pronounced 
in all parts. Congress wore mourning during the session, 
and inquired "the most suitable manner of paying honor 
to the man who was first in war, first in peace, and first in 
the hearts of his countrymen." 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 153 

123. I*atvick Henvy died the same year. The 
venerated Ft'ClilJilhh had closed his career nine years 
before. Thus the patriarchs of the Revolution were pass- 
ing away. 

123. The Second Census ^ taken in 1800, showed a 
population of nearly five and a half millions (5,308,483). 
During the ten years the annual exports had increased from 
twenty millions to seventy millions of dollars; and the rev- 
enue from nine to thirteen millions yearly. The seventy- 
five post - offices reported ten years before had now multi- 
plied to nine hundred and three. Agricultural and com- 
mercial wealth was rapidly increasing. 

124. The Westwar^d nioveinentf which began as 
soon as we became a nation, steadily increased in import- 
ance. Daniel Boone, the Kentucky pioneer, was the first 
man well known in the nation who "went West;" but he 
was soon followed by others, who flocked into the valleys 
of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. These hardy pioneers 
among the western woods \e(L lives of toil, danger, and 
privation. They went with their families to make their 
homes in the forests. 

Their dwellings were log -cabins; their food was wild 
game and crushed corn and wheat; very often they had 
notliing to cook in but an iron kettle; their clothing was 
made of deer skins; their beds were the shaggy robes of 
the bufl^alo and the bear. Their struggles with the Indians 
would make volumes filled with adventures more thrilling 
than romance. 

125. The great want in these homes in the wilderness 
was salt. It was made only on the sea -coast; and in 
Ohio and Kentucky was worth twenty dollars a bushel, 
being brought over the mountains of Virginia on pack- 
horses. Occasionally the settlers would find a salt spring, 
from which with great labor they would make a little 
home - made salt. It was treasured almost as though it 
were gold - dust. 

126. Social and domestic life continued to make 
7* 



154 THE MODEL U I STORY. 

gradual changes. Umbrellas were frequently carried to 
church, though for many years they were considered a mark 
of effeminacy, and those who used them were much ridi- 
culed. Plates came into general use at the breakfast and 
tea - tables. Boots began to be worn instead of shoes. 

Very few mechanical inventions had yet been introduced. 
The people still did not know how to use coal as fuel, but 
had great open tires of wood in their "fire-places." They 
used tallow candles of their own dipping, and wore garments 
of homespun cloth. 

Even the cities were not far from the wilderness, and the 
gun and fishing- rod were in almost every house. " In the 
South there were scarcely any large towns, and the Far 
West was as yet unexplored by the English settlers, and 
was known only to the Canadian French." 

The theater was just beginning to be tolerated. Private 
theatricals sometimes took place, and the President had 
entertainments at his own house. Musical concerts were 
allowed, and balls were sometimes given on a large scale. 
The guests often went to these in sedan- chairs, arriving 
between seven and eight o'clock, and going home at ten 
or eleven. The dances were minuets and contra-dances, 
the quadrille being but recently introduced. 

127. The means of inihlic coni'ef/ance were 
exceedingly imperfect in these times. On land the Flying 
Machines still made the best time. On water the sloops 
were much slower, were licensed to carry only a few pas- 
sengers, and were by no means safe. As late as the admin- 
istration of John Quincy Adams the President chose to 
make his annual visit to his home in Massachusetts on 
horseback, " to be sure that he should reach there in some 
decent season." 

128. During this entire presidency parfi/ spirit ran 
very high. The exercise of extraordinary jiowers by Con- 
gress and the President during a time of threatened war, 
gave the Republicans reason for vehement opposition to 
the Federal rule. This party had now had control of the 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 

government for twelve years, but during this administra- 
tion it gradually lost support. This dissatisfaction was 
owino- to four things: 

First. The Alien Law, which was passed in 1798, was 
to be in effect for two years, and gave the President power 
to expel from the country any foreigner he might consider 
dangerous to the nation. 

Second. The Sedition Law, which provided that those 
who falsely accused the President or Congress should be 
prosecuted aiid punished. 

Third. An impression that the party entertained opin- 
ions less favorable to the liberties of the people than the 
Republican. 

Fourth. A belief that it was partial to England and 
unfriendly to France. The Republicans chose to see in 
these things reasons for their advocacy of State Rights, and 
grounds for their fears that the Republic would become a 
monarchy and the President a king. 

129. When the time drew near for the jyvesiclential 
Cnntpoigfl it became apparent that Adams had excited 
so much feeling against himself that his party had but little 
prospect of success. Adams and Pinckney became the 
Federal candidates. The Republicans nominated Thomas 
Jefferson and Aaron Burr. 

At this time tlie germ of future party platforms appeared 
in "an inspired editorial" in a Richmond journal, explain- 
ing Jefferson's views. He was a warm friend of the French 
people, and reflected the sentiments of his party in his 
deep dislike for England. " Three hundred American ves- 
sels seized, and one thousand American sailors impressed," 
stood at the head of the Republican newspapers, and made 
the burden of Republican speeches. All the resources of 
argument and anger were exhausted in the heated passions 
of the day. A New England clergyman refused to baptize 
a child Thomas Jefferson, saying he would rather call it 
Beelzebub. Another lifted up his dying head to say: "I 
love the Savior, but hate the devil and Jefferson." 



166 THE MODEL II I STOUT . 

130. The vesnlt was the election of JeiFerson and 
Burr by a small majority; but they both received the same 
number of electoral votes — seventy -three. By the pro- 
visions of the Constitution the choice between them was 
referred to the House of Representatives. A long and 
exciting struggle ensued, and it was not till the thirty -sixth 
ballot that by adroit management the friends of Jefferson 
induced Representative Bayard to break the lock. He 
received one majority and was declared elected to the first 
place on the ticket. Neither Jefferson nor Burr took a 
part in this contest. The Federal party thus passed from 
power never to be restored. 

131. Thus was found another tveak place in the 

Constitution, by which the candidate intended by the people 
for the second office within their gift might attain the first. 
It now became evident that this kind of tie, instead of 
being an accident, would be likely to recur at every elec- 
tion. Both of these defects were removed by the Twelfth 
Amendment, ratified in 1804. 

132. Previous to this time the members of the elec- 
toral eolleffes had voted their own individual preferences, 
there having been no party nominations. Four years before, 
beside Jefferson and Adams, there had been as many as 
ten presidential candidates voted for, most of them the 
" favorite sons " of particular States. But now party cau- 
cuses were secretly held, and the electors were working in 
the harness of a regular nomination. 



CHAPTER V. 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1801 — 1809. 

133. The new I*7U'shlent was a ripe scholar, a bold 
reformer, the founder of the Republican Party,* and the 
author of the Declaration. He was an ardent supporter 
of the doctrine of State Rights, and led the opposition to 
the Federalists. He found great difficulty in managing 

♦Tbl8, of course, was not the Kepublican Party of to-day. See Art. 859. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



157 




the government according to his theory, and became con- 
vinced that the Executive needed en- 
larged powers. Though not brilliant in 
oratory he had the reputation of " a 
matchless pen. ' Every man in his 
Cabinet was college-bred, and in some 
peculiar way identified with knowledge. 
134. His administration began by 

acts of vefoTin and "economy, 

THOMAS JEFFERSON. The army and navy were reduced, and 
many government offices were abolished. These retrench- 
ments enabled Congress to suppress the odious internal 
taxes, and still provide for the gradual payment of the 
National Debt. The violators of the Sedition Act were 
released from prison, and the period required for naturali- 
zation was reduced from fourteen to five years. These 
popular reforms kept him in the presidential chair for eight 
years. On re-election he received eleven times as many 
electoral votes as his rival, Pinckney. 

135. Tlie piivchase of Louisiana was regarded 

by Jefi"erson as the 
greatest act of his ad- 
ministration. This ter- 
litory belonged to 
France, and embraced 
that vast country west 
of the Mississippi River 
to the Rocky Mountains, and from New Mexico to British 
America. The purchase grew out of the French trouble 
of the previous administrations. By royal decree the port 
of New Orleans was closed against the commerce of the 
United States. This cut off the West from all access to 
the ocean, and it became evident that its commerce had 
nothing but ruin to expect. Alarm spread through the 
entire West, and .Jefferson saw but one plan to pursue. 
He instructed the American minister at Paris to propose 
the purchase of the Louisiana territory. 




SEAI. l)K LOUISIANA. 



158 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Napolooii, who needed money to carry on his wars, enter- 
tained tlie idea, and a treaty was made by which, for the 
sum of fifteen million dollars, the area of the Union was 
more than doul)led. Tliis secured the entire control of the 
Mississip})i River, which Jefferson foresaw would one day 
be a great commercial highway of the nation. After years 
showed the purchase to have been dictated by the wisest 
statesmanship. 

136. Au JEocplorinff Expedition^ under Captains 
Lewis and Clarke, was fitted out to visit the newly acquired 
territory. The President and the people wished to know 
what the value of the country was; what rivers, mountains, 
animals, plants, minerals, and tribes of Indians, were to be 
found there. They wished to see whether the people were 
peaceable or warlike, and whether they would sell the title 
to their lands. 

The expedition carried provisions, camp -equipage, fire- 
arms, and presents to the Indians. They left St. Louis, 
then a small trading post, sailing up the Missouri River, 
and were gone nearly three years, encamping two winters 
in the wilderness. Finding a rivulet near the source of the 
Missouri, they followed it into the Columbia, which they 
traversed to the Pacific. They returned by a similar route, 
and safely reached St. Louis. 

It was supposed by many that they had died of starva- 
tion or been killed by the Indians. They found buffaloes so 
abundant that a herd filled a river a mile wide, and the 
party stopped an hour to see the animals pass. They 
found Indians before unknown, the Dakotas and the 
Shoshones, and reported some of the tribes as being very 
poor and miserable, and others as having houses, guns, and 
horses. These knew nothing of civilized life, and one chief 
was so much pleased with dried squash that he said it was 
the best food he had ever tasted except sugar, of which he 
had once eaten a single lump. 

137. *Tohu Mars7iffU„ who became Chief -Justice 
about this time and held the high office for thirty - five 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



159 




years, was the founder of American law. Heretofore judi- 
cial decisions were based entirely 
on precedents established in 
English courts. It was Mar- 
shall's great work to adapt these 
principles of law to a republican 
form of government. He left a 
large number of important deci- 
sions as guides to the courts 
of future generations. 

138. The Bat'hary States 

in northern Africa had long 
maintained a lawless supremacy 
in the Mediterranean sea by 
JOHN MARSHALL. prcylug ou tlic commerce of 

other nations and claiming as slaves the crews and pas- 
sengers of all the vessels they took. It was a common 
thing for notices to be read in American churches of the 
captivity of some member of the congregation in Algiers. 
A sum of money was then raised as a ransom — frequently 
as high as 14,000 for a single individual. These sums 
were frequently paid by the government. As many as six 
thousand Americans had been held in captivity, and 
millions of dollars paid as ransom. 

In common with the European powers, the United States, 
for seventeen years, paid an annual tribute of $23,000 to 
buy exemption from the piratical attacks of tliese fierce 
little states. But when a dispute arose about the terms of 
payment, Jefferson resolved to endure the humiliation no 
longer. The people now saw that they had too long 
encouraged these exactions by unresistingly paying thein. 

139. Military operations began in 1801. The 
American navy consisted of six vessels. Four of these 
under Commodore Preble, were sent to the Mediterranean, 
and the port of Tripoli was blockaded. Hostilities con- 
tinued four years, and then the Bashaw, fearing defeat, pro- 
posed settlement. A treaty was made by which the com- 



160 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

nierco of the United States was to be exempt from tribute. 
This chastisement of a piratical nation was a])j)lau(led by 
civilized countries, and gave a new impetus to our growing 
trade with tlie Mediterranean. 

140. FrefiJi ti'ouJples with Enfjlnnd arose during 

tliis presidency, and continued till they resulted in a 
destructive war. England and France were still enemies, 
and so intent were they in injuring each other that they 
had little regard for the rights and interests of other coun- 
tries. While France was victorious on the land, England 
had made good her boast of being " mistress of the 
sea." 

The American position of neutrality gave our merchant- 
men very profitable employment in carrying goods to Euro- 
pean nations. In order to cut off these supplies to France, 
England declared the French coast in a state of blockade. 
Napoleon retaliated by proclaiming a blockade of British 
ports. The result was a nearly total extinction of Ameri- 
can commerce. 

141. Tlie tenure of allef/lance in the two coun- 
tries had widely differed. The American doctrine was that 
a foreigner by a legal process could be naturalized and thus 
become an American citizen. The English idea was pithily 
expressed, "Once an Englishman, always an Englishman." 
European nations had always asserted that citizenship 
and political allegiance could not be voluntaiily surren- 
dered. 

142. Because of this doctrine the Hiyht of Search 
was a claim which had long been made by England, and 
had proved very irritating to the Americans. It was an 
assertion that English vessels had a right to overhaul and 
search American ships on the high seas, and take from them 
any seaman of English birth. England had not been able 
to man her fleets by voluntary enlistments, and had resorted 
to the policy of impressment by seizing persons of sup- 
posed English birth where ever found on the high seas. 

Beside this, the higher wages offered by the Americans 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 161 

was a great temptation to English seamen to desert the 
British service. In order to capture these deserters, Eng- 
lish men -of- war had repeatedly detained American vessels 
and impressed American seamen on the mere suspicion that 
they were British subjects. At one time there were six 
thousand names on the books of the State department as 
having been thus impressed. Presidents Washington, 
Adams, and Jefferson, had often protested against this 
pretended right, but without effect. 

143. Ail it't'itathig event soon occurred in conse- 
quence of these misunderstandings. In 1807 an American 
frigate, the Chesapeake, refusing to surrender four men, 
was fired upon by an English ship, the Leopard. After a 
loss of twenty men the Chesapeake struck her colors. The 
men were taken away. It was soon ascertained that three 
of these were native American citizens. 

144. Measures of retaliatioti were often em- 
ployed during these complications. The President issued 
a proclamation forbidding all armed ^British vessels to 
enter our ports until England should give satisfaction for 
the past and security for the future. 

145. The famous Orders hi Coiineil soon came 
from the British government, prohibiting neutral vessels 
from trading with France, except on the payment of a 
tribute to England. 

146. Napoleon immediately retaliated by his ]}£ilafl 
Decree f confiscating all vessels which submitted to the 
search or paid the tribute. 

147. Ail Etilhargo was passed by Congress, by which 
all American sailors and vessels were called home and 
detained, and foreign vessels forbidden to take cargoes 
from our ports. The enforcement of the embargo reduced 
the commerce of the country to a mere coasting trade. 
Sailors were thrown out of employment, and there was no 
market for our surplus products. Thus matters steadily 
drifted toward war. 

148. Aaron Surr was one of the most brilliant men 



162 



THE MODEL BISTORT. 




of the period. But he was thought by many to be unprin- 
cipled and ambitious. When he 
became a candidate for the gov- 
ernorship of New York, Hamil- 
ton, believing him to be an 
unsafe man, was instrumental in 
securing his defeat. Burr took 
this as a personal affront, and 
challenged Hamilton to a duel. 
I\)pular sentiment did not then 
condonm this barbarous manner 
of settling differences, and Ham- 
ilton thought himself required 
AAi:.>.N lur.K. to accept. They met on the 

Hudson a few miles above New York, and Hamilton was 
killed at the first shot. 

By this false, cruel code 
of honor, the nation was 
robbed of one of its ablest 
and most popular citizens. 
The matter created intense 
excitement throughout the 
country. Hamilton was the 
^ leader of the Federalists, 
'^'and his death rolled upon 
Burr the hatred of a great 
party. The press was 
mostly in the hands of his 
enemies, and it completely 
swept away his political 
influence. 

149. His subsequent career was gloomy and dis- 
astrous. Finding himself shunned and distrusted in the 
East, he purchased boats with the professed object of 
descending the Ohio River and founding a colony in the 
newly -iiurchased Louisiana. 15ut careless disclosures by 
his associates, and dark hints given by himself, led to the 




II \M II lOX. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 163 

suspicion that he aimed rather to seize New Orleans and 
establish a separate government in the southwest, or to 
make an armed invasion of Mexico, overthrow the Spanish 
authority there, and set up a republic. He was watched 
and arrested; but, there not being sufficient proof, he was 
discharged, though never acquitted in the minds of -his 
political opponents. 

150. The estimates of historians differ much 

respecting tliis wonderfully gifted man. The quarrel seems 
to have been the work of the partisan press. The bitter- 
ness of newspaper controversy surpassed any thing known 
in later years. It is asserted that Burr was goaded to 
desperation by malicious assaults made under the garb of 
superior virtue claimed for Hamilton. Many writers at 
the present day do not believe that Burr's design was to 
divide the Union, but that it was his own silence, misinter- 
preted by enemies, that led to the supposition of treason. 

151. Ohio was first settled in 1788 by a company of 
forty - seven New England pioneois. They sailed down 

^, 7-7.^___- - -:z^ t'i*3 Ohio River and 

j^j'^^f^V '' ^ -^^ settled at Marietta. 

, ^uw'^c-wt Northwest Territory, 




lf-.,Vvii organized in 1787, 
and including all the 
country between the 
Ohio and Mississippi 
Rivers and the Lakes. The next year another company 
began the village of Losanteville, a name afterward changed 
to Cincinnati. Indian hostilities prevailed for five years. 
But emigration soon poured over the mountains, and 20,000 
people settled in Ohio in one year. 

At that time the country seemed very far west, and the 
man who had seen Lake Michigan or the mouth of the Mis- 
souri was considered a great traveler. In 1802 Ohio had a 
sufficient population (60,000) to entitle it to admission aa 
a State. 



164 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

152. T7ie Foreif/ti Slave Trade had existed 
during the entire history of the American colonies. For 
nearly two hundred years traders had sailed to the coast of 
Africa, bought negroes wlioni the native princes had taken 
captive in war, and brought them in loathsome holds to the 
United States to be sold into perpetual bondage. It is 
estimated that a quarter of a million of those who had been 
purchased on the African coast for transportation died 
under the horrors of the " middle passage," and were buried 
in the waters of the Atlantic. 

It had been agreed when the Constitution was framed 
that there should be no interference with the slave - trade 
for twenty years, which time expired January 1, 1808. A 
year before that time, the President, in his annual message, 
congratulated Congress that the time was so near when it 
would be possible to " forbid a traffic which the morality, 
the reputation, and the best interests of the country, had 
long been eager to proscribe." 

153. All exciting debate then arose in Congress, 
but no legislation was accomplished for some time. All 
parties seemed willing to abolish the foreign slave-trade, 
but they could not agree how to do it. At last, under the 
leadership of .Tosiah Quincy, a law was passed forbidding 
the importation of slaves from any foreign country after the 
year 1807. Only a few months before, a law making the 
slave-trade illegal received the royal assent in England. 

Slavery had continued to exist in all the American colo- 
nies, except Massachusetts, till the Revolution; but during 
the next forty years it was abolished in all the northern 
States. Th(^ slave-trade between the States, not being 
included in this prohibition, continued to flourish in the 
South until slavery was abolished during the war of the 
Rebellion. 

154. This legislation respecting the importation of slaves 
did not bring the end of the tvafftc. British and 
American subjects continued the trade, sailing under 
Spanish or Portuguese flags. The slave - ships were more 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



165 



crowded than before, and it often happened that the miser- 
able negroes were thrown overboard when the risk of cap- 
ture seemed great. 

In 1811 the United States joined with England in making 
the slave-trade a felony and punishable with long impris- 
onment at hard labor. In 1822 it was declared to be 
piracy, and the traders were made punishable with death. 
The navies of the leading civilized nations finally united 
in breaking up the traffic. 

155. A bill authorizing the Coast Suvvey was passed 
late in Jefferson's term. This was a vast and important 
work, and although it has been jorosecuted for sixty years 
it is still incomplete. 

156. Tlie Steamboat was the most important inven- 
tion made during this administration. The first person to 
make one was William Henry, before the Revolution. The 
poet Darwin had prophetically said, 

"Soon shall thy arm, unconqucrcd steam, afar 
Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car." 

A few years later James Ramsay built a vessel which 
reached a speetl of three miles an hour against the current 

of the Potomac. John Fitch 
built one whicli ran on the Dela- 
ware, and he predicted that steam- 
ships would one day cross the 
Atlantic. 

157. But the first steamboat 
constructed on the plan of those 
used at the present dav was built 
at New York by Bobei't Ful- 
ton in 1807. He provided hia 
rude boat with machinery, mostly 
of his own invention. When it 
was being built it was called 
ROBERT FULTON. " Fultou's Folly," aud every one 

laughed at the idea. Many persons gravely declared that, 




166 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




even if successful, steamboats would destroy the business 
of sloops, coaches, and stages; and that they would make 
the water in the rivers so muddy that all the fishes would 
die. Fulton bitterly wrote in his diary that during the 
construction of his boat no one had ever made to him a 
single encouraging remark about it. 

158. When the day of trial came, the boat left 

the pier, which was 
crowded with peo- 
ple. It moved a 
short distance and 
__ stopped. Hisses and 
^^ sneers came from 
^ the crowd. Fulton 



^^^^- went below, re - ad- 
"iiLToNs FOLLY." justcd thc machiu" 

ery, and again the vessel moved onward. Before it had gone 
a quarter of a mile doubters were convinced, and shouts of 
applause arose. The boat was named Clermont. It made 
the trip from New York to Albany, against wind and cur- 
rent, at the rate of five miles an hour. Showers of sparks 
flew from the smoke-stack; the noise of the paddles was 
great; and when it passed other vessels in the night their 
crews sometimes hid themselves below deck, and turned 
pale in fear of the monster! Such was the beginning of 
steam-navigation in our country and the world. 

159. Noah Webster was one of the truly great men 
of America. At the age of twenty-four he conceived the 
idea of preparing a series of books for use in American 
schools. Nothing of the kind had been attempt(Kl this side 
of the Atlantic, and in literary matters, aside from theolog- 
ical and political writings, the country was entirely depend- 
dent on England. 

As early as 1783 Webster published the American Spell- 
ing -Book, which immediately went into general use. He 
obtained a home copyright. This was the beginning of 
our copyright system. The history of this book is truly 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



167 




NOAH WEBSTER. 



wonderful. Though humble in form and modest in its 

pretensions, it has sustained a 
remarkable celebrity through all 
the changes in our history. It 
taught the art of spelling to 
whole generations of girls and 
boys; and to this day about a 
million copies are sold annually. 
Its total sales have been about 
eighty-live million copies. 

100. His Dictioihart/ was 
first published in an abridged 
form in 1806. At the close of 
the Revolution his friend, Dr. 
Goodrich, one of the professors 
of Yale College, suggested to Webster the compilation of 
a dictionary which would instruct the people in the pronun- 
ciation, orthography, and meaning of all the words in the 
language. The plan was seen to be very desirable in order 
that we might become a nation of one uniform language, 
as well as of one government; but the magnitude of the 
undertaking deterred him from attempting its execution. 
Finally he began; and his Unabridged Dictionary of the 
English Danguage is the rich result of his forty years of 
labor. It, with its later though powerful rival, ^Yorces- 
ter's Dictionary, has aided us in escaping diiferences in 
spelling and pronunciation, and in becoming a nation of 
one language. 

" The peasant of the Apennines drives his goats home at 
evening over hills that look down on six provinces, none of 
whose dialects he can speak. Here a journey of three thou- 
sand miles changes not the sound or meaning of a word." 
The book has gone wherever the language is spoken, and 
its mission is probably only just begun. 

161. The first Foreign Missionary Soeiety 
was formed in Williams College, at Williamstown, Massa- 
chusetts, in ISOO. A student named Samuel J. Mills met 



168 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

four of his fellow students in a grove for meditation and 
prayer. A thunderstorm arose and drove them to the shel- 
ter of a haystack. At this meeting the conversation turned 
to the moral condition of Asia, and the thought occurred 
to Mills that they might carry the gospel to the people in 
that ancient land. Four of them agreed to the suggestion, 
and they separated filled with the great idea. They talked 
with their fellow-students, formed a society, and sent dele- 
gates to other colleges to excite a similar spirit. Four 
years afterward, as the result of the haystack prayer-meet- 
ing, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions was formed. 

Mills and his companions went to Asia, and two of them 
died in the work they had undertaken. Before long the 
missionary spirit pervaded all classes of religious people. 
At the present time the American Board has five hundred 
and eighty-seven missions under its charge, in nearly all 
parts of the world. From them a knowledge of the gospel 
and the blessings of civilization are spreading through hea- 
thendom. 

162. The manners of societi/ at the capital were 
greatly changed when the Republicans came into power. 
Having opposed empty display, they now introduced severe 
simplicity. Jefferson abolished court* etiquette and every 
thing resembling it. This endeared him to the common 
people, and he tried hard to retain their favor. Instead 
of going to the Capitol in a coach- and - six, he rode to 
Congress on horseback, unattended. He hitched his horse 
to a post, and went to the chamber dressed in phiin clothes 
to make his address. He afterward did not do even this, 
but sent a " Message " to Congress by a secretary, as has 
been the custom ever since. He did away with the Presi- 
dcMitial levees, which were afterward re-established by 
Mrs. Madison; but on New Year's Day and the Fourth 
of .July he threw open his doors to all who chose to come. 
He refused to allow his birth-day to be celebrated, conceal- 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 169 

ing the date for that purpose. This simplicity at the capi- 
tal was felt throughout the nation. 

163. Party spirit was exceedingly bitter during this 
entire presidency. The Federalists sneered at his " level- 
ing system." The decided views of Jefferson made him 
many enemies. It was charged that his want of official 
dignity brought contempt upon the country. His wish to 
extend the right of voting excited the alarm of the Fed- 
eralists, who believed that suffrage should be carefully 
limited. Newspapers teemed with irritating editorials; 
and partisan journals descended to the vilest slander and 
abuse. 

Jefferson removed twenty-six Federalist officers, but it 
was not because they were opposed to him in politics. He 
declined to make an official tour. The legislatures of 
fourteen States requested him to run for a third term. 
The wisdom of much that he did has been questioned 
to the present day; but he went out of office with a 
treasury replenished, an army and navy reduced, the public 
debt diminished, and the sanction of the nation on his 
labors. He had the rare reward of seeing his popularity 
with his party greater on leaving office than it was on 
entering it. 

164. The leading issue in the presidential election 
was the question of war with England. Tlie Federalists 
opposed a declaration of war and the Republicans favored 
it; and the election-day was to decide whether the second 
war with Great Britain should have an existence. The 
Federalists nominated Charles C Pinckney. The Republi- 
cans named the intimate friend of Jefferson, James Madi- 
son, who was committed, though unwillingly, to the policy 
of no longer submitting to the wrongs from England 
against which we had been protesting for fifteen years. 
Pinckney received forty-eight electoral votes, and Madison 
one hundred and twenty-two. George Clinton was elected 
Vice-President. 

8 




170 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

CHAPTER VL 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1809 — 1817. 

165. Tlie new President had been a leading advo- 
cate of the Constitution, a senator from 
Virginia, and the Secretary of State 
during the whole of the previous admin- 
istration. He had laid up a great store 
of learning which he used with much 
skill; and he always exhausted the sub- 
ject upon which he wrote or spoke. His 
success was not so much owing to great 

JAMES MADISON. natural abilities as to strict accuracy and 
intense application. 

166. The Indians residing in the Indiana Territory 
had long shown signs of hostility toward the settlers on the 
frontier. They complained of the encroachments of white 
men, that their hunting grounds were taken without their 
consent, and that their tribes were forced by the govern- 
ment to deed away their lands for a trifling consideration. 
Injuries done by the chief, Tecumseh, and his followers, 
induced the government to send General "William Henry 
Harrison with a small force to obtain satisfaction or to fight. 
Having arrived at their principal town near the present city 
of Lafayette, he was met by a deputation of chiefs, and it 
was decided that no hostilities should be commenced before 
the next day, when a conference was to be held. 

167. In violation of this contract Harrison's camp was 
furiously attacked before daylight. The soldiers, fearing 
bad faith, had slept on their arms, and were prepared for 
resistance. A bloody battle was fought, mostly in the night. 
The Indians were defeated and scattered and their country 
was laid waste. This Sattle of Tippeeanoe broke up 
the confederacy of Tecumseh, and ended the apprehensions 
of an Indian war. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 171 

168. The difficulty with England continued to increase. 
The prospects of peace were very slight. British 
cruisers had ah-eady captured nine hundred American ves- 
sels for violation of her " Orders." Compromise was talked 
of, but it could never be arranged in a manner consistent 
with the supposed honor of the parties. George III, 
though very old, was still on the throne, and tlie Britisli 
ministry would not surrender their " ancient and well- 
established right" of search. On three separate occasions 
the opportunity of a peaceable settlement was wasted by 
listening to the suggestions of that very sensitive thing, 
national pride. The elections had plainly shown the drift 
of public sentiment, and the people clamored for war. 

1812. 

169. A pvoclamation of war was accordingly 
made, and General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was 
appointed commander-in-chief. The regular army was 
ordered to be increased from ten thousand to twenty-five 
thousand, and the President was authorized to call out the 
militia of the states to the number of one hundred thou- 
sand. Only five days after this declaration of war the 
British government, unaware of this hostile decree, repealed 
the famous Orders in Council, thus removing the imme- 
diate occasion of hostility. For a fourth time the govern- 
ment at Washington had missed the opportunity of peace, 
and the nation again entered into the whirlwind of war. 

170. The plan of operations was to garrison and 
defend the sea-board, and to attack and conquer Canada. 

171. The land operations of this year near the 
Canadian border resulted in total defeat and heavy loss to 
the Americans. 

173. The navy and the privateers were highly 
successful in defending the coast, making about three 
hundred captures of British merchantmen and men-of-war. 

173. The opposition of the Federal party to 
the prosecution, as well as the declaration, of war, was 



1T2 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

strongly felt. They said it was unconstitutional to call out 
the militia for offensive warfare, and greatly blamed the 
administration for not concluding peace on the basis of 
admitting the English right of search. Many even thought 
tlie offenses of England were not so great as those of 
France, and that the war was the result of party move- 
ments at home, rather than of injuries received from 
abroad. But Congress voted money and men, and the con- 
test went forward. The people supported the war policy 
by the re-election of Madison. 

1813, 

174. At the beginning of the year the American forces 
were divided into three aViilies — the Army of the AVest, 
under General Harrison; the Army of the Center, under 
General Dearborn; and the Army of the North, under Gen- 
eral Hampton. 

175. The Avint/ of the West was to recover Michi- 
gan, lost the year before. Having succeeded in this, it 
joined the forces of Dearborn. 

176. The Army of the Center directed every energy 
toward the invasion of Canada. Dearborn took several 
fortified places on the St. Lawrence and Niagara Rivers; 
but he soon withdrew his troops, and the British regained 
all they had lost, and made several raids into New York, 
plundering and burning. 

177. The Army of the N^ortll was ordered to join 
Dearborn in an expedition against Montreal. This it failed 
to do, and the campaign was abandoned. 

178. Engagements on lahe dlflil seci were frequent 
during the year. A severe naval battle on Lake Erie 
resulted in a complete victory for the Americans, which 
Commodore Perry announced to General Harrison in these 
short and modest words: " TFe have met the enemy and 
they are ours.'''' The sea - fights resulted in about equal 
success to the two navies. In one of these encounters the 
American captain, Lawrence, as he was being carried 



MADISON'S AD^IINISTRATION. 1T3 

below mortally wounded, uttered the words which have 
ever since been the motto of our navy: '•'•DouH give up 
the s/ii]).^'' 

179. Being angered by the injustice of some bad white 
men, and stirred up by Tecumseh, tJie Cveek Indians 
in Alabama made an assault upon the settlers, and 
butchered several hundred of them, including women and 
children. "Blood for blood ! " was the cry that arose at 
the news of this massacre. General Andrew Jackson was 
sent against the Indians. He cooped them up in the bend 
of a river, slew fifteen hundred warriors, and nearly 
exterminated the nation. 

1814, 

180. During this year the celebrated Savtfovd Con- 
vention was held. It was composed of leading Federal- 
ists, who thus convened to protest against the war, and to 
propose constitutional amendments respecting restrictions 
on commerce, the declaration of war, and the admission of 
new States. It first resolved that the President should 
serve but one term. The war party hastened to condemn 
the objects of this convention as treasonable, and it became 
the final step in the decline and downfall of the Federal 
Party. 

181. The plan of operations embraced tllVee cam- 
i?flif/ns — the northern, the central, and the southern. 

182. TJte Wot'theV7l^ under Generals Scott and Rip- 
ley, was along the Canadian borders. The Americans 
were successful in battles near Niagara Falls, and in a 
severe naval contest on Lake Champlain. 

183. The CentTCll was directed against an army 
recently arrived under General Ross and advancing against 
Washington. The city was taken without difficulty, and 
the capitol and most of the other public buildings were 
burned in retaliation for similar acts by the Americans. It 
was during one of the bombardments of this campaign 
that the Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis S. 



174 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Key, an American detained on the enemy's ships anrt an 
eye witness of " the rocket's re4 glare, the bomb bursting 
in air." 

184. The South evfi was laid at New Orleans. The 
bloody battle there fought by a newly arrived British army 
under General Packenham and the American forces under 
General Jackson, resulted in complete victory for the latter. 
Jackson's army was behind breastworks, and his loss was 
so small that it may be called "our tearless battle." The 
British loss was twenty-four hundred — the heaviest En- 
gland has ever sustained in America. It is interestingr to 
note that this battle was fought two weeks after the treaty 
of peace was signed, which was then crossing the Atlantic 
in a sailing vessel. Now it would be flashed under the 
ocean in an instant ! 

185. Proposals for peace had long been under 
discussion by commissioners of the two governments assem- 
bled at Ghent, in Belgium, and now that England's troubles 
with France were about ending with the overthrow of 
Napoleon, no motive existed for the continuation of the war. 

186. A treaty of peace was accordingly ratified, by 
which conquests were restored and matters placed as they 
had been before the war. The absurd treaty only signified 
that the two countries, having been at war, now agreed to 
be at peace. Not one of the questions about which all this 
blood was shed, was settled, or even mentioned. It was a 
struggle without results, and ended because of mutual 
weariness. In fact, a better treaty could have been secured 
before the war than after it. Then the British government 
was willing to disclaim any intention to commit arbitrary 
impressment, leaving the subject open for debate and set- 
tlement after the close of the war with France. 

The act of impressment was discontinued, but the right 
was not surrendered. The war was full of disaster to both 
countries, ruinous to American commerce, and extremely 
unpopvdar with larg(! numbers of tlie ])eople. 

187. On the return of peace the country was filled 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 

with joy. All parties looked forward to a time of pros- 
perity and growtli. Since the French and Indian War the 
country had had but little real peace. Exciting questions 
tending- toward war agitated the public .mind even when the 
musket and the cannon were not heard in the land. The 
thirty years since the Revolution were little more than a 
protracted armistice, and not till 1814 did we secure a 
permanent peace. 

188. The Third Census, taken in 1810, showed a 

population of over seven millions (7,239,881), of whom one 
million were slaves, 

189. The finances of the country, were in a deplorable 
condition when peace returned — no money in the treasury, a 
debt of one hundred and twenty millions, commerce ruined, 
and all kinds of industry depressed. Banks had stopped 
payments, coin was scarce, and there was no currency that 
commanded the public confidence. Bills, small notes, and 
tickets were issued by private banks, towns, and even single 
individuals. At length Congress was obliged to step in to 
bring order from all this monetary confusion. 

190. The charter of Hamilton's Wafidfial Bank had 
expired in 1811. Near the close of the administration 
another Bank was chartered for twenty years, with a capital 
of thirty-five millions. It began operations at Philadelphia, 
and, with its branches in other cities, supplied the people 
with paper money redeemable at all times with gold and 
silver. It performed all the financial business of the gov- 
ernment without charge, receiving as its compensation the 
use of the national deposits. 

191. In honor of Louis, the king of France, the French 
had given the name of Louisiana to the whole of their 
vast possessions in the valley of the Mississippi. Soon after 
the Louisiana Purchase the area now included in the State 
of Louisiana was organized into the Territory of Orleans. 
The rest of this vast acquisition was called the District of 
Louisiana. Numerous French settlements already existed 
in the Territory. The city of New Orleans was founded in 



176 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




SEAL OF INDIANA. 



1718, and remains to the present time a flourishing city with 
French peculiarities. Louisiana entered the Union in 18l!j. 

192. India^ia was first settled by Frenchmen at 

Vincennes. In 1800 
it was organized as 
the Indiana Territory. 
William Henry Har- 
rison, afterward Presi- 
dent of the United 
States, was the first 

governor. Like Ohio, it became involved in warfare with 
the Indians. It was admitted as a State in 1816 under a 
wise and liberal constitution. 

193. Timriigration into the United States steadily 
increased in times of peace. For the first twenty years 
after the Revolution the average foreign immigration was 
about six thousand annually. Then for about ten years, in 
consequence of the difficulties with England and France, 
it nearly ceased. But during the last year of Madison's 
term twenty thousand foreigners arrived. This seemed an 
immense number then. The pioneers penetrated the deep 
forests, planted settlements, and laid out towns. The fur 
trade led to the settlement of the northwest Territories. 
The whole country was about to witness a state of growth 
and activity. 

194. Several great names should be mentioned here. 
Among the orators noted for their eloquence were John 
Randolph of Virginia, and John C. Calhoun of South 
Carolina. Henry Clay of Kentucky made his first great 
speeches in Congress on public improvements and domestic 
manufactures. Daniel Webster first appeared in Congress 
in 1813. Josiah Quincy was celebrated for his legal attain- 
ments, and De Witt Clinton for his patriotism and perse- 
verance in securing internal improvements. Washington 
Allston was probably the greatest historical painter, and 
William E. Channing the greatest ethical writer, that 
America has produced. 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 177 

1'j5. Several literary men of ability flourished. 
Philip Freneau was the first ilmerican poet of note; Joel 
Barlow, the author of the Columbiad; William Wirt, the 
biographer; Charles Brockden Brown, the first American 
novelist; and John Marshall, the biographer of Washing- 
ton. For the half century ending in 1815, the literature of 
America is to be found chiefly in newspaper essays on 
political topics, some of them being of great ability; "but 
the editorial portions of the paper, and no small part of 
the communications consisted of declamatory calumnies 
expressed in a style of vulgar ferocity." The epithets, 
rogue, liar, and villain, were bandied about between editors 
without any thought of their coarseness. Yet the news- 
papers of that day had an influence on the minds of their 
readers far beyond that of much abler journals in after times. 

196. At this time ))l(Ulllfactnres had become impor- 
tant; but the power employed, except in operating saw- 
mills, was nearly entirely that of men and animals. Shops 
were small, and nowhere was a large force of hands employed 
It was not till the present century that the mode of manu- 
facturing was inaugurated by using the power of falling 
water. In 1813, Francis C Lowell was so strongly con- 
vinced of the practicability of cotton manufacture by water- 
power, that he put in operation at Waltham, near Boston, 
the first mill in the world that converted raw cotton into 
finished cloth. 

Years before this, spinning by machinery had been 
introduced into England by Arkwright, the power-loom for 
weaving cotton cloth by Cartwright, and calico-printing by 
Peel. These inventions were used by Lowell. His experi- 
ment was a success, and his example was followed by 
others. Gradually New England abatsidoned agriculture 
and engaged in commerce and manufacturing. When steam 
cairue to be used as a motive power, this movement was 
greatly hastened. 

197. The American Bible Society was founded 
in 1816, in the city pf New York, by sixty men of learning 

8* 



178 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

and philanthropy. The object was " to establish a geneial 
Bible Institution for the circulation of the Holy Scriptures 
without note or comment." Before the invention of print- 
ing, when the Bible was produced only by copyists, it was 
the most expensive book in the world. A single copy cost 
the entire wages of a laboring man for fifteen years. At 
the time of the Revolution the cheapest edition cost two 
dollars. At the present time the entire Scriptures can 
be had for twenty-five cents, and a Testament for five cents, 
so that the Bible has become the cheapest book in the 

world. 

The Society has had a career of unbroken prosperity. 
It has agencies in every part of the country and sends 
its books to every part of the world. It has distributed over 
50,000,000 copies of the Scriptures in eighty different 
languages and dialects — over 4,000 books every day. 
It publishes, in English, only the Authorized Version of 
1611. Its publishing house — called the Bible House — in 
New York City, is an imposing structure. 

198. The first Savhlf/S JBanU was established in 
Boston in the same year. The object was to collect by 
deposit the surplus earnings of poor and laboring people, 
though the banks were soon patronized by the rich. The 
funds were received in any amount, put at interest, and 
could be withdrawn by the depositors at any time. Every 
depositor, however poor, thus became a capitalist, for there 
is no caj^ital except the savings of labor. The plan was 
found to be a great promoter of industry and thrift among 
the people. Millions of dollars were thus saved for future 
use, that would otherwise have been squandered in idle 
pleasures or in unwise investment. Banks flourished and 
increased in numbers. There are now about eight hundred 
of them in the country, with about four million depositors 
and about one thousand million deposits. Recent failure 
of some of these banks lias occasioned much suffering and 
distrust. 

199. The American Colonisation Society was 



MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. l'?9 

also formed near the close of this presidency. Henry Clay 
was one of its presidents. Large tracts of land were 
obtained on the western coast of Africa, and inducements 
were held out for the emancipated slaves and free colored 
people of the United States to migrate thither, where they 
could have happy homes and free governments. 

The Southern States entered earnestly into the scheme, 
in order to clear their country of the free-born and eman- 
cipated colored people. It was proposed to build up a 
great community, which would send out its colonies along 
the coast and into the interior to civilize and enlighten 
Africa and to break up the foreign slave trade. 

It was a philanthropic, as well as a political, scheme, and, 
though Clay and other prominent men in Congress gave it 
their support, it was without much patronage from the gov- 
ernment, A republic, holding an honorable place among the 
nations, was thus built up with churches^ schools, and free 
institutions modeled after our own. Its capital was called 
Monrovia, in honor of President Monroe. After several 
years the philanthropic feeling of the country was diverted 
to other objects, and the scheme of colonization was aban- 
doned. The population of the colony in 1876 was about 
six hundred and twenty thousand. 

200. The attitude of ^>«rfie8 remained as in 
former years. For the last time as a distinct party the 
Federalists attempted to gain control of the government. 
Reduced to a hopeless minority by its support of the Alien 
and Sedition Laws, by division among its leaders, and by 
its opposition to the war, it had no chances of again rising 
into power. There was no issue before the country, except 
the strong desire of the party out of power to get in, and 
the party in power to stay in. 

201. The Republicans nominated as their candidates 
James Monroe, of Virginia, for the first, and Daniel D. 
Tompkins, of New York, for the second, place on their ticket. 
The Federalists despondingly named Rufus King, who 
received thirty -four electoral votes. The Republicans 




180 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 

swept the country, electing Monroe with one hundred and 
eighty-three votes. 

CHAPTER VII. 

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1S17—182S. 

202. The netv JPresideilt had been a Revolutionary 
officer, governor of Virginia, a foreign 
minister, and a member of Madison's cabi- 
inet. In politics he was a moderate Re- 
publican, and he carried out the general 
,^ policy of his predecessor. Like him he 
was more prudent and painstaking than 
-' brilliant. His integrity was proverbial. 
203. His administration was called the 
JAMES MONROE. ^^.^^ ^y. ^^^^^^^ feelin(f. Quietness in 

politics was a new thing in the country, and only existed 
now because one party was so strong as to have everything 
its own way. Monroe traveled in the eastern and northern 
States, visiting the military posts to become acquainted 
with the capacities of the country should fresh troubles 
arise. The old issue of war-time having passed away, there 
was but little politics in the country. The nation grew. 

204. The Seminole Indians in Georgia had 

become odious to the people of the South by providing an 
asylum for fugitive slaves, and by making hostile raids into 
the surrounding settlements. The chief cause of the com- 
plaint and campaign against them was the hope of getting 
their land for the use of white men. General Andrew 
Jackson followed them to their retreat, defeated them in 
several skirmishes, and destroyed their villages. He then 
proceeded to Pensacola, where some of the Indians had 
obtained provisions. On the plea that protection had thus 
been furnished them, Ik; took possession of the town and 
sent the Spanish garrison to Havana. 

This act of hostility toward a foreign and friendly power 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 

excited much unfavorable comment throvighout the country. 
The President and Congress justified the act, but ordered 
that the town should be given up whenever the Spanish 
should demand it. 

205. The acquisition of Florida resulted from 
this raid of Jackson. Seeing that the defense of the prov- 
ince would cost more than it was worth, the king of Spain 
proposed to cede it to the United States. It was accord- 
ingly bought for five million dollars. 

206. The National Debt was a subject that had 
engaged the attention of statesmen for many years. The 
payment of the principal was too remote for much consid- 
eration, but the question was how to I'aise a revenue to pay 
the annual interest. Direct taxation of the States was 
earnestly advocated; but this method was opposed and 
defeated, as being odious to the people. The discussion 
became violent and bitter. Many wise men believed it 
would result in the dissolution of the Union. 

At last John C. Calhoun, then a young congressman, 
introduced a petition signed by the merchants and planters 
of South Carolina for the passage of a bill providing a 
revenue by a high tariff on imported goods, protection to 
domestic industries, and the encouragement of home pro- 
duction. The plan was adopted in spite of the opposition 
of New England. 

207. Thus the so-called American Systein of 

Protection had its origin. Henry Clay became the chief 
advocate, and Daniel Webster the chief opponent, of the 
system in Congress. It has usually been favored by the 
eastern States, which are devoted to manufacturing, and 
opposed by the southern and western, which are chiefly 
agricultural. 

The tariff has always been a great subject of debate in 
Congress, and the arguments which bear upon it are very 
numerous and complicated. There has never been a ques- 
tion in the whole circle of American politics, upon which 
our statesmen, basing their opinions upon the same facts. 



182 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

and viewing it from the same standpoint of local interests, 
have arrived at such exactly opposite conclusions. 

In our history since I'ZSO, when the Hamilton Tariff was 
enacted, we have had ten general tariff laws. Of these, 
seven, extending over a period of sixty-three years, have 
been drawn for protection to home industries ; three, ex- 
tending over forty-five years, have been drawn chiefly for 
revenue. We have never had, and no party has ever de- 
manded, entire free-trade. 

'308. Within a few years after the system of protection 
went into operation, public sentiment was completely 
reversed. New England ceased to oppose the tariff, and 
became its strongest advocate, while the South regarded 
herself as the originator of a system which had become 
the source of all her calamity. The cause of this 
chciilffe is one of the curious things in our political 
history. 

New England was a commercial section, and had grown 
rich in carrying cotton to England to be manufactured and 
in bringing back the manufactured articles. The South 
conceived the idea of cutting off this profitable business 
by building up manufactories of her own, under the pro- 
tection of a high tariff. The carrying trade was ruined, 
and for a time business was stagnant in New England. 

But the people were led to the reflection that if tho 
South could prosper by building manufactories, they could 
also. They A^ery soon found it moi-e profitable to manufac- 
ture southern cotton than to carry it to England. Slave 
labor could not compete with the skill and enterprise of 
New England, and the southern cotton -mills soon fell into 
the hands of those for w^hose ruin they had been intended. 
To use a homely saying, " The slaveholder shook the tree 
and the Yankee caught the api)les." 

209. The fever for internal iniproveinents 

overto(jk the country in 1817. The country was growing 
fast, and there was a general desire to hasten its develop- 
ment. This feeling pervadetl every branch of the govern- 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 18S 

ment. People desired to have canals cut every where, 
and to have the States traversed by great roads. All this 
was to be done at government expense. President Monroe 
admitted the desirability of these improvements, but 
opposed the scheme as being unconstitutional. The States 
finally undertook the work of improvement. Surveys were 
made and state roads were laid out in all directions. The 
people were determined to have better means of travel and 
transportation. 

210. One of the most important of these public works 
was the Erie Cental , joining the waters of the Great 
Lakes and those of the Hudson River. It was first pro- 
posed by Jesse Hawley, and was carried into execution by 
the State of New York, under the influence of its great and 
progressive governor, De Witt Clinton. For half a century 
it has been a channel for the commerce between the East 
and the West. 

211. The National Hoad, leading from Cumber- 
land, Maryland, to St. Louis, Missouri, was planned at this 
time. When Oliio came into the Union one of the condi- 
tions was that the government should build a road across 
the mountains, to connect the State with the Atlantic bor- 
der. Part of it was macadamized, part was graveled, part 
was planked, and part was only graded. Before it was 
finished, other and better means of inland transportation 
were in use, and the government refused further appropria- 
tions. It became the property of the States in which it 
lay, and afterward of private companies. It was projected 
to St. Louis, laid out to Vandalia, Illinois, graded to Plain- 
field, Indiana, and completed to Indianapolis. It is still 
maintained in admirable order. 

212. Ocean steam navif/ation was first attempted 

in 1819. A company of merchants of Savannah built an 
ocean steamer in the city of New York. When completed, 
passengers were advertised for, but none applied. The 
vessel made a trip to Liverpool in thirty-one days, using 
pitch-pine as fuel. Twenty years more elapsed before the 



184 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




SEAL OF MISSISSIPPI. 



first regular line of steamers — the Cunard — crossed the 
Atlantic. At present over two hundred steamers regu- 
larly sail from American to European ports. 

213. The Fourth Census , taken in 1820, showed 
a population of nine and a half millions (9,633,822). 

214. In 1800 Georgia ceded to the United States its 

claim to the country 
west of it, including 
the present States of 

•>^ Mississippi and 
Alahania, It was 

-vKt -^ organized into the Ter- 
ritory of Mississippi. 
It remained under this 
form of government till 1817, when it was divided, and the 
western part entered the Union as the State of Missis- 
sippi. Two years later 
the Alabama Territory 
sought and obtained 
admission as a State. 

215. The first white 
men to see Ulinoid 
^^^- were French explorers, 
and the first settlement 
was made by French traders and missionaries at Kaskaskia, 
in 1682. The deposits of lead at Galena were known and 
worked while it was a French province. In 1818 it was 
^^.^^te^ admitted as a State. 

^-^"^ -:^ ^^ ^^ Its rich agricultural 

lands quickly attract- 
ed a large population. 
It took a promiiient 
part in the construc- 
tion of railroads, and 
has more miles in 
operation than any other State in the Union. The rapid 
growth of Chicago is one of the miracles of the age. 




SEAL OF ALABAMA. 




SEAL OF ILLINOIS. 



MONUO£J 'S ADMINISTRATION. 



185 




SEAL OP MAINE. 



216. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 

1820, when it was 
^'^^r- i^ admitted as a State. 



Settlement was slow 
and confined to the 
southern part and 
-^ the coast. 
— ^ 217. The ques- 
tion of slavery 

had long claimed 
the attention of Congress and the country, and had now 
become the chief topic of debate. The northern and the 
southern sections of the country alternately acquired a State, 
and thus the balance of jDolitical power was preserved. 
When the Constitution was formed it was supposed that 
slavery would soon die out, and that the main source of 
dispute would be jealousy between the large States and 
the small ones. This was a great mistake. The hostility 
that arose was a sectional one, between the free and the 
slave Slates. 
218. When a bill for the admission of Missouri 

came before Congress a long and memorable debate arose. 
The members from the South denied that Congress had a 
right to control the institutions of individual States, and 
\irged that each State should decide for itself whether 
slavery should or should not exist within its borders. The 
members from the North opposed on moral, economic, and 
political grounds, the admission of another slave State into 
the Union. 

All the States previously admitted, except Louisiana, had 
been composed of territory which the original thirteen had 
ceded to the general government; and it was agreed by all 
sections that new States seeking admission should have 
institutions similar to those States to which they had origi- 
nally belonged. The territory of Missouri was a part of 
the Louisiana Purchase; and hence the question of the 
extension of slavery did not come prominently before 



186 



THE MODEL BISTORT. 




HENKT CLAY. 



Congress or the people till the year 1821. The country 
was now intensely agitated. The aged Jefferson said: 

" From the battle of Bunker Hill 
to the treaty of Paris, we never 
had so ominous a question." 
210. The 3Iissoifri Com- 

JiVOltlise brought, for the time, 
an eiul to this angry dispute. 
The bill, introduced by Jesse B. 
Thomas,of Illinois, and sujjported 
by Henry Clay, provided that 
Missouri be admitted as a slave 
State. Slavery was to be pro- 
hibited in all territory west of 
the Mississippi River and north 
of 36° 30' north latitude; the territory south of that line 
being open to freedom or slavery, as the people residing in 

it should decide. It 
was a political scheme 
to preserve the bal- 
ance of power. The 
bill became a law; and 
the Compromise was 
observed by both sec- 
tions for thirty years. 
Ft is one of the great landmarks of American history. 

220. Tlie re-election of Monroe and Tompkins 

was {juietly effected at a time when new issues had not 
come forward to take the place of those which had been 
settled by the lapse of time and the course of events. 
Party strife seemed to subside. In reality Monroe had no 
opponents; and he received every electoral vote but one, 
and that was cast by Plumer, of New Hampshire, for John 
Q. Adams, (m the groiuul that it was dangerous to give a 
unanimous vote. A large meeting was held in Philadelphia 
to take measures for j)utting in the field an Anti- Slavery 
ticket; but this was not done. 




SEAL OF MISSOURI. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 187 

231. In his annual message to Congress the President 
proclaimed the so-called MoHVOe Doctrine. The 

republics in South America had long been struggling with 
Spain for their independence; and the people of the United 
States desired to recognize them as sovereign nations. 
The President declared that " the American continents are 
not to be considered as subject for future colonization by 
any European powers." He said that " any attempt by 
European powers to control their destiny would be the 
manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
United States." He declared the true American policy to 
be, " neither to entangle ourselves in the broils of Europe, 
nor permit the powers of the Old World to interfere with 
the aifairs of the New." 

This novel idea was equivalent to saying that the United 
States forbid the nations of Europe to acquire territory 
this side of the Atlantic. Though seemingly a very 
haughty pretension, it has ever since, in a modified form, 
been the settled policy of the government. 

223. The education of the Deaf arid Dumb 

received the attention of Congress during this administra- 
tion. Mr. Cogswell, of Hartford, having a daughter who 
was deaf and dumb, proposed to found a school for tlie 
education of those similarly unfortunate. Rev. T. H. Gal- 
laudet was sent to Europe to learn the manner of teaching 
in such institutions there. On his return the school was 
opened at Hartford in 1817, with seven pupils. Within a 
year there were thirty-three, and Congress donated a town- 
ship of land, expecting that one school would be sufficient 
for the entire country. This was soon found to be a nns- 
take, and before many years had passed away every State 
in the Union had made provision for the care and education 
of its deaf and dumb. The instruction appeals chiefly to 
the eye, and extends through a period of seven years. 

223. The American Sundatj School Union 

was formed in 1824. An Englishman named Robert Raikes 
was the originator of Sunday Schools. During the Revo- 



188 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

lutionary war he collected poor children on Sunday after, 
noons, and gave them religious instruction. Such schools 
became very numerous in this country. The first Sunday 
school of the United States vpas held in Hanover County, 
Virginia, by Bishop Asbury, in 1786, at the house of Thomas 
CrenshavF. 

Progress in Sunday schools vv^as very slow till about the 
year 1830. Finally it was seen that they would be useful 
to the children of the middle and upper classes as well as 
to the poor, and they were started in nearly every city. At 
first the exercises consisted in repeating Scriptural texts 
and singing hymns. The object of the union was to publish 
question-books, to organize schools in destitute places, and 
to advance the knowledge of the Scriptures among the 
people. From these beginnings have arisen all the Sunday- 
schools of the land. Before 1872 each school chose its owh. 
lesson, but since that time a uniform series of lessons has 
gone into use over the world. In 1890 there were about 
100,000 schools and 10,000,000 teachers and pupils. 

224. At the invitation of Congress, General Lafay- 
ette re -visited this country, near the close of Monroe's 
administration. He was now an old man, near the end of a 
career full of important and stirring events. Nearly half 
a century had elapsed since he aided in the Revolutionary 
struggle; but the people well remembered the services of 
the generous Frenchman. From the moment of his arrival 
he became the nation's guest, and wherever he went he was 
received with the utmost respect and affection. Every- 
where the cry was, " Welcome ! welcome ! thrice welcome, 
Lafayette ! " 

He received a public reception at New York, and then 
passed through the various states, being present at tlie 
founding of the Bunker Hill monument, participating in 
the ceremonies on the Fourth of July at the fiftieth anni- 
versary of independence, and visiting the tomb of Wash- 
ington. The Government voted him $200,000, and a 
township of land, which he located in Florida, He spent 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 189 

over a year in the country, " encompassed," as he said, " in 
an unexpected whirlwind of popular kindnesses," and he 
was sent back to his country in a frigate — the Brandy wine 
— built expressly for this service. 

225. The ^^ olden tlities^' were fast passing away. 
Monroe was the last of the Revolutionary statesmen, and 
great changes were constantly occurring. The time is 
within the memory of men still living, when the Mississippi 
valley had no markets and no good roads. Live stock was 
driven over the mountains to market at Baltimore, and 
grain was laboriously conveyed in huge wagons, with two, 
four, or six-horse bell-teams, over almost impassable roads, 
and in the middle of winter. 

A whole neighborhood near the river would join together, 
build a raft, and float their entire produce — corn, vv^heat, 
pork, feathers, ginseng, Indian turnips, and whisky — to the 
New Orleans market, and afterward spend a month in 
walking home again. " Many of the words most familiar to 
our grandfathers, such as chimney-lug, hominy-block, hunt- 
ing-shirt, spinning-wheel, bee-coursing, log-rolling, and 
latch-string, have become obsolete, or else are used only in 
a figurative sense." 

226. The f/7'OWth of the West surpassed any thing 
known before. Along the National Road an endless stream 
of pioneers poured over the mountains into the Ohio and 
Mississippi valleys. The cry was " Westward, ho ! " In 
1800, St. Louis was a collection of log cabins, containing 
Creoles, Indians, half-breeds, boatmen, and Yankee traders; 
Cincinnati was a little settlement, protected by stockades; 
and Chicago was a few shanties on a wet prairie. Now all 
this was changing, and on rafts and flat-boats great numbers 
floated down the Ohio River, with their household goods 
and live stock, to settle the wild but fertile frontier, and to 
convert it into the busy homes of men. 

227. Near the close of this presidency, three questions — 
^he national bank, the tariff, and the extension of slavery 

»-began to assert themselves as the issues then coming 



190 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

to the front. But the new party lines were not yet clearly 
drawn, and the election was more a choice of men than of 
political measures. 

328. Up to this time, the Presidential candi- 

d/Utes had been determined in caucuses held at Washing- 
ton by members of Congress. After this they were selected 
by a national convention of delegates, chosen by the people. 
On this occasion, four well-matched rivals entered the field, 
— Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and 
William H. Crawford. These men all occupied prominent 
positions under the Government, and they all claimed to be 
Republicans. As had been clearly foreseen, no one of them 
received a majority of all the electoral votes cast. The 
House of Representatives, therefore, for the second and last 
time in our history, was called upon to elect a President. 
Tiie friends of Clay and Adams united and elected the latter, 
though Jackson had received the highest number of both 
popular and electoral ballots. The electoral vote had already 
chosen John C. Calhoun, as Vice-President. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

1825—1829, 

229. The neiv I^vesident was a son of John Adams. 
He was a scholar, an orator, a diplomatist, 
and a model statesman. He had served 
as a, Senator, and as minister to Berlin 
and St. Petersburg. He had helped to 
conclude the treaty of Ghent, and had 
served as Secretary of State under Mon- 
roe. Though receiving the best early 
advantages, and having great ability and 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, a staiuless reputation, he was never a 

popular Presidontf H« had a majority against him in both 

Houses, 




ADAMS'S administration: 191 

He wished to be considered the republican successor of 
Monroe, and tried to strengthen himself by assuming the 
championship of internal improvements and protection to 
domestic industry. He spent the last seventeen years of 
his life in Congress, v^^here he became the leader of that 
small but determined band who regarded slavery as both a 
moral and a political evil. He was familiarly known as 
"the" old man eloquent." 

230. Several Indian treaties were made during this 
and the two following administrations, by which the tribes 
exchanged their lands east of the Mississippi for territory 
west of that stream. These treaties were usually made 
with a few chiefs, who did not represent the wishes or the 
interests of their tribes. 

Though the Indians received annuities for a certain 
number of years, they were in reality forced to aljandon 
the soil upon which the advancing settlements of white men 
were encroaching. Some of these tribes were civilized and 
had printed laws, farms, and schools. When about to be 
sent into exile by military force, they exhibited the deepest 
dejection of miad and a most pathetic consciousness of 
their wrongs. This method of extinguishing Indian titles 
was assailed as unjust and inhuman. 

231. Since 1816, the attention of Congress was directed, 
from time to time, to the protective tariff. As yet 
the system had been carried no further than to a small pro- 
tective tax on coarse cotton cloths. Since the close of the 
last war, manufactures had increased greatly, especially in 
New England and the Middle states; but, owing to the 
cheaper labor in Europe, goods from that continent could 
be sold in our markets at a lower price than American pro- 
ductions. To enable the latter to compete with the English 
goods, it was thought necessary to raise the price of the 
foreign articles by placing a high import tax upon them. 

232. The argument was made that this would bring 
new and extensive manufacturing establishments into exist- 
ence, build up home industries, give employment to more 



192 THE MODEL HISTORT. 

laborers, create a home market for agricultural product^ 
prevent our money from flowing to foreign countries, greatly 
increase the public revenue, and bring general and immedi- 
ate prosperity. 

On the other hand, it was argued that this tax would, in 
reality, be paid by our own people, and not by the foreign 
nation; that, by raising prices, the manufacturers alone 
would be benefited, and the consumers — who are the mass 
of the people — would be injured; that it would diminish the 
exportation of our goods; that the country was not prepared 
for the forced establishment of manufactures, on account of 
the high price of 4abor; that it would really lessen, instead 
of increase, the revenue; and that it was legislation in favor 
of one section and opposed to all others. 

In those days, such phrases as, "clogging the wheels of 
trade," " diversifying our occupations," " protection to indus- 
try," and "the pauper labor of Europe," were very common. 

233. The VesllJt of all this discussion in Congress and 
among the people was, that in 1828 the President and his 
party secured the passage of a bill — called by its enemies 
the Bill of Abominations — providing for a high protective 
tariff on cotton, woolen, and silken fabrics, and on goods 
made of iron, lead, and hemp. The duty on these was 
placed at an average of thirty -eight per cent, of their value. 
The law was commended in the manufacturing North, and 
condemned in the agricultural South. 

234. In the early part of this administration, an, (inti- 
Masonic excitement broke out in the country. Free- 
Masonry, an old and secret fraternity in Europe, originated 
by architects and builders, found its way to America in 
1730. Lodges had been formed in many parts of the 
country. A man named William Morgan, residing in 
western New York, having threatened to expose the secrets 
of the order, suddenly disappeared, and was not heard of 
again. It was suspected that the Masons had abducted and 
murdered him; and the report of an investigating commit- 
tee, appointed by the New York Legislature, confirmed 



ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 

the suspicion. Though the charge was never proved, a 
great outcry was made against tlie fraternity, and a party 
was formed with the object of suppressing Masonry as 
dangerous to freedom and society. The excitement thus 
became a political issue, and many prqminent men were 
involved in the controversy. The anti - Masonic party 
acquired great power in several states, bringing forward 
candidates and carrying the elections. It was many years 
before the excitement passed away. 

235. For the first forty years after the adoption of the 
Constitution, the vast power of dismissal from office which 
was conferred on the President, was sparingly used. It 
was exercised only to prevent the public from suffering 
through faithless or incompetent officials, and not to gratify 
party or personal ambitions. In conducting the Civil 
service f Washington dismissed nine officers, and Adams, 
ten. Jefferson adopted as his test, respecting applicants 
for office, these queries: "Is he honest? Is he capable?'' 
He found the offices filled by Federalists, yet he removed 
but twenty -six during his term, twelve of whom were 
judges appointed by Adams on the very eve of his retire- 
ment, and called in derision, "the midnight judiciary." 

Madison removed eight, and Monroe, nine. J. Q. Adams 
dismissed but two, and declared his resolution to remove no 
man on account of his opinions, saying, "If I can not 
administer the government on these principles, I am con- 
tent to go back to Quincy." In those days, office-seekers 
did not speak of their " claims," and the civil service was 
removed from the accidents of politics by making the 
tenure of office depend upon a faithful and competent per- 
formance of duty, and not upon the triumph of parties. 

336. Invention became a necessity to the people, 
from a lack of hands to do the labor. They could not wait 
till population sufficiently increased. The growth of wealth 
was found to depend far more upon labor-saving machinery 
than upon increase of population. An invention that greatly 
stimulated agriculture was the cast - iron plow, by Jethro 
9 



194 



THE MODEL U I STORY. 



Wood, in 1814. Previously the plow had a simple wooden 
share, plated with iron. 

237. The imjyvoiJenients in land travel did not 

keep pace with the means of water communication. Steam- 
boats had increased rapidly in numbers on rivers and lakes 
from the time of Fulton's success; but there had been no 
application of the steam engine to land travel. Inventors 
seemed slow in putting the idea into practice. 

238. The first railroads were at mines. It was 
so much labor to draw carts of coal from the mines to the 
market that some one suggested planked roads with wooden 
rails. These were called tramways. The first road of that 
kind in this country was built in 1826 by Gridley Bryant. 
It was only four miles long, reaching from the stone quarries 
at Quincy, Massachusetts, to the tide-water. The cars were 
drawn by horses, and the wooden rails were strapped with 
flat iron. 

239. For many years, ingenious men had been making 

exjyerinients on the locomotive. They tried to 
make one with wheels ; they tried to make one with legs 
like a horse. Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, invented a 
steam road engine ; but he was ridiculed, and his project 
was deemed a very wild one. Richard Trevithick, in 
England, made the first successful locomotive; but the man 
who first made land traveling by steam possible was the 
English collier, George Stephenson. 

240. Soon afterward, we introduced locomotives in 
A.nierica, The train was expected to make a speed of 




THE FIRST RAILROAD TRAIN. 



fourteen miles an hour, and was regarded as a great curi- 
osity. Many people said the engine would never be able 
to draw the weight of the train, but its wheels would spin 



ADAMS'S ADMtNlSTRATIOK. 195 

round and round on the rails; others said that, even if 
successful, it would injure the country by rendering wagons 
and coaches useless; others, that it would destroy the value 
of farming land near the road, by frightening the draft 
animals so that the soil could not be cultivated ! None of 
these calamities followed. 

The first true railroad in this country was the Baltimore 
and Ohio, begun in 1828. The railroad fever immediately 
took possession of the popular fancy; and there has been 
little abatement of this feeling to the present time, when 
there are 155,000 miles of road in this country, and 350,000 
miles in the world. 

241. On July 4, 1826, a Sti'ikinff event occurred. 
On this fiftieth anniversary of indejDendence, John Adams 
and Thomas Jefferson both died. The many coincidences 
of their lives were completed in this remarkable coincidence 
of their deaths. It struck the people mth awe and aston- 
ishment. They had now grown old, and their political 
differences had been many years forgotten. They spent 
much time in writing each other friendly letters. The day 
was being celebrated in the village where Adams lived, 
and he sent the toast, " Independence forever." As he 
lay dying at sunset, the watchers could hear the shout of the 
people as they received the old man's message. Thus there 
was sorrow, as well as joy, on this semi-centennial day. 
Ex-Prcsident Monroe died on the same day a few years 
later, and again sadness was mingled with the celebra- 
tion. 

242. TJie American Tract Society was formed 

in 1825 by a couple of gentlemen in New York. Its 
object was to print and distribute cheap books and tracts 
of a moral and religious character. Since that time its 
average annual publications have been half a million vol- 
umes and ten million tracts. In 1874, seventy million 
pages of matter were gratuitously distributed. Its publi- 
cations are printed in one hundred and forty-three diiferent 
languages, and are sent to nearly all parts of the earth. 



196 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

243. In 1828, the Anncricafi Peace Society was 

formed at New York by a number of humane reformers, 
headed by William Ladd, of Maine, who has been called 
the Apostle of Peace. Fourteen years before this. Rev, 
Noah Worcester, of Massachusetts, appeared as one of the 
first advocates of the cause of peace, on moral grounds, in 
this or any other country. His volume. Serious Review of 
the Custom of War, produced a deep impression on many 
thoughtful minds, and many peace societies sprang up in 
New England. Mr. Ladd wrote and lectured in advocacy 
of the reform, and edited the Harbinger of Peace. He 
secured promises from clergymen to preach a sermon at 
least once a year in the interests of the cause. 

The society proposed that a congress of nations should 
be convened to arrange a code of international law, by 
which every difficulty and question of right between nations 
could be settled without resort to war. This code was to 
be administered by a high court of nations, composed of a 
few men from all civilized countries. A scheme similar to 
this was originally proposed by William Penn, as early as 
1693; but it was lost sight of till revived by Mr. Ladd. 
The plan was pronounced practicable by leading reformers 
in Europe and America. In its support the world's peace 
convention assembled at London in 1843, and again in Paris 
in 1849. 

244. It is interesting to note the changes in doiues- 
tic life. Some time before this, the people learned how 
to use coal as fuel, and gas was introduced into Boston. 
Percussion locks took the place of the old fiint-locks in 
muskets. India-rubber began to be used for overshoes and 
other useful articles. A new vegetable, the tomato, formerly 
cultivated as a curiosity, and called the love-apple, was spar- 
ingly eaten. People began to throw away the old tinder- 
box with flint and steel, and to use friction matches — then 
called lucifers or loco-focos — when they desired to make a 
fire or light a candle. Steel pens came into use about this 
time, and were worth twenty-five cents each. Gold pens, 



ADAMS'S ADMINtSTRATION. 197 

letter envelopes, and postage stamps were not in use till 
about 1844. 

245. These four quiet years gave opportunity for atten- 
tion to the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and 
manufacturing; yet the bitterest feeling toward the faction 
in power continued throughout AdaniS^S adniinis- 
tration. The friends of Jackson and Crawford were very 
indignant at what they called "the base coalition" between 
Adams and Clay, and they organized a determined oppo- 
sition both to his administration and re-election, even before 
he was inaugurated. The cry of extravagance was made, 
though the public expenses scarcely amounted to $13,000,000 
a year. Not so much from disapproval of his policy as from 
hatred of the man, every measure of his administration was 
doomed even before it was developed. Though he was so 
revengefull}^ assailed, we have, perhaps, never had a purer or 
more economical administration than that of J. Q. Adams. 
He left to the nation a greatly diminished debt and a legacy 
of unexampled prosperity. 

246. Early in this administration the question arose, 

WJio shall he the next President ? Up to this 

time the Chief Executive had been a resident of Massa- 
chusetts or Virginia. Originally settled by different people, 
— the Puritans and the Cavaliers, — these sections were still 
far from being alike. The former was manufacturing and 
commercial, fostering schools, loving political equality, 
abolishing slave labor, advocating a strong federal govern- 
ment. The latter was agricultural, the population being 
scattered, education not being generally diffused, politics 
tending to "state rights," slave labor forming a landed 
aristocracy. The West had now grown into importance, 
and it began to be seen tliat the next President would 
come from the new country beyond the mountains. 

247. As usual, the campaign was a heated one. So 
violent was party strife during the contest that the country 
seemed on the verge of civil war. Adams, supported by 
Clay and his faction, became the candidate of the East, as 



198 THE MODEL mSTORT. 

had been well understood for the last four years. "The 
hero of New Orleans" again became the candidate of the 
South and the West. Adams received eighty-three elec- 
toral votes; and Jackson and Calhoun achieved an easy 
victory with one hundred and seventy-eight. The excite- 
ment immediately abated, and public attention turned to 
other subjects. 

CHAPTER IX. 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1829 — 1837. 

248. The fiew President was a man of strong will 
and great energy. His mind was power- 
ful but unpolished, and his integrity 
undoubted. He did what he thought 
was right, without asking who would be 
displeased. He was familiarly called 
Old Hickory. Perhaps we have never 
had a President who was so heartily 
hated and so heartily loved. He had a 

ANDREW JACKSON, stormy and adventurous career — the 
exact opposite of Adams's. His love of country was a 
master passion. He was a military hero; and his availa- 
bility as a presidential candidate was due chiefly to his 
military successes. 

249. Among his first official acts was the fe-orffdn- 

iiiation of the civil service. Adopting the cry, "to 

the victors belong the spoils," and believing that public 
affairs would be best managed by those of the same political 
views, he removed from office many of those opposed to 
him, and appointed his supporters to the places thus vacated. 
He went into office pledged to reward his friends and punish 
his enemies. Thousands of applicants for office thronged 
the capital and clamored all over the country. Heretofore 
it had been the custom in cases of removal, to furnish the 
officer with a copy of the charges against him, and to listen 




JACKSOJ^f'S ADMINISTRATION. 199 

to his defense; now persons were dismissed not only with- 
out trial, but without charges. 

When Jackson came into the Presidency, he did not find 
many persons belonging to his party in office. During his 
eight years he removed six hundred and ninety officials — 
more than ten times as many as during the entire previous 
history of the government ; and yet, among the thousands 
of removable officers, he never had a majority on his side. 
His course created a storm of abuse, but it was steadily 
persevered in, and his example has been followed to some 
extent by all our later Presidents. Van Buren, during the 
trying times of his presidency, held the party together by 
official patronage; and Tyler, with an eye to re-election, 
undertook to steer a middle course between Whigs and 
Democrats, distributing appointments right and left to 
strengthen his chances. 

250. The National BanJc has been already men- 
tioned. As its charter was about to expire, the question 
of its renewal came before Congress. The President took 
strong grounds against this proposal, believing that such a 
gigantic moneyed corporation was not safe in a republic. It 
was asserted that Nicholas Biddle, its president, had boasted 
that he could make war or peace, and that no man could be 
elected President or Governor without his consent. On the 
other hand, the benefits of the reliable and uniform currency 
which it provided, were undeniable. The bill to re-charter 
the Bank passed Congress. Jackson vetoed it ; and, as 
Congress did not pass it over his veto, the charter was not 
re-issued. The excitement was great; and the press, large 
numbers of his friends, and nearly all his cabinet officers, 
deserted him. But the people sustained him. 

251. The OJfCratlon of the tariff was not so satis- 
factory as had been expected. It was found that the 
manufacturers were enriched, since the price of their goods 
was increased. The government was enriched, since the 
tax on imported articles went into its treasury. The 
factory-laborers were enriched, since their employers were 



200 



THE MODEL BI8T0BY. 




able to pay them better wages. But the mass of the people 
;v^ere obliged to pay more for their goods than before. 

253. From this cause discontent in the South had 
been arising for several years. It is a strange fact that the 
first protective tariff law in 1816 had been proposed and 

supported by the very man and 
the very state that now led the 
opposition to protection — John 
C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 

Now the South said to Con- 
gress: "We have tried protection 
for fourteen years, and find it 
does us no good in Virginia and 
( 'arolina. We do not sell our 
cotton at any better price on 
account of it; and when we wish 
to buy cloth or shoes, we pay 
high for the American article. 
Beside, the foreign goods which 
we could buy cheap but for this odious tax, are better than the 
American goods, which are dear. If Massachusetts, which 
makes cloth and shoes, and Pennsylvania, which produces 
iron, want a protective tariff, let them have it; but give us 
free-trade, or a tariff for revenue only." 

253. During the agitation of this subject, a noted 
dehnte arose in the Senate. In a discussion about the 
disposal of the public lands, Robert Y. Hayne, a brilliant 
orator from South Carolina, affirmed in an elaborate speech 
that any state had the right to declare null and void any 
act of Congress which it should consider unconstitutional. 
He plainly asserted that the Union was a compact of states, 
from which any of them could withdraw at pleasure. This 
idea had never before been publicly expressed. 

Daniel Webster replied in a very eloquent speech, deny- 
ing the right of secession, arguing that the Constitution 
was the work of the people as a nation, ana not as separate 
states, and asserting that secession was treason, and that 



J. 0. CALHOUN. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



201 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 



differences between the government and states were to be 
settled by the Supreme Court. 
Thirty years afterward, this ques- 
tion came up again, to be decided 
by one of the bloodiest wars in all 
history. 

254. At a free-trade con- 

lietltioil in South Carolina it was 
declared that the tariif was injuring 
the agricultural interests of the 
South; that Congress had usurped 
a power not granted in the Con- 
stitution, in legislating in the 
interests of a particular class; that the tax was "null and 
void;" that no more duties should be paid on imported 
goods; and that, if the government should attempt collec- 
tion, the state would secede from the Union. Calhoun, 
having resigned the Vice - Presidency, was placed at the 
head of the movement, and medals were struck, bearing 
the inscription, "John C. Calhoun, First President of the 
Southern Confederacy." 

255. All this was called nullificflfion. The Con- 
gressmen from South Carolina boldly threatened secession, 
and the Legislature called for twelve thousand volunteers 
to fight the United States. When President Jackson read 
this news, he leaped from his seat, exclaiming: " The Union ! 
It must and shall he preserved ! Send for General Scott .'" 
He issued a proclamation, announcing his determination to 
enforce the laws, and declaring these acts to be treasonable, 
and that " to say that any state may at pleasure secede from 
the Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation." 
Bloodshed was happily avoided. Congress soon passed 
the compromise bill of Henry Clay, providing for the gradual 
reduction of the odious duties, and limiting the existence 
of the protective tariff to ten years. This was the last 
tliat was heard of nullification and secession during that 
generation. 
9* 



202 THE MODEL UISTORT. 

256. The re-election of JacUson was not accom- 
plished without the greatest opposition. His rivals were 
Henry Clay, a man of the greatest ability, and William 
Wirt, the anti - Masonic candidate. Jackson's veto of the 
Bank and Public Improvement bills created a strong party 
against him, but he was re-elected over Clay by an electoral 
vote of nearly five to one. Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, became Vice-President. Jackson was lauded by his 
friends as a second Washington. His re-election was 
bewailed by his enemies as a public calamity, greater than 
war, famine, and pestilence combined. 

257. After his re-election the President ordered the 
removal of the Govemnieut deposits from the 

National to the state banks. He had no law for such a 
course, but believing himself to be in the right, he did not 
hesitate. If Jackson had declared himself a military dic- 
tator for life, there could scarcely have been a greater 
uproar. He believed that the money was being used for 
two irregular purposes — to effect his own overthrow, and 
to create an injurious spirit of speculation. 

When the ten millions of public funds were deposited in 
the state banks — called "pet banks" — matters were not 
much improved. The removal caused the failure of the 
National Bank, and brought on much financial distress. It 
became easy, from the abundance of money, for any one to 
borrow. Wild speculation followed, especially in western 
land. New cities were laid out in forests and on prairies, 
and fabulous prices were paid for building-lots which existed 
only on paper. Every one had some scheme for making a 
fortune. The evil results of this were severely felt during 
the next administration. 

As yet the country was so prosperous that the national 
debt was extinguished, and a surplus revenue had accumu- 
lated. It is a singular fact in our history that 128,000,000 
of this surplus was surrendered to the people, and distrib- 
uted among the several states. 

258, The Seminole Indians in Georgia and 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 203 

Florida were ajrain the source of trouble. They refused to 
leave their homes at the command of the government, and 
force was employed against them. Osceola, their chief, was 
a leading character in the war which followed. It resulted 
in the defeat and removal of the Indians, and was an 
expensive contest. Expedition after expedition of veteran 
soldiers was sent to Florida, and the war was continued in 
the everglades for seven years. The cost in money was 
forty million dollars — eight times as much as had been 
paid to Spain for the whole of Florida. 

259. Numerous aflti-slavery societies were formed 
during Jackson's term of office. The object was to persuade 
the country that freedom was better than slavery. As early 
as 1816, a Quaker minister, named Charles Osborne, pub- 
lished, at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, a little paper, called the 
P hilanthropht^ devoted to the cause of emancipation. A 
few years later, another Quaker gentleman, named Benjamin 
Lundy, published, at Baltimore, a newspaper, called The 
Genius of Universal Emancipation., advocating the idea of 
gradually freeing the slaves. 

No one gave much attention to this; but when a young 
man named William Lloyd Garrison started in Boston a 
weekly paper called The Liberator., advocating immediate 
and unconditional emancipation, there quickly arose a great 
excitement all over the country. The Governor of Massa- 
chusetts, in his message, gave his opinion that the abolition- 
ists might be prosecuted in the courts. Garrison was 
repeatedly pelted with eggs by excited mobs, and the 
Legislature of Georgia offered five thousand dollars for his 
head. When warned to stop his paper, he came out with 
this flaming motto: "/ vnll not equivocate ; I toill not 
excuse; I vnll not retract a single inch; and I loill 
be heard.''"' 

260. An insurrection of the slaves soon arose 
in Virginia, headed by a slave named Nat Turner, who, with 
a mob, went from house to house, putting whole families to 
death. He was finally arrested, tried, and executed. It 



204 



TEE MODEL HISTORY. 




SEAL OP ARKANSAS. 



was charged tliat this was the result of Garrison's teachings. 
The excitement became fiercer than ever. In order to quiet 
the public mind, Jackson urged Congress to pass a law to 
exclude abolition publications from the mails. But, as this 
would have been equivalent to restricting the freedom of 
the press, it was not done. 

261. The fifth census-, taken in 1830, sliowed a 
population of nearly thirteen millions (12,866,020) — three 

times the enumera- 
tion under the presi- 
dency of Washington. 
i,x, 202. Arkansas 
\:^'l was, for a long time, a 
part of the Missouri 
Territory; but in 1819 
it was set off as a distinct territory, and so remained till 
1836, when it entered the Union as a state. 

263. I^ichiffan was organized as a territory in 1805, 
A , „ff1t5£i^^l35>s. ^>-l and it remained so 

'^^^^ty \ 3\- ^^^ thirty-two years. 

\ ^ It was invaded by the 

"^ British in 1812. A 

y . ""^--f 2 ^^isp^ite with Ohio 

;':^-X^ ^ about its boundaries 

was settled in 1837, 



SEAL OF MICH1( 

when it was admitted as a state. 

264. In 1832, the country was visited by a fatal pesti- 
lence, the Asiatic cholera. The disease originated 
several years before in the marshes at the mouth of the 
Ganges. From India it spread westward to England and 
America. Appearing first in Canada, it traversed the Union 
in a southwesterly direction, defying medical skill, and 
swiftly carrying thousands to the grave. Wherever the 
plague went, the people were panic-stricken ; and the cities 
and towns were abandoned by nearly all who could leave 
them. In its subsequent visits to our country the disease 





JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 205 

seemed to be more manageable, and to have lost much of 
its original terror. 

365. Near the close of this presidency, two destruc- 
tive fires occurred, which were regarded as national 
calamities. 1. A fire broke out among the large mercantile 
houses of New York, and, before it could be stayed, thirty- 
five acres in the center of the city were laid in ashes, and 
property worth eighteen millicn dollars was consumed. A 
few failures occurred, but "the burned district" was soon 
covered with buildings, more magnificent than before. 
2. A fire destroyed the United States Patent Office, in 
Washington, with seven thousand models and ten thousand 
designs of inventions. 

26G. To the other calamities must be added the death 
of our f/reat men. Ex- President Madison died at the 
age of eighty-five, and Charles Carroll, the last surviving 
signer of the Declaration, at the age of ninety-six. Chief- 
Justice Marshall closed his labors at the age of eighty. To 
these may be added the names of William Wirt and the 
eloquent John Randolph, of Roanoke. 

267. While engaged in public matters, the nation did 
not forget the care of its unfortunate citizens. The first 
asyluiU for the Mind was founded in 1832, chiefly 
through the labors of John D. Fisher. The idea had been 
prevalent that the blind were incapable of education ; but, 
from the success of European institutions, the idea of doing 
something for these unfortunates occurred at the same time, 
but without concert, in many places in this country. 

A company of blind pupils from one of the early asylums, 
with their teachers, visited seventeen states, and exhibited 
before the Legislatures and the people. Great interest was 
awakened, and soon many institutions for the education of 
the blind were founded, some by private benevolence, but 
generally by the state. The instruction was mostly oral ; 
and at first books were printed for the use of the blind in 
sunken characters. But the raised letters sooii came into 
use ; and in X836 a New Testament was printed in raised 



206 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

characters. Now the literature of the blind is abundant, 
numbering hundreds of volumes. These include works of 
history, poetry, religion, biography, travel, science, art, 
school texts, and the better kinds of fiction and juveniles. 
Even newspapers are printed for them. 

268. The night of November 13, 1833, is remarkable 
from the occurrence of a wonderful natural phenomenon — 
a great shower of *^ shoothig StClVS,** These meteors 
varied in size from a mere point of light to globes equaling 
the moon in brightness. This display was witnessed with 
astonishment and even alarm throughout the United States. 

369, In 1833, a great advance was made in the construc- 
tion of the first effective reajiing and mowing 
TttncJlifieS, I'or many years, attempts had been made 
to devise means to cut grain by machinery. At first the 
idea was to do it by revolving knives, in imitation of the 
hand - scythe. The experimenters were numerous, and 
the honor of final success belongs to no one man. 

In 1833, Obed Hussey, of Cincinnati, invented and pat- 
ented a reaper with saw -toothed cutter and guards. This 
machine cut one hundred and eighty acres of oats, and was 
favorably noticed by the press. During the next year, 
Cyrus McCormick made a reaping machine, using a sickle- 
edged, sectional bar, with guards, such as are still in 
universal use. 

At the same time that McCormick was making his reaper, 
Frederick Ketchum, of BuiFalo, was constructing the first 
mowinsr machine. He also used sectional knives with 
guards. It did its work well, but was a very crude affair 
in comparison with the mowers of the present day. These 
inventions laid the foundation of vast improvement in farm 
machinery. Our improved drills, planters, sowers, culti- 
vators, and threshing machines have all come into use since 
that day. 

270, For some years a gradual re -Org animation of 
J)iirties had been going on ; and now public opinion on 
the issues of the day had ranged the voters of the country 



VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTBATION. 207 

in two great parties, the Whigs and the Democrats. The 
Whigs, named in remembrance of the revolutionary fathers, 
included nearly all the old Federalists, and were understood 
to favor protective duties, the National Bank, and the policy 
of internal improvements. The Democrats included most 
of the old Republicans, and opposed all these measures. 
The question of the extension of slavery was one upon 
which the parties had not yet taken sides. 

271. In the presidential election of 1836, the 
Whigs brought forward Gen. William Henry Harrison, of 
Ohio. The Democrats named Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, the intimate friend of Jackson, and a strong supporter 
of his policy. He was elected by a handsome majority. 



CHAPTER X. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1837 — 1841. 

373. The new President had been United States 
Senator, Governor of New York, Minister to England, Sec- 
retary of State, and Vice-President with 
Jackson. He held the usual Democratic 
views of the tariff and the National Bank. 
His presidency was therefore a continu- 
ation of Jackson's policy. He was a man 
of more than ordinary ability. His pri- 
; vate character has never been impeached, 
■^ and, though a shrewd, he was not a dis- 
MARTiN VAN BUREN. houcst. Statesman. 

As President he was the subject of much censure, but he 
retained the confidence of his party to the last. He was 
brought forward as a candidate in three presidential cam- 
paigns after he became President. 

373. The lyanic of '37 was brought on by specula- 
tion and over-trading during the previous administration. 
The banks had made large issues of paper money, based on 
the govcrnmeut deposits. Money was plentiful, and the 




208 TUE MODEL UISTOBT. 

country was apparently rapidly increasing in wealth. Banks 
had so increased in number that there were then about eight 
hundred in the Union. Trading was done on credit, and 
men gave up steady business for speculation. Not many 
saw that the general rise in prices, and the apparent pros- 
perity, were fictitious and liable to result in disaster at any 
moment. 

At length it began to be seen that nearly every one was 
in debt. A feeling of uneasiness arose; then several 
extensive failures occurred in the principal cities. The 
alarm spread, and caused a general flood of notes to the 
banks for redemption in coin. Many of these banks had 
three or four times as many bills in circulation as they had 
specie in their vaults, and they were quite incapable of 
continuing specie payments. 

The banks in New York and New Orleans refused to 
redeem their notes, and their example was followed by all 
the banks in the country. Within two months, failures in 
those two cities occurred to the amount of a hundred and 
fifty million dollars. Mercantile houses failed; public works 
were stopped; manufacturers closed their shops; and thou- 
sands of poor people were thrown out of employment. X 
session of Congress was called; but legislation could do but 
little to correct the evils of public extravagance. It was 
only by industry and economy that the nation finally grew 
into prosperity. 

274. The foreign credit of the government was 
also seriously affected. Bonds for one hundred million 
dollars of state indebtedness had been issued, with the 
pretense of carrying on internal improvements. For many 
years the states were on the brink of bankruptcy ; but the 
bonds were finally all paid, except those of Mississippi and 
Florida, which refused payment of the interest, and repudi- 
ated the debt. As the bonds had been sold chiefly in 
Europe, a great outcry arose there; and when, in 1842, the 
government tried to negotiate a foreign loan, not a bidder 
could be found iu all Europe. 



VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 209 

375. The Suh-Treasury scJieine was the measure 

proposed by the President to avoid extravagant speculation 
and its attendant evils in the future. It was violently 
assailed, but became a law. It provided that all govern- 
ment dues should be paid in gold or silver, and that the 
public funds should be taken from the state banks and 
deposited with certain persons called sub - treasurers, 
appointed for the purpose, who should give security for the 
proper discharge of their duties. Thus an independent 
treasury was established. 

The law was passed in 1810, repealed in 1841, re-enacted 
in 1846, and still remains in force. Its wisdom and useful- 
ness are now generally admitted. It compelled banks to 
limit operations, by keeping specie in the vaults of the 
government. The unpopularity of this measure ruined 
Van Buren's hopes of re-election. 

276. At this time a Canadian j'ebellion broke 

out. A portion of the people of Canada opposite New 
York rose against the British Government, and attempted 
to establish independence. Many people in the United 
States sympathized with the movement, and crossed the 
border to render assistance. For a short time there was 
danger of war with England; but the President issued a 
proclamation of neutrality, and sent a military force to the 
frontier to forbid interference and punish disturbers. The 
insurrection was soon suppressed. 

277. The slavery agitation increased in bitter- 
ness, and often resulted in mobs and violence, even in the 
free states. A slave girl, who had been taken by her master 
to Boston, was declared free by the Supreme Court of the 
state. A meeting of the Boston Anti-Slavery Society was 
broken up by a mob, and the mayor of the city said he was 
unable to protect it. 

Mr. Garrison, who tried to address a meeting, was dragged 
through the streets with a rope around his body, till saved 
by the police, who put him in jail for protection. Schools 
for colored children were broken up, and the teachers driven 



210 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

away. At Alton, Illinois, Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, the editor 
of an anti- slavery newspaper, was killed by a mob. The 
anti-slavery, or abolition party, was gradually growing; but 
Congress, by large majorities, declared itself unable to 
interfere with slavery, either in the states, the District of 
Columbia, or the territories. 

278. The sixth census, taken in 1840, showed that 
the population had increased to seventeen millions 
(17,009,453). 

279. The temjyerance reform had interested large 

numbers of the people for many years. During the Revo- 
lution, and till the war of 1812, the use of intoxicating 
drinks among the people greatly increased. There was 
scarcely any odium attached to the practice, and but little 
was done to arrest its progress. An occasional sermon was 
})reached, but the minister was generally thought to have 
meddled in a matter which did not concern him. 

In 1811, through the influence of Dr. Benjamin Rush, 
the New England clergymen resolved to abstain from wine 
at their entertainments, and to scatter among the people 
information respecting the effects of strong drink. Soon 
after, societies for the suppression of intemperance, called 
"moral societies," became very popvdar. It became the 
custom to show the evils of intemperance by ridiculing 
the drunkards and mimicking their manners. Of course, the 
societies did but little good. The intemperate were offended 
by these assaults, but they were neither convinced nor 
reformed. 

In 1817, forty farmers pledged themselves to gather their 
harvest without whisky. This was then thought a very 
strange thing; and, in order to secure laborers on this con- 
dition, they were obliged to offer much higher wages than 
were usual. The American Temperance Society was formed 
in Boston in 1826, composed of those who were pledged to 
observe and promote total abstinence. This gave a new 
aspect to the reform. Popular lecturers were sent out, 
societies were multiplied, and great interest was exgited- 



VAN- BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



211 



In 1840, a little company of six drunkards, in Baltimore, 
having emptied their glasses one niglit, resolved to abandon 
their drinking habits. They formed a society called " The 
Washingtonians," whose object was to feed, clothe, employ, 
and encourage reformed drunkards. Such societies were 
formed all over the country. They sent out lecturers, and 
the people never wearied of listening to the appeals of these 
reformers. The noted temperance lecturer, John B. Gough, 
first appeared at this time. License laws were first discussed 
in these meetings. Prohibition was scarcely thought of. 

380. EduccitiOfl continued to receive the attention 
of Congress and the people. The grants of land made by 
Congress had resulted in the establishment of a system of 
public schools in most of the states. Colleges and academies 
became numerous, and sent out many well-trained minds. 
In 182G, the first educational paper was started at Boston. 
It was called TJie Journal of Edu- 
cation. Soon after, Josiah Holbrook 
prepared educational apparatus for 
schools, delivered educational lec- 
tures, and held the first teachers' 
institutes and conventions ever 
assembled in the country. The first 
normal school was opened in 1839, 
at Lexington, Massachusetts, by 
Edmund Dwight. Horace Mann, 
the great educator,, contributed more 
to the success and popularity of our 
public school system than any other 
man the country has produced. 

38L Near the close of this presidency, the attitude 
of pdVties indicated a violent political contest. Though 
the President really had nothing to do with causing the 
financial distress which was prevailing, he was assumed to 
be responsible for it, and the public confidence in his 
administration and in the Democratic party was greatly 
weakened. Financial questions constituted the issues of the 




HORACE MANN. 



212 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

campaign, and the luckless administration of Van Buren 
called forth the bitterest denunciation of the opposition. 

282. Tlie candidates were well known. To vindi- 
cate his policy, the Democrats re -nominated Van Buren. 
Again the Whigs named General William Henry Harrison. 
Since his contests with the Indians, thirty years before, he 
had dwelt in a common frame house on the western frontier, 
and lived like a pioneer and a plain farmer. The Abolition- 
ists now came forward asking the votes of the people for 
their candidate, James G. Birney, of New York. 

283. The ca^tipaigil was the most exciting known 
in our history. Some of his opponents had sneeringly said: 
"Give Harrison a log-cabin and a barrel of hard cider, and 
he will never leave Ohio to be President." From that time, 
the "log-cabin candidate" and the "hard-cider campaign" 
became popular expressions. Log -cabins were built and 
drawn on wagons in political processions, with the latch- 
string out, a coon-skin nailed over the door, and a barrel 
of hard cider with a gourd for a drinking-cup lying beside 
it. Many a loud hurrah went up at the witty hits of stump 
orators. Barrels of hard cider were rolled from one town 
to another, followed by hundreds of men and boys, who 
turned out to see the fun. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," 
became the rallying cry of the WhigSc Many stirring songs 
were composed and sung by the glee-clubs at the political 
meetings. 

284. The Vesult of all this was the defeat of Van 
Buren with sixty votes, and the triumphant election of Har- 
rison with two hundred and thirty -four. With him wac 
chosen John Tyler, of Virginia. The Abolitionists, who 
favored the entire extinction of slavery, were comparatively 
few. Birney received no electoral votes, and only 7,G00 
jiopular ballots. Thus, after controlling the government 
for forty years, the Democratic party passed temporarily 
out of power, and th? party which claimed to represent 
Washington and the elder Adams once more took command. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF BAltRlSON AND TYLER. 213 




WM. H. HARRISON. 



CHAPTER XI. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 

1841 — 1845. 

285. The presidential labors of Harrison were 
short. He was an old man of sixty-eight, 
and worn out with the excitements of the 
campaign. Even before his inauguration 
he was beset by office-seekers; and he 
desired to gratify the political friends 
who flocked about him. He gave himself 
incessantly to the public business, taking 
neither rest nor sufficient sleep. In less 
than a month he was sick with pneumonia. 
His illness lasted but eight days. 

His death caused profound and universal grief. "Out of 
consideration of his expenses in removing to the seat of 
government, and the limited means he left behind," Congress 
appropriated to his widow the equivalent of one year's 
presidential salary. It was the first time the country had 
lost a President. Three other instances of the kind have 
occurred since. Tyler took the oath of office, and became 
the first "accidental President." 

286. The new Executive was a Virginian and a 
graduate of William and Mary College. 
He had served as a Representative, as a 
Senator, and as Governor of his native 
state. He retained the members of Harri- 
son's cabinet. ' He was the most unpopular 
President the United States has ever had. 

287. His policy proved a great 
disappointment to the party which had 
placed him in power. The Whigs had 
expected to establish a National Bank to afford relief to the 
country. But the President promptly vetoed two bills 
passed for that purpose, the latter being drafted according 




JOHN TYLER. 



214 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

to his own suggestions. His former political friends tlien 
denounced him as having deserted his party. But the fact 
was, that he had long been known to be hostile to the 
National Bank, and he had been put on the ticket for no 
other purpose than to secure the Southern vote. All his 
cabinet officers resigned, except Daniel Webster, Secretary 
of State, who retained his office till he had completed some 
important public plans, which would have suffered by his 
resignation. 

288. The panic had left great numbers of men financially 
embarrassed. To afford relief to these, a general hmiJi'- 
VUpt 1(IW was passed, early in this presidency, by which 
bankrupts could be freed from their debts on the surrender 
of their property to their creditors. This law was afterward 
repealed. 

289. For fifty years, two grave questions had 
remained open between England and the United States. 
1. The northeast boundary, between Maine and New Bruns- 
wick, had never been definitely located. The people in that 
region threatened to take up arms in support of their 
respective claims. 

2. It will be remembered that Great Britain had never 
surrendered the right of search. It was thought necessary 
in order to carry out her commercial policy, and it had long 
been a favorite idea with her statesmen. It had continued 
to be the source of long and irritating debates and diplo- 
matic correspondence, entering every international question, 
and threatening to close the way of friendly negotiation. 
But, in 1842, Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton, on 
behalf of their respective 'countries, satisfactorily settled 
these questions in the celebrated treaty of Washington. 
The right of search was abandoned, and the two countries 
were to unite in the suppression of the foreign slave trade. 

290. Serious difficulties in Rhode Island arose 
at this time. According to the old colonial charter, which 
even under the Constitution had remained as the funda- 
mental sifate law, no citizen could vote unless he had a 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 215 

certain amount of property. It was proposed to alter this 
law and other offensive provisions; but a difference of 
opinion about the manner of doing it created two parties, 
the one called the "suffrage party," and the other, the "law 
and order party." 

Each faction -elected a governor, and prepared to support 
its claims by arms. The leader of the suffrage party, Thomas 
W. Dorr, made an unsuccessful attack upon the state 
arsenal. The government then sent troops to keep the 
peace. Dorr was arrested, convicted of treason, and sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for life ; but he was afterward 
pardoned. A more liberal constitution was adopted in 1843. 

291. At this time much excitement arose about the 
3TormonSf a religious sect, headed by Joseph Smith. 
Smith was a native of Vermont, and seems to have been a 
man of strong individuality. He claimed that divine aid 
enabled him to discover certain golden plates, covered with 
a sort of Egyptian characters, and to translate them, and 
thus to produce the Book of Mormon. He and his followers 
removed in 1831 from New York, where he founded his 
first church, to Ohio, thence to Missouri, and thence to 
Illinois. Here they founded Nauvoo, which became a 
flourishing city of ten thousand inhabitants. 

The practice of polygamy among them rendered them 
odious to their neighbors. Robberies and murders com- 
mitted near the city were attributed to them, and they 
passed ordinances thought to be at variance with the state 
laws. The anger of the people was increased by the belief 
that the Mormons controlled the county courts, and defied 
attempts to bring them to justice. 

Their prophet was assailed by a mob and killed in 1844. 
Some time after this, their city was attacked and bombarded 
for three days, when the inhabitants fled and migrated to 
the wilderness beyond the Rocky Mountains. There they 
founded Salt Lake City, and industriously overcame the 
difficulties of their location, and made a prosperous settle- 
ment. Brigham Young was their leader after the death of 



216 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Smith until his own death in 1877. The sect call themselves 
the Latter Uay Saints, and their highest law is the Book 
of Mormon. 

292. But the great question of this administration was 
the annexation of Texas. For a long time it had 
been the policy of Mexico, to which Texas belonged, to 
keep it uninhabited, that the more vigorous Americans 
might not encroach on the feeble Mexicans. As early as 
1819, a certain James Long, with seventy- five lawless 
adventurers from Mississippi, invaded the oountry, and 
issued a proclamation calling upon the native Spaniards to 
unite their territory to the United States. Long pompously 
styled himself " President of the Supreme Council of 
Texas." His party was speedily dispersed. 

In 1821, Stephen F. Austin, of Connecticut, obtained from 
the Spanish authorities permission to establish a colony of 
three hundred Catholic families in Texas. He took slavery 
with him, and so rapidly did his colony grow, that at the 
end of one decade, ten thousand citizens of the United 
States had found homes in Texas. After some years, 
Mexico passed a decree freeing every slave in Mexican 
territory. This did not suit the slave - holding colony in 
Texas, and hence, as there was no pretext for war, propo- 
sitions were made for the purchase of the country by the 
United States. At first President Jackson offered one 
million dollars, and then five millions. Both offers were 
promptly rejected. 

Then the government encouraged emigration into Texas; 
and soon the American settlers found themselves in full 
possession. They immediately issued a declaration of 
independence. Of the fifty-seven signers of this document, 
fifty were from the slave-holding states, and only three were 
native Mexicans. There was much sympathy with the Texan 
colonists in this country, and especially in the South, and 
many adventurers, including a few men of ability, went to 
Texas to assist in securing independence. After some 
sharp fighting, this was achieved, and it was acknowledged 



ADMlNlSTBATiONS OF HAHRISON AND TYLER. 217 



by the United States, England, and France. The new 
nation immediately sought admission into the Union, and 
its application was welcomed by many. 

293. It was frankly admitted by Calhoun that the 
object of annexatiofl was "to uphold the interests of 
slavery, extend its influence, and secure its perpetual dura- 
tion." The South saw that the rapid growth of the North- 
west would take the control of the government out of their 
hands unless they could add more slave territory to the 
southern border. Texas was about five times as large as 
New York. It was believed that freedom would there be 
outvoted, and that slavery would prosper. From the North, 
petitions adverse to annexation, and signed by thousands, 
poured into Congress. Efforts were made to exclude them; 
but ex-President Adams, then a Congressman, spoke an 
hour a day for twelve days in behalf of the petitioners and 
amid constant interruption. But a rule was adopted — 
and it remained in force ten years — to exclude all petitions 
on the subject of slavery. 

294. But the act of annexation was not to be pre- 
vented. The bill passed 

rrim Congress in 1845, but 

\'--'p^^h. only by the artifice of 
t% voting on a resolution 
of annexation, requir- 
ing merely a majority 
of the votes, instead of 
the ratification of a treaty, which would have required two- 
thirds of the members. The United States assumed the 
debts of Texas, amounting to seven million dollars. " This 
seemed at the time a vast sum to pay for a doubtful advan- 
tage, and it was said that the word 'Texas' was only 'Taxes' 
with the letters differently arranged." 

295. The development of j^ostal affairs was slow 
but wonderful. When Washington became President, there 
were only seventy-five post-offices in the country, and the 
mails between New York and Boston were carried on horse- 




SEAL OF TEXAS. 



218 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

back, and only twice a week, occupying five days in the 
transit. Tlie rate of letter postage during whole generations 
was twenty-five cents, and was reduced to ten cents in 1845, 
and to three cents in 1851, and to two cents in 1883. 
Postal cards came into use in 1873. Jn 1889 there were 
about sixty thousand post-offices, from which a billion letters 
were annually sent. 

290. The magnetic telegraph is a modern inven- 
tion, for which scientific minds on both sides of the ocean 
had long been preparing. The identity of lightning and 
electricity had been known for ninety years ; but, though 
this strange power had been carefully studied, it had not 
been brought into the service of man. Lightning-rods had 
only disarmed it. 

297. The first of the early experimenfers was 

Franklin. He sent lightning across the Schuylkill River on 
a wire. As early as 1798, some Spanish experimenters sent 
a signal on a wire twenty-six miles long. One man dis- 
covered that the impulse passed instantaneously; another, 
that the current could be instantly broken and instantly 
re-united; and another, that it was possible to record at one 
end of the line a message sent from the other. It took a 
great many years to make these discoveries. 

298. Almost at the same time, three '}fieu — an English- 
man, a German, and an American — began to invent a system 
of telegraphing by electricity. No one of them knew about 
the labors of the others. The Englishman was William 
Wheatstone. He completed his invention and put it in 
operation in 1837. His method is still in use in England, 
The German was Professor A. C Steinheil. His method was 
much superior to Wheatstone's. The Americanwas Samuel 
F. B. Morse, of Massachusetts. With remarkable generosity 
Steinheil admitted the superiority of Morse's method, but 
Wheatstone never did. 

299. The storg of 3£orse/'s inveuf ion ^'yvhlch is 
now used nearly exclusively over the world, is as follows: 
In 1832, Morse, who had visited Europe to study and 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF UARRISON AND TYLER. 219 




practice painting, took passage on a French ship for 
America. One day, at the dinner- 
table, the conversation turned upon 
the recent discoveries in electro- 
magnetism. During the talk Morse 
remarked: "If the presence of elec- 
tricity can be made visible in any 
[)art of a circuit, I see no reason 
why intelligence may not be trans- 
mitted instantaneously by it." This 
one idea took complete possession 
of his mind. He spent the re- 
mainder of the voyage in inventing 
sAMn L F. B. iMoiisi,. his instruments and planning the 

details of his invention. 

300. His Idhoi'S began at once. But he worked with 
small means and with but little encouragement. At the 
end of three years his instruments were completed. He put 
half a mile of wire in coils around his room, and sent through 
it a message which was correctly recorded at the other end. 
Next year he asked Congress to aid him in the construction 
of an experimental line from Washington to Baltimore, a 
distance of forty miles. But Congress would not listen to 
him. He went to Europe, and was no better appreciated. 
Returning home, he labored on, encouraged by the good 
wishes of his friends, but unaided by the jDoliticians at 
Washino-ton. A bill in his behalf was brouarht before 
Congress, but it was sarcastically amended so as to include 
a line to the moon, and to provide pay for experiments in 
witchcraft and mesmerism. Session after session he renewed 
his application for national aid, but he met only rebuff and 
defeat. 

301. But success came at last. On the last day of the 
session of 1843, there was still no prospect of aid. Morse 
left the chamber in deep disappointment at eleven o'clock 
at night; but next morning at the breakfast-table he was 
startled by the announcement that, ten minutes before 



220 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

adjournment, Congress had voted him thirty thousand 
dollars to set up his proposed line. His long struggle was 
over. The line was constructed the following year, and 
was completely successful. 

The first message sent was the words, " What hath God 
loroiKjht ! " suggested to Morse by his young friend, Miss 
Annie Ellsworth, who had brought him the tidings of his 
success. The first news sent was a notice to Silas Wright, 
in Washington, of his nomination for the office of Vice- 
President, by the Democratic convention in Baltimore, and 
his reply declining the honor. On the same day the news 
of the nomination of James K. Polk, as candidate for Presi- 
dent, was sent to Washington. These dispatches were 
published next morning in the papers, but were not believed, 
the people preferring to wait for more reliable news. In 
commemoration of this great advance in useful invention, 
a popular poet wrote: 

" What more, presumptuous mortals, will you dare? 
See Franklin seize the Clouds, tlieir bolts to bury. 
Tlie Sun assigns his pencil to Daguerre; 
And Morse, the Lightning makes his secretary! " 

302. The honoris of the invention are shared by 
several men. Wheatstone put the first line in operation; 
but his invention was not so early as that of Morse, and he 
borrowed most of his ideas from a young Englishman named 
William F. Cooke. Morse was greatly aided by the inves- 
tigations of Prof. Joseph Henry, and the inventive genius 
of Alfred Vail, of New Jersey. 

303, The value of the invention was immediately 
acknowledged throughout the world. Seventeen years 
before, the British government, when asked to aid the early 
experimenters, replied: "Telegraphs are of no use in times 
of peace, and during war the semaphore answers all required 
purposes." But now telegraphic lines were rapidly erected 
on both sides of the ocean. In 1889 there were in tlie 
United States about 230,000 miles of line, 800,000 miles of 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 221 



wire, and 20,000 offices. The Western Union Company 
sends 50,000,000 messages, and receives for the same 
$20,000,000 annually. Morse's apparatus is used nearly 
exclusively in America, and in sixty per cent, of all the 
offices in the rest of the world. 

304. The principal itnitvove^fients applied to the 
apparatus of Morse are three in number : 1. The Repeater., 
by which messages may be sent over distances ranging from 
five hundred to ten thousand miles without re -writing. 
2. The Duplex, Apparatus., invented by Joseph B. Stearns, 
of Boston, by which as high as sixteen different messages 
have been faithfully transmitted in opposite directions over 
the same wire at the same time, eight passing in one direc- 
tion and eight in the other. 3. The Telephone., invented 
in 1876. The honor of this invention has been contested 
by Professor A. Graham Bell, of Salem, and Mr. Elisha Gray, 
of Chicago. By it, sounds, tones, and musical notes are 
communicated over long distances in the electric current. A 

gentleman in Portland talked 
with his friends in Boston, 
recognizing them by their 
voices. A lady in Boston 
talked with her friend in 
Salem in a v^hisper. A ball 
in Chicago has been supplied 
with music by wire from Mil- 
waukee. 

305. In 1839, Charles Good- 
year discovered the process of 
vulcAiiiizing rnhher, by 
the accidental mixing of a bit 
of rubber and sulphur on a 
red - hot stove. This simple 
discovery was the basis of the present great rubber indus- 
tries throughout the world. 

306. Soon after the purchase of Floyidn, it was 
organized as a territory. It contained the oldest settle- 




CHAKLES GOODYEAR. 



222 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




ments in the Union. On the last day of his administra- 
tion Tyler signed a 
bill for its admission 
as a state. 

307. In 1842, an an- 
nouncement was made 
of the discovery of an 

anffti'ctic conti- 

SEAL OP FLORIDA. fieflt. Four ycars be- 

fore,the government had sent out an exploring expedition 
into the antarctic seas. It was attended by a strong scientific 
corps. It made many important "discoveries in the far 
south, and coasted along the antarctic continent a distance 
of about two thousand miles. 

308. When the time for the presidential cani- 

2?Clifffl came again, Congress and the country were violently 
agitated by the Texas question. It was the main issue 
dividing the parties. The Whigs, who opposed the annexa- 
tion, nominated Henry Clay, the idol of his party. The 
Democrats, who favored it, nominated James K. Polk, of 
Tennessee. The Abolitionists again nominated James G. 
Birney. The canvass was a zealously contested one. Clay 
was in a trying place. He was not pro-slavery enougli for 
the South, nor anti-slavery enough for the North. Just 
before election he disgusted his friends and ruined his 
chances by writing: "Personally, I could have no objection 
to the annexation of Texas." 

309.. Election day decided the contest in favor of 
Polk, who received a large electoral, and a small popular, 
majority. Birney, as before, did not receive a single elec- 
toral vote; but he was supported by sixty-five thousand 
popular ballots. The result was to be the Mexican war, as 
had often been foretold. Thus the Democrats assumed 
control again; and, the Texas bill having passed three days 
before, the presidency of Tyler ended amid the hurrahs of 
the Democrats and the curses of the Whigs. 




POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 223 

CHAPTER XII. 

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1845 — 1849. 

3i0. The new President had served in Congress, 
as member or Speaker, for fourteen years. 
He had served as Governor of Tennessee, 
and at the early age of forty-nine was called 
to the presidential chair. His election united 
the Democratic party, which had been dis- 
turbed by political differences during Tyler's 
term of office. He was pledged to the one- 
term principle, and hence was not a candidate 
JAMES K. POLK, for rc - elcctiou. He died of the cholera 
three months after his retirement. 

311. A question relating to the nortJllvesteru 
bouildnt't/ was settled at this time. Oregon had long 
been claimed by the United States from the discoveries 
of Lewis and Clarke, but the region had really been 
under control of the British fur companies. Many Ameri- 
cans settled there, but no definite boundaries had been 
established. The United States claimed as far north as 
54° 40'; and the mottoes, "Fifty -four forty or fight," and 
"All Oregon or none," became popular electioneering cries. 
But it was finally decided that the line should be drawn at 
49°. This reflected credit on Polk's administration, and 
finally gave satisfaction to all. 

313. No sooner was Texas annexed than the country 

found it had anotliev question of boundary to 

settle, — this time in the southwest. The Texans claimed 
the country southward to the Rio Grande ; but Mexico 
declared that the so-called republic of Texas extended no 
further than to the Nueces. The disputed country was 
small and unimportant. The United States took up the 
quarrel of Texas, and both parties marched to get posses- 
sion of the contested territory by force of arras. 



224 



THE MODEL UISTORT. 



313. The Americans built Fort Brown, on the Rio 
Grande. This the Mexicans attacked. On the march to 
relieve the garrison, the American commander, General 
Zachary Taylor, met and defeated six thousand Mexicans at 
Palo A-ltO. Such was the beginning of the Mexican war. 

314. The 2)lan of 
the tvav was to in- 
vade Mexico on three 
different lines. 1. 
General Taylor was 
to advance southward 
from the Rio Grande. 
2. General Kearney 
was to cross the Rocky 
Mountains and con- 
quer New Mexico and 
California. 3. General 
Scott was to advance 
from the gulf coast 
against the Mexican 
capital. 

315. General 

Taylor advanced to 
Monterey, a city sur- 



Giianaxuato " ^ 
/oQuerctani' 

*«y 'MEXICO 

^''couuera^-^-S?''^^^'-'™ co.do--^ Toundcd by mountains 

Ay^riaPueV/'^'"'^*^^"^ and deep ravines, its 

streets barricaded and 

The sie^e lasted three 




TO ILLUSTRATE THE MEXICAN WAR. 

defended by ten thousand men- 
days; and then the Americans rushed through the streets 
and al'eys, under a destructive fire from the roofs and 
windows, dashed into the houses, and thus compelled the 
Mexicans to surrender. 

316. At JBuena Vistas Taylor's army was attacked 
by twenty thousand of the best troops of Mexico, under 
their best general, Santa Anna. The battle lasted till night, 
and closed in favor of the Americans. Taylor's work was 



POLE'S ADMINISTRATION. 225 

now done. He simply held the country, sending most of 
his troops to aid General Scott. 

317. General Kearney, with 2,700 men, started 
from Kansas, and marched nearly a thousand miles to 
Santa Fe. He took the capital of New Mexico without 
bloodshed, and then started on to the conquest of California. 
On his march he met the noted hunter and mountaineer, 
Kit Carson, who informed him that California was already 
in American possession. 

318. A few years before, a young surveyor, named John 
C. Fremont f had been sent with sixty men to survey a 
southern route to Oregon. He learned that the Mexican 
commander in California was organizing a force to drive out 
the American settlers. He resolved to protect them. They 
flocked to Fremont's standard, and in every engagement 
they defeated their Mexican enemy. By Fremont's advice, 
the people declared themselves independent, and Mexican 
authority in California was at an end. No discoverer .since 
Lewis and Clarke had done so much as Fremont in extend- 
ing the knowledge of the far west. 

319. General Seott landed with twelve thousand 
men at Vera Cruz, which surrendered after a bombardment 
of four days. Its defenses were the strongest in America, 
except those of Quebec. The army then began its march 
toward the interior, over mountains, sand-hills, and ravines. 
Several obstinate engagements occurred, in which the 
Americans were always successful, though opposed by 
superior numbers. With 6,000 men, Scott then entered the 
city of Mexico, containing a population of 140,000. 

320. The opposition to the war was very great 
from the beginning. When hostilities began, the Whigs 
declared that war was not begun by Mexico, but by 
General Taylor. The eastern states gave but little support 
or sympathy, the volunteers coming chiefly from the South. 
Tt was apparent to all that the war was fought in the inter- 
ests of slavery, the object being to increase slave territory 
on the South, which had been limited on the North by the 

10* 



226 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Missouri Compromise. It was therefore against the judg- 
ment and the conscience of a large body of the people. 

331 . A treaty of peace, called the Treaty of Guada- 
lupe HidalffOf was ratified, by which Mexico surren ■ 
dered New Mexico, Utali, and California to the United 
States, and acknowledged the Rio Grande as the boundary 
of Texas. In return, the United States were to pay Mexico 
eighteen million dollars. Thus enough territory was added 
to the Union to make seventeen states as largo as New 
York. 

322. A SUrmninff up of the contest showed that, 
though brilliant in a military view, it was far from a suc- 
cess in a financial one, having cost one hundred million 
dollars, which was forty times as much as the contested 
territory was worth. In two respects it was a peculiar con- 
flict. 1. It was the only war the United States ever waged 
for the acquisition of territory. 3. The Americans never 
lost a battle. They are now believed to have been the 
aggressors in a hasty and unjustifiable war. 

333. Peace was no sooner concluded than the discovery 
oi (fold in California was announced. Captain Sutter, 
a Swiss settler in the valley of the Sacramento, employed 
an American, named Marshall, to erect a saw-mill on the 
American River. The water, in rushing through the race, 
deposited a bank of sand ; and one day Marshall saw, 
glittering in this heap, small particles which he knew to be 
gold. He told Sutter aiid they resolved to keep the matter 
secret. 

But the news became noised abroad, and the American 
settlers in California came flocking to the spot. The whole 
surface of the country for miles around the saw-mill was 
torn uj) by the eager seekers after wealth, and sometimes 
gold to the value of a thousand dollars was picked up by a 
miner in an hour. Gold dust was used instead of coined 
money, and the price of all kinds of provisions became 
enormously high. For a time there seemed no end of 
discoveries. 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 22t 

324. Soon the news reached the Atlantic states, and 
around the world. Then tJlC gold fevet' broke out, and 
a rush for the diggings set in. Men in every station 
and business in life left their homes and started for the 
land of gold. Many took the long, desolate route across 
the plains, rendered dangerous by Indians, famine and 
thirst. Some doubled Cape Horn, and others braved 
the deadly climate of Panama. Within a year San Fran- 
cisco grew from a village of clay huts to a city of fifteen 
thousand people, living in caves, tents, wooden shanties, and 
unpainted hotels. Four million dollars were obtained the 
first year. It is estimated that a thousand million dollars 
have been added to the wealth of the world by the mines 
of California. 

For several years the state of society among these adven- 
turers was very bad. Lawlessness and disorder prevailed", 
but finally the best citizens took matters into their own 
hands, organized vigilance committees, and administered a 
rough but prompt justice, which soon brought respect for 
the law. Within a few years the "gold fever" subsided, 
and left only disappointment and failure to thousands. But 
the movement populated the western coast, led to the con- 
struction of a railroad across the continent, and opened with 
the East a commerce greater than that which inspired 
Columbus to meet unknown dangers on his new route to 
the Indies. 

325. The honor of having invented the sewhlff 
niachlne belongs to one man, Elias Howe, of Cambridge, 
Massachusetts. As early as 1832, Walter Hunt, of New 
York City, had made a sewing machine, using the shuttle 
in forming the stitch. But it could not he made to seio a 
seam. Howe was laboring on daily wages as a machinist, 
when the great idea was suggested to him by a conver- 
sation between his employers. He had no knowledge of 
Hunt's attempts. He used to spend his evenings in search- 
ing throuo;h books on mechanics, and in watchino- his wife 
sew, absorbed in thought. For a long time he tried to 



228 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




Eliashowe.jr. 



make a machine to imitate the movements of the human 
hand, but with no success at all. On abandoning this idea, 

he hit upon those contrivances 
ever since used in all sewing- 
machines — the shuttle, the 
needle with the eye in the 
point, the holding surfaces, and 
the feed mechanism. 

Stealing every possible mo- 
ment from the labor necessary 
to support his family, he made 
a machine that did the work,, 
receiving pecuniary aid from 
his friend and only convert, 
George Fisher. The machine 
was tried in a clothing house, and did more work, and of a 
better quality, in a given time, than six of the best seam- 
stresses. Strangely enough, no one would buy; and Howe 
turned to England, where he was swindled out of his 
invention by a man named Thomas, who afterward made 
from it an ill-gotten fortune of two million dollars. In 
order to get money for his passage, Howe left his machine 
in a pawnbroker's shop, and sadly returned to America. 

He toiled on in poverty years longer, till, through the 
persistent effort of a noble American, Anson Burlingame, 
his "dear little instrument" was found and brought back. 
Then, in 1846, he applied for his patent. He was able to 
prove clearly that the invention was his own, and that it 
was earlier than all others. His patent was issued. He was 
able to command money now, and years were spent in dis- 
couraging law-suits and contests with infringers, before his 
claims were affirmed by the courts and his rights secured, 

326. The reception of the ifivention, was 

peculiar. In this country it was at first looked upon as a 
great curiosity, very ingenious, but far too complicated and 
expensive to come into actual use, except, perhaps, in the 
largest clothing establishments. In England it met with 



POLK'S ADMTNTSTRATION. 229 

actual opposition, where it was argued that it would take 
employment from the sewing women. More than ten years 
elapsed after the issue of the first patent before the machine 
became jjopular, and was seen outside of large tailoring 
houses or in the homes of the people. 

337. The first machine carried the invention well on 
toward perfection; but many lni2^VOVenie fits have since 
been made. Almost two thousand patents have been issued 
in this country for alleged improvements; but the great 
improvements are not more than ten in number, and were 
made in the infancy of the machine. The highest place 
among the improvers belongs to Allen B. Wilson, who 
invented an effective machine without having seen one, or 
known of Mr. Howe's labors. Instead of the shuttle he 
used a revolving hook — a most ingenious device. 

I. M. Singer was another of the early improvers. William 
O. Grover, a Boston tailor, invented the exquisite contriv- 
ance by which the famous Grover and Baker stitch is 
formed. "No successful sewing machine has ever been 
made which does not contain some of the essential devices 
pf the first attempt;" and every manufacturer in America 
has paid to Mr. Howe a royalty on every machine, for using 
the contrivances employed in his "dear little instrument." 

328. The results of the invention are already 

vast, and its usefulness has only just begun. The first 
inventor soon had an ample income as some compensation 
for his early struggles with poverty; and the large manu- 
facturers of machines made fortunes which can only be 
counted by millions. The sale of machines has been enor- 
mous, as high as one million of American manufacture 
having been sold in 1873. The chief glory of Elias Howe's 
achievement consists in emancipating woman from the 
slavery of the needle. 

339. In 1848, the first asyluni fov idiots was set up 
in Boston. Previously this unfortunate class had been 
regarded as incapable of improvement. They had been 
neglected and abused. It was soon shown that they could 



230 



THE MODEL HISTOBT. 



be raised from a state of low degradation into a better con^ 
dition. Many became able to converse in sign language, 
and about one -fourth of those admitted were enabled to 
perform the simple duties of life with tolerable ability. 
There are now ten such schools in the Union, mostly sup- 
ported by state patronage. 

330. Iowa was a part of the Louisiana Purchase, and 

was settled as early as 



1788 by a Canadian 
Frenchman, named 
Dubuque, who came to 
mine lead and trade 
with the Indians. It 
was organized as a 




SEAL OF IOWA. 




territory in 1838, and in 184:0 was admitted into the Union. 
Since that time it has had a very rapid development. 

331. Like several other states, JViscotlsifl was first 

explored by French 
traders, priests, and 
trappers. The first 
settlement was made 
at Prairie du Chien. 
It was not much 
settled by Americans 

SEAL OP WISCONSIN. till 1833. It remained 

a territory twelve years, and entered the Union in 1848. 

332. Both political parties made efforts to secure the 
control of the territory acquired by the war. For this 
purpose, the TVilinot PvovisOf so named from its 
author, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, was introduced 
into Congress, excluding slavery from the whole of the new 
acquisitions. It was long discussed, but finally defeated. 

333. The subject of slavery, being thrown prominently 
before the people, led to the formation of a new party, 
whose object was to oppose the further extension of the 
system. It was called the FreesOil 2)artf/f and advo- 
cated the Wilmot Proviso. It took an active part in politics, 



Ta YLOn '5 AND FTLLMOUE '5 ADMINISTRATION 231 

although it was, for many years, small and extremely unpopu- 
lar. But it was composed of determined men, and it 
gradually increased in numbers and influence. The Abo- 
litionists joined the Freesoilers. At a later period, under 
the name of the Republican party, it obtained control of 
the government. 

334. When the time came to nominate pvesidetltidl 
CCUld id Cites f the Democrats brought forward Lewis Cass, 
of Michigan ; the Freesoilers, ex-President Martin Van 
Buren; and the Whigs, General Zachary Taylor. The 
Freesoilers fought for a principle, and did not expect 
victory. Van Buren received no electoral votes, but was 
supported by 290,000 of his countrymen. The real contest 
lay between Cass and Taylor; and, as the position of their 
parties respecting slavery in the territories, was not yet 
clearly made out, the election was decided by the personal 
popularity of the candidates. The recent military success 
of General Taylor made him a jDublic favorite, and he was 
elected by a large majority. Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
was chosen as Vice-President. Thus the Whigs again came 
into power. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1S49 — 1853, 

335. The netV Preside nt had served with dis- 
tinction in the Mexican war. He was extremely popular 

with his soldiers, and they admiringly 

called him "Old Rough and Ready." 

But he knew nothing of civil affairs, and 

had taken so little interest in politics 

that he had never voted in his life. He 

felt his lack of qualifications, and ex- 

'^^^^^^W^f \ " pressed regrets that he had accepted 

,>'^ /' - office. He had nothing but a successful 

ZACHARY TAYLOR. |,j^ttle to recommend him to the North, 

and nothing but his slaves to win him the support of the 




232 



THE MODEL UIST0R7. 




SEAL OP CALIFORNIA. 



South. Personally, he was highly esteemed for his patriot- 
ism and intense honesty of purpose. 

336. Soon after the inauguration, Ccilifov^lia, which 
had suddenly assumed great imjoortance from the discovery 

of gold, called a con- 
vention, adopted a 
constitution prohibit- 
ing slavery, and asked 
to be admitted into the 
Union. At this, there 
arose in Congress the 
old agitation respect- 
ing slavery, which had been reasonably quiet at Washington 
for the last thirty years, since the passage of the Missouri 
Compromise. The South bitterly opposed the petition, on the 
ground that California was south of the line of 36° 30', and 
therefore open to the introduction of slavery. The North 
replied that the argument, such as it was, could apply to 
only a part of the new state, that the Compromise had 
reference only to the Louisiana purchase, and that the 
people had chosen freedom, as they had a right to do. 
Such was the issue about which arose a controversy so 
bitter that the stability of the Union was endangered. 

337. In a spirit of mutual concession, compromise 
measures were brought forward by Henry Clay, who has 
been called The Great Pacificator. He had been appointed 
chairman of a committee of thirteen, to whom all the ques- 
tions under discussion were referred. He and Webster 
used all their eloquence in urging the necessity of forbear- 
ance and conciliation. This bill — called The OitlllibllS 
Sillf from the number and variety of its provisions — 
proposed five things. 1. The admission of California as a 
free state. 2. That the territories of Utah and New Mexico 
should be formed without any provision respecting slavery, 

3. The formation of not more than four states out of the 
Territory of Texas, without provision concerning slavery. 

4. The abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. 



TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION 233 

5. The enactment of a more rigorous law for the recovery 
of fugitive slaves. 

338. These proposals only added point to the debate. 
It was urged that the advantage of the last provision should 
make the compromise acceptable to the South, whence 
slaves in large numbers were continually escaping. By 
others it was argued that the bill conceded much to slavery 
and little to freedom; and that to permit slaveholders to 
re-capture their escaped slaves in any part of the free states, 
and to carry them back without proof of ownership or trial 
by jury, was unconstitutional as well as inhuman. The 
measure was opposed by the Abolition party all over the 
country, and b}^ the leading anti-slavery orators, as Horace 
Mann, Charles Sumner, W, L. Garrison, and Wendell 
Phillips. But it was acceptable to the South, was supported 
by Clay, "Webster, and other statesmen in the North, and 
became a laio. 

339. While this contest was going on, the death of 
the President occurred, after an ill- 
ness of five days. He had served sixteen 
months. His last words were: "I have 
tried to do my duty." He was immedi- 
ately succeeded by Mr. Fillmore. 

340. By the seventh census, 

taken in 1850, the population of the 
whole nation was twenty -three millions 

MILLARD FILLMORE. /O^IOI Q,'^C\ 

341. At this time much interest was felt in avctic 
exploration. An English explorer, named Sir .John 
Franklin, had sailed to the arctic seas in 1845. No tidings 
had been received from his party, and it was feared they 
might be suffering for help. To discover new lands and to 
do a deed of humanity, Henry Grinnell, a wealthy merchant 
of New York, fitted out an expedition for the North. A 
few years later, another party sailed under Dr. Elisha Kent 
Kane, a resolute and scientific explorer. No record of Sir 
John and his men could be found ; and no doubt was left 




234 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

that they had perished. Lady Franklin continued the 
search. In 1859, Capt. McClintock found nienioiials show- 
ing that the party died of starvation, June 11, 1847. In 
I8G2, Capt. Hall, sailing in the frozen zone, found numer- 
ous relics of the ill-fated expedition. 

342. During this administration the Departnient of 
the Interior was formed to relieve the Secretary of State 
of a part of his duties. Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, was the 
first incumbent, and was charged with the management of 
public lands, the care of the Indians, and the issuing 
of patents to inventors. 

343. After a trial, it was found that the operation 
of the Fugitive Slave LaiV oidy tended to disturb 
the country still more. In Ohio, a woman named Margaret 
Garner killed two of her children rather than see them 
carried back to the South. State troops were called out to 
aid in the arrest of a fugitive slave named Anthony Burns. 
Private citizens were obliged bylaw to assist the slaveholder 
in arresting and binding his slaves. It was also found that 
many free colored people in the North were unjustly claimed 
and returned. In the North these things were regarded as 
outrages; and in several states laws were passed to restrict 
or wholly defeat the operation of the Fugitive Slave Law. 

344. Tlie underf/roiind railroad was an anti- 
slavery invention. Abolitionists near the border of the 
slave states received runaway slaves into their homes, con- 
cealed them from their pursuers, and sent them northward 
to their friends. These too cared for them and sent them 
on to another station as before, carefully disguised or con- 
cealed. The object of the fugitives was to reach Canada, 
from which they could not be returned into slavery. Many 
of tluMn escaped across the Ohio River on floating ice or by 
lying concealed in vessels. On the coast many hid them- 
selves in the hold of ships, or were sent north in boxes as 
merchandise. The story of the U. G. R. R. is full of pa- 
thetic and tragic interest. The Abolitionists believed that 
they were justified in opposing and thwarting an unholy 
law for the sake of oppressed humanity. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION 



235 



345. During this administration the country was called 

upon to mourn the loss of distlnf/ulsJied nieHf as 

well as the death of a President. John C. Calhoun died in 
1850, aged sixty-eight. Two years afterward, Henry Clay 
and Daniel Webster closed their careers. Thus within four 
years America lost her three greatest orators and statesmen. 

34G. When the next President was to be elected, the 
attlttlde of parties was peculiar. The question at issue 
was the Compromise Act of 1850. But ])oth Democrats 
and Whigs were agreed on the wisdom of that measure, 
antl stood by the provisions of the Omnibus Bill. The 
Freesoilers doubted its wisdom, and declared that all the 
territories should be free. 

347. The candidates were Franklin Pierce, of New 
Hampshire, representing the Democratic party, who was 
nominated on the forty-ninth ballot — "a man whose previous 
ol)scurity served at least to shield him from personal attack." 
General Winfield Scott represented the Whigs; and .lohn 
P. Hale, of New Hampshire, the Freesoilers. Pierce was 
elected by a large majority, Scott receiving the vote of only 
four states. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

PIERCE'S ADMIN ISTRATIOJSr. 

1853 — 1857. 

348. The new Chief 31af/istrafe was a lawyer 
of prominence and a statesman of considerable ability. He 
had been a member of both houses of 
Congress, and had served with distinction 
as a general in the Mexican war. He was 
one of that large class called northern 
men with southern principles. His term 
of office was one of the stormiest in our 
history. He came into office- pledged to 
suppress the slavery agitation, and his 
sympathies and influence were always in 
favor of the South. But afterward, when the civil war 




FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



236 THE MODEL HISTORY, 

broke out, he espoused the cause of the Union, and urged 
a support of the government at Washington. 

349. In the early part of this presidency, an acquisition 
of territory was made in the purchase of a strip of land on 
the Mexican border. At the time of the treaty of Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo, the maps were so imperfect that the lines 
were not drawn with sufficient exactness. Both countries 
claimed the Mesilla valley, which was said to be very fertile, 
and which was important to the United States as affording 
what was regarded as the best route to California. For ten 
million dollars Mexico surrendered its title to the disputed 
territory, and guaranteed to the United States the free 
navigation of the Gulf of California and the Colorado 
River. This acquisition was called the Gaclsdeil JPuV~ 
clicise, from the name of the minister who negotiated it. 
It was afterward organized into the Territory of Arizona. 

350. Very soon the President was called upon to take a 
part in the opening ceremonies of the WovllVs Fflfi'f^n 
exhibition of all nations. Two years before, England had 
erected a costly building of glass and iron, and had invited 
the different nations to put on exhibition samples of their 
manufactures, inventions, agricultural products, and works 
of art. Now a similar enterprise was started here. A 
Crystal Palace was built in New York, and filled with the 
choicest products of all nations. Thousands visited it from 
all parts of the land; and, though not a financial success, it 
diffused correct ideas of the advance of the world, and 
cultivated a mutual acquaintance and respect between the 
nations. International fairs have been an expensive but 
fashionable luxury with the leading nations ever since. 

351. The acquisition of California made a treaty with 
tTapan very desirable. The jealousy of that empire 
toward other nations had closed its ports to foreign com- 
merce, and seamen shipwrecked on the coast were treated 
with the greatest cruelty. When the fleet of the United 
States appeared in the waters of Japan, the authorities, 
amazed at such boldness, warned the Americans to depart. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTBATIOir. 237 

The order was disregarded, and a plan for a commercial 
treaty unfolded. On a stated day the expedition landed 
and delivered the letter of the President. The procession 
was received with great pomp, and informed that an answer 
would be returned in the spring. The treaty which followed 
opened the ports of Japan almost for the first time in history, 
and secured to American merchants the rich commerce of 
the East. 

353. The construction of a IPacific Railroad had 
been proposed for several years. As early as 1846, a Mr. 
Whitney proposed to make a road from I^ake Michigan to 
the mouth of the Columbia River, if Congress would vote 
him a strip of land ten miles wide on each side of the track. 
This bill was lost through indifference rather than oppo- 
sition. Three years later, P. F. Degrand proposed to con- 
struct from St. Louis to San Francisco a double-track road, 
if Congress would vote one hundred million dollars and the 
same amount of land as was demanded by Whitney. The 
Panama Railroad was completed by American capitalists 
in 1855. In 1853, the first corps of engineers was sent out 
to survey the various routes to the Pacific. The enterprise 
was at first pronounced an idle dream, then considered 
possible, and finally begun and finished, though not till 
many years after the work was projected. 

353. TJie slavery agitation took the form of a 
contest about the territorial organization of a vast region 
west of the Missouri River. The friends of slavery claimed 
that the Omnibus Bdl, by admitting California as a free 
state, had broken the Missouri Compromise; but the friends 
of freedom insisted on its validity. 

354. In order to secure a temporary settlement of the 
matter, Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois, intro- 
duced a bill, knowu as the Kansas- Nebvasha JBill, 
providing for the organization of two territories, to be 
called Kansas and Nebraska. It was proposed to leave the 
question of slavery or freedom to the people of these terri- 
tories for decision when they should seek admission as 



238 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

states. Immediately the violent debates in Congress and 
the stormy scenes among the people broke forth again. 
The doctrine of popular sovereignty, sometimes nicknamed 
"squatter sovereignty," was violently denounced in one 
section, and praised as the very essence of republicanism 
in the other. Three thousand clergymen of New England 
petitioned Congress against the bill; but all efforts to defeat 
it failed, and it became a law. It was a virtual repeal of 
the Missouri Compromise. 

355. The effect was immediately apparent. The law 
increased rather than allayed the excitement. In the North 
it was said that an attempt was made to introduce slavery 
everywhere; and the story was told that Senator Toombs, 
from Georgia, had boasted that he would yet live to '< call 
the roll of his slaves from Bunker Hill." The anti-slavery 
party was greatly strengthened, and a struggle ensued 
between the champions of slavery and the friends of free- 
dom to secure possession of the new territories. From both 
North and South emigrants rushed to Kansas to out-number 
and out-vote each other. 

This was especially the case with a class of Missourians, 
who could cross the border, commit depredations, vote at 
elections, and retreat undisturbed. These invaders were 
called Border Ruffians. They took possession of the Mis- 
souri River, and prevented settlers from the North from 
entering Kansas, except by a circuitous route through Iowa. 
The United States officials supported sometimes one party 
and sometimes the other, and governor after governor, sent 
out from Washington, was removed or resigned in despair. 
Two separate constitutions, two rival Legislatures, and two 
capitals were chosen by the settlers. Civil war was appar- 
ently inevitable, and it came in its worst form, 

350. *^ Bleed iuff Kaiisas" was the universal talk. 
The ruffians sacked and burned the town of Lawrence, 
lately settled by men from Massachusetts. Frequent con- 
flicts between the military parties occurred. Stealing 
horses and cattle became very common, so that men would 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 



239 



speak of a pro-slavery horse or an anti-slavery cow, according 
to the political views of the owner. Outrages of all kinds 
were committed, and neither life nor property was safe. 
Peace was not restored till the President sent a governor- 
backed by a strong military force. 

357. A memorable incident of this contest in 
Congress was the election of Nathaniel P. Banks, of Massa- 
chusetts, as Speaker of the House of Representatives. This 
was accomplished on the 133d ballot, after a contest of 
about two months, and was regarded as a victory for the 
anti-slavery party. 

358. A very exciting event in these troublous times 

was the assauJt on Charles 

Stinilier, the Senator from 
Massachusetts. The occasion of 
this outrage was a speech de- 
livered by Mr. Sumner a short 
time before, on The Crime 
agaiiist Kansas^ in which he 
had denounced slavery, its cham- 
pions, and its measures, in the 
severest terms. Preston S. 
Brooks, a Representative from 
South Carolina, with a heavy 
cane assaulted the Senator in 
his seat, and beat him over the 
head till he fell bleeding and senseless to the floor. This 
ruffianly personal assault, in the midst of the bitterness of 
partisan debate, created a still wilder storm of excitement 
in the land. 

359. The old party issues between the Whigs and 
Democrats had gradually disappeared as the old leaders 
passed away. The slavery question now overshadowed 
every other issue. The Freesoilers, the free-sod Democrats, 
and nine-tenths of the Whigs united into a new party under 
the name of Republicans. The exclusion of slavery from 
all the territories by action of Congress was the main feature 




CHARLES SUMNER. 



240 THE MODEL IIISTORT. 

of their platform. The Democratic party preserved its 
organization, and re-affirmed the doctrines of the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill. Besides these, there was an American, or 
Know -Nothing party, opposed to foreign, and especially 
Roman Catholic, influence in national legislation. It 
desired to ignore the slavery question, and held as a leading 
proposition, "Americans should rule America." 

360. At the presidential eleetiofif which was pre- 
ceded by a very exciting canvass, the Americans, with 
Millard Fillmore as their nominee, carried one state — Marv- 
land. The Republicans, with John C Fremont at the head 
of their ticket, carried eleven states. The Democrats.^ 
favoring the extension of slavery wherever it found its way 
by the will of the people, were victorious in the election 
of James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, as President, and 
John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, as Vice-President. 



CHAPTER XV. 

BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION. 

1857 — 1861, 

361. The new Execntive has been styled the 
Bachelor President. He had been a 
Senator, Secretary of State, and Minister 
to Russia and England. He came into 
power at a critical time, and declared the 
object of his administration to be "to 
destroy every sectional party, whether 
North or South, and to restore, if possible, 
JAMES BUCHANAN, that fratcmal feeling between the states 
that had existed during the early days of tlie republic." 

302. During his first year, the 3Ioi'niOns in Utah 
assumed a defiant bearing, refusing to acknowledge any 
governor but Brigham Young, and even compelling a United 
States judge to adjourn his court at the point of the bowie- 




BUCHANAN '<S' ADMINISTRATION. 



241 



knife. A force of twenty-five liundred was sent to bring 
tliem into subjection. They then concluded to come to 
terms. The troops remained in Utah two years to maintain 
order and enforce the laws. 

363. It is pleasing- to turn from political quarrels to the 
history of tlie Atlantic cable. As early as 1845, Mr. 
Morse had ventured the wild prediction that " telegraphic 
communication on the electro-magnetic plan will be estab- 
lished across the Atlantic ocean." But no message was 
ever sent through a submerged wire till John J. Craven, in 
the employ of Morse, in 1846, after many persevering experi- 
ments, made a cable by protecting a wire with gutta-percha. 
He laid it across the Hudson River, and sent messages 
through the water. To him belongs the honor of being the 
pioneer in submarine telegrai)hy. AVhen the fact was 
established that messages could be sent under water, 
experiments multiplied in this country and in Euro2:)e, and 
it was not long before several short lines were laid. None 
of them were longer than one hundred and fifteen miles. 

364. The origin of the entef'prise was in the 

dining-room of Cyrus W. Field, 
a wealthy merchant of New 
York, in March, 1854. Seven 
enterprising and prominent 
citizens were present. They 
matured their designs, and pro- 
ceeded to its execution. A 
construction company was 
formed, both in this country 
and in England. A short line 
was laid from Nova Scotia to 
Newfoundland, and soundings 
were made with a view of ex- 
tending it to Ireland. It was 
found that the ocean was in no 

place more than two and a half miles deep, and that the 

bottom was nearly level. 
11 




CYRUS W. FIELD. 



242 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

3G5. The cotistruetlon of the cable was a work 

of the greatest difficulty, and sixty-two different kinds of 
rope were tried before the exact form and character was 
determined. The conducting line was made in the form of 
a strand, being composed of one central wire and six others 
drawn around it,«all of the purest copper. This strand was 
covered with gutta-percha to exclude the water, and several 
other wires outside to add strength. The cable was made 
in England, and was coiled up on board two large steamers, 
which sailed for America, uncoiling the cable and dropping 
it quietly into the sea. Soon it broke, and that attempt 
was a failure. The next summer two steamers were sent 
into mid-ocean, the ends were spliced, and the vessels 
steamed away toward their respective countries. A hun- 
dred miles were payed out when a second break occurred. 
Again the ships met, re-spliced, and sailed away. This time 
both ends were successfully landed, and a steady current 
of electricity was received from the other side of the 
Atlantic. 

366. The success was announced to the world in the 
business-like dispatch of Mr. Field, " The cable is success- 
fully laid." The public, discouraged by delays and failures, 
had lost faith in ultimate success. The news thrilled the 
country like an electric shock, and the whole land sent up 
a shout of rejoicing. Congratulatory messages were sent 
by Queen Victoria and President Buchanan. Then was 
sent, "Europe and America are united by telegraph. Glory 
to God in the highest; on earth peace and good will toward 
men." 

367. In 1859, a new industry was suddenly developed 
in western Pennsylvania. It was the J)€troleiim busi- 
tiess. As early as 1819, in boring a well in Ohio for brine 
for salt-making, a mineral oil was struck, instead of water. 
It was a source of great annoyance to the salt -makers. 
Attempts to use it for illuminating purposes failed for want 
of proper lamps. Many years afterward, oil was extensively 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 243 

made from coal, and was called kerosene or coal -oil. The 
process of manufacture was expensive, and it was finally 
proposed to sink wells for the native mineral oil. 

A well was bored in Venango County, Pennsylvania, 
seventy-two feet deep, from which a flow of ten barrels a 
day was obtained. This yield was worth two hundred 
dollars. The wildest excitement and speculation immedi- 
ately followed. Land, worthless before, became of immense 
value, and wells were sunk in great numbers in all direc- 
tions. Some of these yielded nothing, and others as high 
as two thousand barrels a day. The speculative spirit 
passed away in a few years, and the business became a 
settled industry. Large fortunes have been made, and an 
excellent and cheap illumination has been furnished for 
the world. 

.368. In spite of the President's efforts, the slavevy 
qiiestiOfh continued to be the disturbing theme. The 
North was irritated at the defiant bearing of the slave 
power; and the South was angered at the growing oppo- 
sition to its institutions. 

369. Soon the Dred Scott Decision was made, by 
which the Supreme Court of the United States declared 
that negroes are not, and can not become, citizens. Chief- 
Justice Taney referred to the fact of history (and was 
understood by many to declare) that "negroes have no 
rights which white men are bound to respect." 

370. Several of the free states immediately passed 
Persfnifd Liherttj Sills, intended to prevent the 
execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, and to secure to run- 
away slaves the benefit of trial by jury. 

37L The country was soon startled by the JoJlJl 
Srowtl raid. The scheme was devised by an old man 
named John Brown, who, with his sons, had taken a part 
in the border warfare in Kansas, and had done some sharp 
fighting there. His plan was to excite an insurrection 
among the slaves, arm them, and thus attack slavery in the 



244 



THE MODEL HISTOBT. 




slave states themselves. In order to secure weapons for his 
army of blacks, he, with twenty -one followers, seized the 

arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and 
held the town. 

By delaying his departure he 
was overpowered by the state 
militia, and most of his com- 
panions were killed. A few 
^ others who were posted on the 
^ outside of the town escaped to 
-- the mountains, and thence, after 
many perils and hardships, to 
the free states. Brown was put 
on trial before a Virginia jury 
charged with murder, treason, 
JOHN i;iiM\v.\. and exciting insurrection. In a 

few weeks after conviction, he was hung, his last act being 
to kiss the forehead of a slave child on his way to execution.* 

372. With the Southern people the effects of the 
Tflid were immediate and disastrous. It was taken as 
evidence of an intention to make war on the South, and as 
the natural result of free-soil doctrines. It was the most 
powerful argument ever placed in the hands of the dis- 
unionists. The South listened with favor to the idea of 
secession, and in the alarm and excitement forgot that most 
Northern people condemned the mad attempt of Brown. 

373. About two hundred years ago. Father Hennepin, a 

French priest, visited 

Minnesota. In 

1805, Lieutenant Pike 
|W?''; explored the Missi- 
sippi to its source. 
The first white settle- 
ments were made by 
a party from the Brit- 
Its climate being severe, its 
growth was slow. In 1858 it entered the Union. 

•This Incident has been denied. It rests upon the uuthority of Greeley's "Amen 
can Conflict." 




SEAL OV MINNESOTA. 



ish possessions in the north. 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



245 




SEAL OP OKEUON. 



374. Lewis and Clarke were the early explorers of 

Oregon, The first 
settlement was made 
at Astoria, as a fur- 
trading post, by John 
Jacolj Astor,a wealthy 
merchant of New 
York. There were no 
American /tomes in 

Oregon till 1834, when a little company of Methodist mis- 
sionaries settled in the valley of the Willamette. Its 
population increased rapidly after the discovery of gold on 
the Pacific coast. It became a state in 1859. 

375. Zll Kansas the struggle between freedom and 

slavery still went on. 

_ The President gave his 
_'~ influence to support the 
"/t^ pro-slaverv men: but 




■^1 \ 1. ( > 1' KANSAS 



^o strong was the tide 
)f immigration from the 
f---- free states that it was 
found impossible to 
fasten slavery upon the territory. Kansas entered the 
Union in 1861 as a free state, after six years of angry 
agitation. 

37G. The eUjllth census^ taken in 18(30, indicated 
a population of over thirty-one millions (31,443,321). 

377. As the time for another election drew near, public 
attention was directed to the DeniOCi'atlc national 
Onventlon at Charleston. About six hundred delegates 
were in attendance, and they were much divided on the 
question of slavery. The Southern delegates, being unable 
to obtain an expression of their views in the platform, with- 
drew from the convention. Thus the great Democratic 
party, which had been victorious for so many years, was 
split asvinder. The wedge was slavery. 

378. Thus the people were divided into fouv pavties. 



246 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

The Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge, 
and declared that Congress had recognized slavery in the 
territories, and that any citizen has a right to take slave 
property into any territory without forfeiting ownership. 
The Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas, 
and declared that slavery or freedom is a question to be 
decided entirely by the wliite settlers in a territory. The 
Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and 
declared that, as there is no law for slavery in the territories, 
and no Legislature to enact one, Congress is bound to pro- 
iiibit it in every territory. The Constitutional Union party 
nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, and pronounced some- 
what vaguely the motto, "The Union, the Constitution, and 
the enforcement of the laws." 

379. The CCinvciSS was one of extraordinary excite- 
ment. The public mind was troubled by signs of coming 
danger. Efforts were made to repeat "the hard cider cam- 
paign." Immense processions paraded the streets, in which 
men split fence-rails on platforms. The Wide-Awakes, 
with capes and torches, were organized by thousands. 
"Honest Old Abe," "Abe, the Railsplitter," and many other 
inspiring epithets were on the lips of the Republicans. 
From first to last the campaign was a triumphant success. 
On the night after the election, the telegraph flashed the 
news over the land that Abraham Lincoln was elected 
President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. 

380. Threats of secession^ in the event of Lin- 
coln's election, had been freely made during the campaign 
by the Southern leaders. They now declared it was time 
to leave a government which had fallen into the hands of 
their avowed enemies. The North had much to say to them 
about the crime and cowardice of ruining a government 
they could not rule. It was believed that this threat was a 
mere election artifice to secure votes, and would not be 
executed. In this the country was mistaken. 

381. As soon as Lincoln's election was ascertained, fJie 
IVOVk of secession began in South Carolina, which. 



BUCHANAN 'S ADMINISTRATION. 



24t 



since Jackson's time, had been the center of political dis- 
content. A convention was called, at which a resolution 
favoring secession was unanimously adopted. The Legis- 
lature immediately passed an ordinance of withdrawal from 
the Union. It was a momentous step. The action was con- 
tagious. Within six weeks, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas passed similar ordinances, 
and their Representatives and Senators at Washington 
resigned their seats and left to follow the fortunes of their 
states. 

382, Just before the end of Buchanan's term, delegates 
from the seceded states met at 
Montgomery, and formed a govern- 
ment called Tlie Confcdevdte 
States of America, They 
elected Jefferson Davis, of Missis- 
sippi, as President, and Alexander 
IL Stephens, of Georgia, as Vice- 
President. Committees were ap- 
pointed on finance, foreign rela- 
tions, and military affairs. The 
righteousness of slavery as a per- 
manent institution was boldly 
declared, and the policy was openly 

announced to establish a slave -holding republic in the 
South. 

383. The course of events was very rapid. Most 
of the friends and indorsers of the President either favored 
secession or opposed all attempts to arrest its progress. He 
was distracted by diverse councils, and allowed most of the 
forts and arsenals in the seceded states to be seized, one 
after another, with their munitions of war. For years the 
military stores had been quietly conveyed southward, under 
authority of a pro-slavery Secretary of War. The army had 
been reduced and stationed at remote parts on the frontier, 
and the navy was scattered on distant seas. There was a 
cry of " No coercion ! " and affairs steadily drifted toward 




248 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



war. For the first time in the liistory of tlie republic, the 
President-elect slipped into Washington secretly and at 
night. Amid the upheavals of revolution, and in public 
and private alarm, the calamitous presidency of Buchanan 
ended. 




CHAPTER XVI. 

LINCOLN'S ADM I N ISTRAT ION. 

180 1 — 186S, 
384. Tlie 7ietr President had risen from humble 
life to the Legislature and to Con- 
gress. Though he opposed slavery, 
he did not think the Constitution 
gave Congress a right to interfere 
with it where it already existed. 

385. In his inattf/ural ad- 
dress he declared that no state 
could voluntarily withdraw from the 
Union ; that he had no intention to 
interfere with slavery; but that his 
oath of office made it his duty to 
hold, occupy, and possess all the 
property of the United States. To the seceded states he 
said : " In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, not in 
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war." 

386. The ijidications of war were too lightly esti- 
mated by both sections. The South believed that the 
people of the North were so engrossed in money-making, 
and so enfeel)led by luxurious living, that thev could not 
send out a vigorous soldiery, and that victory would be 
eas3^ They said, "Cotton is king," and believed that 
foreign nations would soon end the war, in order to supply 
themselves with that staple. The North thought the matter 
was all bluster, and that the South would not dare to fight 
for slaverv with four million slaves exposed to the chances 
of war, 

387. Hostilities began at Fort SliniteVf in Charleston 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 249 

harbor. It was garrisoned by Major Anderson with eighty 
men. Its supplies being nearly exhausted, the President 
resolved to provision it. The Confederates demanded its 
surrender. This being refused, it was bombarded from the 
city for thirty-four hours. His men being exhausted, his 
quarters on fire, and his ammunition nearly gone, Anderson 
surrendered the fort. These events occurred April 12 and 
13, 1861. The war had begun. 

388. A review of the causes which brought on the 
civil conflict would show that the evil tree had been planted 
by a past generation, and that its roots were spreading out 
into all the natioiuil life. 1. The difference in habits and 
pursuits had tended to weaken the bonds of common ances- 
try. 3. Different opinions of the nature of the government, 
— whether it was an indivisible union or a mere compact 
of states, — had existed from the days of Washington. 3. It 
had long been foi-eseen that the balance of political power, 
which was steadily moving northward, Avould at some time 
overthrow the southern rule. 4. The failure of the Missouri 
Compromise, which had preserved peace for forty years, 
revived the earlier threats of disunion. 

5. The tariff, resulting in nullification, was seen to favor 
the manufacturing North at the expense of the cotton- 
growing South. C. Little intercourse between the two 
sections led to jealousy and suspicion, till they looked upon 
each other almost as separate nationalities. 7. The j^ubli- 
cation of partisan books, whose popularity sprang from the 
ill-feeling between the two sections. They were often filled 
with ridicule and falsehood, and did much to eml)itter the 
sectional hatred. 8. The slavery question; especially as 
involved in the annexation of Texas, the Fugitive Slave 
Law, the Dred Scott Decision, the Kansas struggle, the 
John Brown raid, — these, all these tended to alienate the 
sympathies of the people, and, in the excitements of the 
passing hour, make them forget their common interests and 
their common struggles for independence. The gates of 
war were opened. 

n* 



250 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

1861. 

389. The effect of the news from Sumter was won- 
derful. No one wlio was not in tlie midst of it can imagine 
the storm of excitement that swept over the land. In, the 
.Woi'tJl f people had thought that patient labor at recon- 
ciliation would bring the seceded states back into the 
Union, and that the only object was to frighten the North 
into concessions to slavery. Some had thought the South 
should be allowed to go, and very few believed there would 
be much fighting. When the attack came, intense indig- 
nation prevailed everywhere, and thousands who before had 
expressed sympathy with the movement, now declared in 
favor of the Union. 

390. In the South the effect was scarcely less marked. 

The wildest joy was manifested that the blow had at last 

been struck that would bring safety to their institutions. 

The colored people took sides with the Union, but, being 

unarmed and io-norant, counted little. White citizens who 

*. . . 

opposed disunion were either forced into silence, killed, or 

driven away. 

391. A Cdll for tvoops was made in both the North 
and the Soutli. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volun- 
teers, to serve three months. The Confederacy called for 
38,000. Both of these calls were responded to with the 
utmost alacrity. Four states — Virginia, North Carolina, 
Arkansas, and Tennessee — not having joined the Confed- 
eracy, were included in Lincoln's call. They sent back 
defiant replies, and soon joined the fortunes of the South. 
The other four slave states — Delaware, Maryland, Ken- 
tucky, and Missouri — refused to secede, and declared in 
favor of neutrality. They were thus saved to the Union. 

392. The scene of the war, as now became evident, 
was to be Virginia in the East, and the border slave states, 
Kentucky and Missouri, in the West. From both sections 
troops rushed forward to occupy these states. 

393. The operations in the JEast were divided 



LINCOLN '5 ADMINISTRATION. 



251 



P E N NIS Y L Y A N I A 

~», ^ o 







flK THK 

REBELLION. 






] J-H.BOGftRT ENG'R. GIN. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 



252 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

into two campaigns — one in western Virginia, and the 
other in nortliern Virginia. 

394. In western Virf/inia the Union forces, under 
General George B. McClelhin, numbered thirty thousand, 
and the Confederates ten thousand. The engagements all 
resulted in victory for the Union; but they were of no great 
magnitude. They served to encourage the North, and led 
to the appointment of McClellan to the main command. 

395. In northern Virginia the army, under Gen- 
eral McDowell, crossed the Potomac and took Alexandria. 
To take Richmond was the object of the operations in the 
East during all the years of the war. Led on by the popu- 
lar cry, " On to Richmond ! " a forward movement was 
made. After some skirmishing, the two armies met at 
Hull Run, About thirty-five thousand men were engaged 
on each side. A severe battle ensued, and lasted nearly 
all day. McDowell's army was then thrown into utter 
confusion, and fled panic-stricken to Washington. 

39G. The l^esult of this battle was to convince the 
country that the war was to be no mere holiday affair. The 
North saw that the southern people could fight and win 
victories. Both sides set to work to collect and equip 
gigantic armies. President Lincoln called for half a million 
volunteers to serve three years. 

397. The o/)erations in the West were confined to 
Missouri. There was some sharp fighting for possession of 
the State. In most of the engagements the Union forces 
were compelled to retreat. 

398. The Southern J^ortS had been closed early in 
the year by a blockade declared by President Lincoln. No 
ship was allowed to enter or leave. It was a long line of 
coast to be guarded by a small navy, and fast-sailing steam- 
ers found little difficulty in running the blockade. By 
escaping past the Union ships on dark nights, during the 
first part of the war, cotton was largely exported to En- 
gland, and sold at a high price for muskets, siege-guns, 
powder, and cartridges. For a long time the inefficiency 



LINCOLN'S ADiMINISTBATION. 253 

of the blockade enabled the South to continue the stru2:a:le 
by obtaining supplies from Europe. But ships were rapidly 
made or purchased, and finally the government at Washing- 
ton was able to seal the southern ports. 

399. Coast operations were carried on to capture 
these blockaded ports. Two forts at Hatteras Inlet and two 
at Port Royal, were taken. They were converted into 
depots of supplies for the Unioti fleet and armies. A 
number of privateers were fitted out by the South to roam 
over the sea and prey on the commerce of the North. In 
this the South was very successful, the privateer Sumter 
alone capturing many rich cargoes. 

400. Foreign relations during the war were satis- 
factory to neither of the contesting parties. Soon after the 
opening of hostilities, England and France issued proc- 
lamations of neutrality, but acknowledged the South as a 
belligerent power and entitled to the rights of nations 
struggling for independence. This caused anger and alarm 
at the North, where it had been hoped that foreign nations 
would take no part in the quarrel. In the South it caused 
deep disappointment, where it had been expected that the 
foreign demand for cotton would lead the nations to 
acknowledge the independence of the Confederacy, and to 
break the blockade. 

401. An event called the Trent affair^ at this time, 
greatly endangered peaceful relations with England. Mason 
and Slidell, two Confederate ambassadors to England and 
France, ran the blockade and took passage on board the 
Trent, an English mail steamer. The next day the Trent 
was stopped by a United States war vessel, and the com- 
missioners were seized and imprisoned at Boston. When 
the news reached England, the whole 'kingdom burst into a 
blaze of anger. The release of the envoys and satisfaction 
for the insult to a neutral flag were positively demanded. 

War was averted by the wise and far-reaching diplomacy 
of the Secretary of State, William H. Seward. He admitted 
ihat the seizure was not warranted by the law of nations. 



254 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

and declared that it was done witliout authority from Wash- 
ington. A suitable apology was made, and the ambassadors 
were released and sent to their destination. Thus England 
was committed to a policy concerning the rights of neutral 
vessels which she had always denied, and which the United 
States had always contended for. 

40:2. During the year the CUVrenCf/ of the nation 
greatly changed. The banks suspended specie payments, 
and nearly all the gold and silver in the country was sent 
to Europe to buy military supplies. A new paper currency 
was created on the credit of the government. In the North 
"greenbacks," and in the South "confederate scrip," 
became the money of the people. 

403. The pvepcfVfltionS for a long war went cease- 
lessly forward during the winter. Foundries, ship-yards, 
and manufactories were kept busy night and day. The 
entire energies of both governments centered in the prose- 
cution of the war. 

1862. 

404. The Civmies during this year were much the 
largest that had ever appeared on the continent. The 
whole Union force amounted to about half a million. 
The Confederate was somewhat smaller. 

405. In, the East^ General McClellan, with two 
hundred thousand men, set out from Washington to capture 
the Confederate capital. He proceeded but a short distance 
when he changed his plan and embarked for Yorktown. 
From that point he advanced to within seven miles of 
Richmond without much resistance. Here McClellan was 
attacked, and the bloody battle of Fcilr OciJtS was fought, 
lasting two days, and ending without decisive results. 

In it, the Confederate commander-in-chief. General 
Joseph E. Johnston, was severely wounded. He was suc- 
ceeded by General Robert E. Lee, a man of high military 
talents, who remained, to the end, the chief stay of the 
Confederacy. McClellan thought best to change the base 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



255 




OF THE 

REBELLION. 



256 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 



of his operations to the James River, in order to be near his 

supplies and transports on that 
stream. This extremely hazardous 
movement brought on a series of 
obstinate battles, called the Sevetl 
Ufu/s' Battles of the Pen- 
in sulci. For a week the roar of 
battle was almost incessant, but 
the encounters were indecisive, 
though the Union forces were 
obliged to retreat. The campaign 
ended with a loss of forty thousand. 
406. Richmond being thus ren- 
dered secure, Lee resolved upon 
an invasion of the JS'orth, In numerous hotly- 
contested battles between Generals Lee and Pope, the 
Confederates were successful, and the Union army was 
driven into Washington. Lee marched into Maryland. 
Meanwhile, McClellan had hastily placed his army on trans- 
ports and gone northward, following Lee. The latter made 
a stand at Antietam ; and, when McClellan came up, 
one of the greatest battles of tlie war was fought, raging 
all day and shattering both armies. Lee retreated into 
Virginia, and McClellan was superseded by General Ambrose 
E. Burnside. Lee's invasion cost him sixty thousand men. 
The Union losses were about the same. 

407. The new commander advanced toward Fredericks- 
burg, which was held by Lee, and strongly fortified in the 
rear. "When Burnside crossed the river, he brought on 
the bloody battle of FredeVicL'sharg, whi;-h resulted 
in a Union defeat, Avith a dreadful loss of twelve thousand. 

408. In the TVesf^ the commander. General U. S. 
Grant, resolved to drive out the enemy from Kentucky and 
Tennessee. By the aid of the Federal gunboats, commanded 
by Commodore Foote, Fort Henri/, on the Tennessee 
River, was taken. The army and the flotilla then proceeded 
to Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River. This 




LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 257 

place soon surrendered with ten thousand prisoners. The 
army then occupied Nashville, the Confederates collecting 
their forces and falling back to a 
second line of defenses, of which 
Corinth was the center. This was 
the first decided victory won by the 
Union arms. 

409. At Stliloh these armies 
met again. Grant was violently at- 
tacked in his camp, with the ri^'er 
CONFEDERATE FLAG. j,^ j^jg ^.^^^^ rp,^^ Cottfedcrates were 

led by Golierals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard. All 
day long the battle raged with fearful slaughter on both 
sides, and, when night came, Grant was hemmed in near 
the river, protected by the gunboats. During the night the 
Union army was reinforced, and the battle was resumed 
next morning. Finally the Confederates fell back to 
Corinth. The losses were twelve thousand on each side. 
General Johnston was among the killed. On the approach 
of the reinforced Union army, the Confederates abandoned 
the Corinth line, and fell back over a hundred miles to 
Vicksburg and Jackson, 

410. In August, the Confederates from East Tennessee, 
under Gen. Bragg, invaded Kentucky and caused a panic 
in Cincinnati and Louisville. Tliev then leisurely retreated, 
taking four thousand wagon loads of spoils. In December, 
the Union army, under Gen. Rosecrans, met Brag'g at 
Murfreesboro, ami the great but indecisive Imttle of Stone 
Rive}' was fought. It was a desperate battle, the losses 
amounting to 24,000, nearly one-third of those engaged. 

411. The narnl Oiyefations of the year were impor- 
tant as introducing a new method of marine warfare. The 
Merrimac was a Confederate war vessel, clad in impene- 
trable iron and made at Norfolk. It burst out upon, the 
Union fleet, sent two of the best ships to the bottom, ana 
threatened the entire destruction of the Northern navy. 
During the night, the Monitor, an iron-clad vessel of peculiar 



258 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



construction, arrived from New York. The two sea-mon- 
sters met next morning at close quarters, using heavier 
guns than had ever before been employed in naval en- 
counter. 

For five hours neither produced the slightest effect upon 




FIGHT BKT^\•^;F,^' the Mi;r.i;iMAC' aM' the monitor. 

the other, till at last the Monitor sent a shot through the 
port-hole of the Merrimac, which returned disabled to 
Norfolk. After this novel sea-fight, the navy department 
gave much attention to the building of monitors. At this 
time, James B. Eads, who afterward built the steel bridge 
across the Mississippi, at St. Louis, and constructed the 
jetties below New Orleans, made and delivered complete 
to the government, all within two months, seven iron-plated 
steamers. They have since been introduced into the navies 
of the world. John Ericsson invented the original monitor. 
413. In review of the year it v/as seen that the 
nation had suffered a slaughter without a parallel in the 
New World, but that the fortunes of war were about evenly 
divided, being favorable to the Confederate army in the 
East, and the Union army in the West. 

1863, 

413. The most notable event of the war occurred on the 
first of January, when President Lincoln issued one of the 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 25C 

most important documPii.ts of modern times, TJie EmdTl^ 

cl2)ation Proclamation, The war was begun with 

no design of abolishing slavery. But the sentiment of abo- 
lition had grown very rapidly' in the North; and, when it 
became necessary to strike at the labor system of the South 
in order to weaken its military force, the step was taken 
with but little hesitancy or opposition. It was done as a 
military necessity, and not as a reformatory measure. Thus, 
after an existence of two hundred and forty-two years, that 
disturber of American politics, African slavery, became a 
thing of the past. 

41-i. At the same time, colored troOpS began to be 
enlisted to fight in the armies of the Union. It had been 
thought that white troops would object to this movement; 
but the former slaves were anxious to strike a blow to 
guarantee their freedom, and on many a field their conduct 
was gallant and their presence acceptable. 

415. Ill the East, Burnside, at his own request, was 
relieved of his command, and was succeeded by General 
Joseph Hooker. He advanced to Chancellor SVlllej 
where he was met -by General Lee, supported by General 
Stonewall Jackson. The battle lasted two days, and resulted 
in a sickening defeat to Hooker. His loss was seventeen 
thousand, nearly twice that of his enemy. The brave and 
skillful Jackson was mortally wounded in the darkness by 
a mistaken volley from his own troops. 

416. Encouraged by his success, Lee resolved on a 
second invasion of the North. He marched rapidly 
into Pennsylvania, followed by Hooker, who, on the eve of 
battle, was superseded by General George G. Meade. The 
two armies, numbering each eighty thousand, met, face to 
face, at the battle of Getty shurff. The conflict, the 
greatest of the war and in the history of the country, raged 
during the first three days of July. Victory favored the 
Union army, and Lee retreated southward. The losses 
were fifty-three thousand. 

417 In the Westf Grant followed his enemy south- 



260 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

ward to Vich'Sbtirg. The gunboats were run past the 
batteries lining the bank, and the army passed around to 
the south, ci-ossed the river, and confronted Vicksburg from 
the east. These movements brought on a number of obsti- 
nate battles, in all of which Grant was successful. The 
attempts to take the city by storm were repulsed, and the 
army settled down to a siege. The city, commanded by 
General Pemberton, held out a month, and then surren- 
dered with twenty -seven thousand prisoners and vast 
quantities of guns, cannon, and military stores. By this 
victory the Union gained more, and the Confederacy lost 
more, than by any previous contest of the war. It opened 
the Mississippi from Cairo to the gulf. 

418. L,ater in the year. General Roseorans, with a large 
Union armv, met a severe defeat by the Confederate Gen- 
eral Bragg, at Chich'aniaugaf in Georgia. Bragg had 
been driven from Tennessee, but was now strongly rein- 
forced from Virginia. He turned upon his enemy, defeated 
him in a battle in v.-hich the losses aggregated forty 
thousand, and drove him into Chattanooga. Here Rose- 
crans also was heavily reinforced from Virginia. He yielded 
the command to Grant, and in a series of stubborn battles 
about CJifftt(HtOOga, Bragg was defeated and driven 
further southward, 

419. The calls for* Iroops in the North were fre- 
quent. After McClelhin's re]-»ulse from Richmond, the 
President called for 300,000 additional troops; and during 
Lee's first invasion of the Xotth, he called for 300,000 more. 
Again, during Lee's second invasion, 100,000 were de- 
manded. All these calls had been promptly responded to 
except the last, which was not fully met. 

420. A period of reaction had set in. The expenses 
and losses of the war were so vast that a large party in the 
North clamored for peace on any terms. Voluntary enlist- 
ments nearly ceased. Desertions from both armies were 
of contiinial occurrence. The bounty paid to soldiers 
induced many to desert and enlist again. A^ one time 



SHPiKMAN. SHElUDAN 

GRANT. 
FARKAGUT. P(JRTER. 

FEDERAL COMMANDERS. 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



261 



more than two hundred a day deserted the army of the 
Potomac. It was even worse than this in the Confederate 
army. 

421o In order to fill these vacancies, Congress jDassed a 
Consct'iption, Act, and President Lincoln oi-dered a 
general draft of 300,000 men« All able-bodied men between 




THE DRAFTING WHEEL. 



the ages of twenty and forty-five were subject to military 
duty. The opponents of the war denounced this measure, 
and in several places, especially New York, the draft officers 
were resisted. Only about fifty thousand soldiers were 
obtained by the draft, but enlistments were quickened, and 
the thinned ranks were soon filled. 

1864, 

422. Two great movements were planned by 
General Grant, who had now been called to Washington 
and appointed to the command of all the armies, with the 
title of Lieutenant-General. The first of these was to be 
directed against Richmond by the army of the Potomac, led 
by General Grant. The other, under General Sherman, 
was a march through the interior of the Confederacy, from 
the Mississippi to the Atlantic. 

423. Ifi' the East, with a hundred and forty thousand 
men, Grant pushed the operations with vigor, and wrote to 



262 TUE MODEL HISTORY. 

President Lincoln, "I propose to fight it out on tliis line if 
it takes all summer." Next day after breaking camp, he 
met the Confederates in the TVUdeVJieSS, The battle 
lasted three days, with terrible losses, but resulted inde- 
cisively. Grant turned to one side to Spottsylvafliaf 
where was fought one of the bloodiest Ijattles of the war. 
He continued southward to Colcl Havhov, where he lost 
ten thousand men within half an hour ! The Union troops 
were everywhere repulsed, but they would not retreat. 
Thus far the campaign had cost Grant sixty, and Lee thirty- 
five, thousand men. 

424. A chanffe of base brought Grant against the 
defenses of Petersburg, beyond which were those of Kich- 
mond. A furious assault was ordered. This was repulsed 
with great slaughter, and Grant resolved upon a siege. 
This was pressed all fall and winter, conflicts often occurring 
in which each side lost thousands of men. 

425. Meanwhile a thh'd invasion of the North 
was executed by General Early, in order to compel Grant 
to raise the siege of Petersburg. Overcoming all oppo- 
sition, he dashed up within gunshot of Washington, and 
then ordered a retreat, loaded with plunder. He was 
followed by a consolidated army, under General Philip H. 
Sheridan, and was defeated in three desperate liattles. 
This was the last northern raid. 

42G. Sherman's '^^ March tO the Sea'' was intended 
to cut off the supplies and sever the railroad connnunication 
of the Confederacv. The army consisted of sixty thousand 
men,aiul marclied in two columns, subsisting" lai'gely on the 
country. Having defeated a large Confederate army under 
GcTu^ral Hood at Atlanta, he met with l)ut little further 
oj)position. Sherman thus showed that the Confederacy 
was "an empty shell," the men being drawn from the 
interior to defend the border. 

427. Several Confederate ivar vessels were fitted 

out in the ship-yards of Great Britain to roam over the seas 
in quest of the Union commerce. The United States pro- 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 263 

tested against this action on the part of England; but these 
remonstrances were not listened to. Here was laid the 
foundation of a difficulty which afterward cost Great Britain 
fifteen million dollars. The most famous of these cruisers 
was the Alahania — oYigiivAWy called "2-90," because 
two hundred and ninety British merchants furnished money 
to build it. "In her whole career, involving the destruction 
of sixty-six vessels and a loss of ten million dollars to the 
merchant service of the United States, she never entered a 
Confederate port, but continued abroad, capturing and 
burning." She was finally sunk in an encounter with a 
Union war steamer, the Kearsarge, near the coast of France. 

428. When election times came again, the Repub- 
licans re-nominated Lincoln by acclamation. The Demo- 
crats named General George B. McClellan. The seceded 
States, of course, took no part in the election. Lincoln 
secured the electoral vote of every state but three. 

1865. 

429. The operatioHH of this year were principally 
East. Grant had Ijecome satisfied from observation and 
the march of Sherman that the South was nearly exhausted, 
and that a vigorous stroke would end the war. Sheridan 
joined the commander-in-chief, and destroyed the railroads 
in the rear of Lee, whose situation was now nearly hopeless. 
Grant ordered an assault on Petersburg, and the works 
were carried. Lee dispatched to President Davis, "My 
lines are broken in three places. Richmond must be evacu- 
ated this evening." The dispatch was handed to Mr. Davis 
in church. He hastily left the room, and the report spread 
that the city was to be abandoned. The wildest confusion 
ensued. The records of the Confederate government and 
large stores of provisions were sent away after the retreat- 
ing army. The next day the Union army entered the city, 
and the Confederacy was without a capital. 

430. The surrender of Lee soon followed. He 
made brave efforts to retreat with his arniy, but he was 



264 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

closely followed by Sheridan. His troops were utterly 
worn out and hemmed in on all sides. An eye-witness 
said : " Hundreds dropped from exhaustion, and thousands 
let their muskets fall from inability to carry them farther." 
Having done all that human power could do to save the 
falling Confederacy, Lee surrendered his army on terms 
honorable to both the victor and the vanquished. When 
Johnston heard of this event, he knew that further resist- 
ance was useless. He opened a correspondence with Sher- 
man, and surrendered his army. Thus, after four years of 
slaughter, ruin, and sorrow, the civil war was at an end. 

431. But this work was scarcely done when a tcvvihle 
event occurred at Washington. While Pi-esident Lincoln 
was sitting in a theater with his wife and friends, an actor 
named John Wilkes Booth, maddened by Lee's overthrow, 
came unnoticed into his 'hox, leveled a pistol, and shot the 
President in the liead. The victim died tlie next morning. 
The assassin leaped upon the stage, escaped through the 
darkness, and fled. He was pursued, found concealed in a 
barn, and shot. Almost at the moment of the tragedy in 
the theater, another murderer, named Lewis Payne Powell, 
rushed into the bed-room of Secretary Seward, leaped upon 
the bed, stabbed him again and again — Ijut not fatally — 
and escaped. He was afterward caught, convicted and 
hanged. 

432. The grief of the nation was very marked. 
No President liad ever been put to so severe a test, and 
none, since Washington, had so endeared himself to the 
people. His honesty, simplicity, fidelity, and sympathetic 
nature, which never deserted him, had secured his re-election 
by a large majority. In the presence of the difficult ques- 
tions yet to be solved, the nation felt it had lost a wise and 
safe guide. This feeling extended even to the late Con- 
federacy. The colored people especially mourned for him 
as for a father. "He went through life bearing the load of 
the people's sorrows with a smiling face. He was the 
guiding mind of the nation while he lived, and, when he 
died, the little children cried ia the streets." When the 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 265 

funeral procession passed by railway from Washino;ton to 
his former home at Spring-field, every station was crowded 
with mourners and draped with the emblems of grief. 

433. The losses of the war were enormous. The 
total number of Union troops called for was 2,942,748. 
The entire number obtained was 2,690,401. The term of 
service varied from three months to three years. On the 
Union side it was estimated that three hundred thousand 
were killed in battle and died from disease. It is believed 
that four hundred thousand more were crippled and disabled 
for life It would be safe to say that over a million men 
were either killed or disaliled, including- both sides. 

434. A national debt of 12,790,000,000 had accumu- 
lated at the end of the war. This was eighty-eight dollars 
for every man, woman, and child in the United States. In 
order to strengthen the confidence of the bondholders in 
the security of their investments. Congress solemnly 
pledged the nation, with but one dissenting vote, to the 
payment of the entire debt, principal and interest. During 
the last year, the cost of conducting the war, on the Union 
side, was three and a half million dollars a day; and the 
expense during the whole of the last year was more than 
the entire cost of carrying on the government from the 
administration of Washington to that of Lincoln. 

At one time two dollars and eighty cents in paper were 
required to buy one dollar in gold. Near the close of the 
contest, the southern currency became worthless, a soldier 
not being able to buy a dinner with a -$100 bill. The 
Confederate debt will probably never be paid, that govern- 
ment having been overthrown. 

435. To meet these tremendous demands, several finan- 
cial tneaSHVeS had been adopted by Congress. A tax 
was levied on manufactures, imports, incomes, and salaries, 
and a stamp duty on legal documents. These taxes, far 
heavier than those imposed by England before the Revolu- 
tion, were patiently submitted to by the people, and thus 
an annual income of three hundred million dollars was 

13 



266 THE MODEL HISTORY, 

secured. This was sufficient to pay the one hundred and 
thirty-three millions of annual interest, defray the current 
expenses of the government, and leave a surplus to reduce 
the national debt. 

United States bonds were issued on the credit of the 
government, redeemable at any time after five and under 
twenty years, and bearing interest in gold, payable semi- 
annually. National banks were also legalized, by which 
private persons might issue paper money, using national 
bonds instead of specie as the basis of their circulation. 
The treasury of the United States furnished the currency 
for this purpose, and guaranteed its redemption. 

436. In its inUitary features the war presented 
several facts, illustrating the resources of science and the 
inventive facility of the people. By the improvement in 
small arms a regiment armed with breech-loading muskets 
could make five times as many discharges as one supplied 
with the old-style muzzle-loading guns. Great improve- 
ments also were made in ordnance and projectiles. Explosive 
machines, as torpedoes and hand-grenades, came into use. 
Iron-clad vessels have been- already mentioned. 

Troops were transported from place to place, with all 
their equipments, by railroads, steamboats, and sailing ves- 
sels. At one time twenty-three thousand men were taken 
by railway from Virginia to Tennessee, a distance of over 
a thousand miles, in seven days, eating and sleeping on the 
cars. Balloons were sometimes employed in examining the 
position and defenses of the enemy; and telegraph* wires 
were carried to the battle fields, that instant communication 
might be had with the commander-in-chief. 

437. The political results of the war were antici- 
pated by very few. Final victory for the Union for a long 
time seemed doubtful; and, had foreign nations interfered, 
the Federal arms would probably never have prevailed. 
The most important result was the abolition of slavery. The 
principle was also established that the United States are to 
be regarded as a nation, one and indivisible, and not as a; 
mere alliance of sovereign states. 



LINCOLN '*§ ADMINItiTRATION. 



267 



438. The SltfferinfJS resulting from the war were 
terrible and wide-spread. They extended even to Europe. 
The derangements of commerce, and especially the lack of 
cotton, threw thousands of poor English operatives out of 
employment. In this country there were few families that 
did not suffer some bereavement. In both the North and 
the South the devotion and patriotism of the women at 
home equaled the heroism of the soldiers in the field. In 
watching the sick and wounded in the hospital and on the 
field they did much to lessen the horrors of war. 

439. Smiitfivy fah'S were organized all over the 
country, and fourteen million dollars were raised in cash 
and supplies. In thousands of quiet homes, delicate food 
and warm clothing were prepared for the soldiers in the 
field. The Sanitary Commission had its hospital cars on 
the railroads, and hospital cabins on steamers. Its litters, 
wagons, and ambulances were found on the battle fields. 
It provided dinners for regiments on their way to the front, 
took care of the wives and children of destitute soldiers, 
and collected vast stores of ])rovisions. In no previous 
struggle in history liad so much been done to relieve the 
miseries attending war; and even in the midst of the dead- 
liest conflicts humanity liad its victories. 

440. The C/iristiaji Cominissioiico-operntedwith 
the Sanitary, and i-aised four and a half million dollars for 
moral and religious work in the army. Bibles were dis- 
tributed, tracts were scattered, and Christian teachers visited 
the camp and the hospital. 

441. During the war, two new states were added to 

the Union. West ViV- 
{jinlff, liaving refused 
to secede, was organized 
into a separate state in 
1863, in order that it 
might have the privi- 
leges guaranteed by the 
Constitution. 




s^\I or ^vL'^r \ir(,ini\ 



268 



TEE MODEL HISTORY. 




IK NK\-AI1A. 



442. Wevada was acquired by the Mexican conquest, 
but it contained a very small population till the discovery 
of its rich silver mines in 1859. It remained a territory 

three years, and then 
entered the Union in 
1864 as the thirty-sixth 
state. 

443. The sale of 
public lands had 
been a source of income 
to the government from 
the time of Washington. The thirteen colonies claimed the 
great territory lying directly west of them to the Mis- 
sissippi ; but at the close of the Revolution it was all ceded 
to the general government. At first, not less than four 
thousand acres could be sold at one time, iiut as this ruij 
placed the lands in the hands of speculators, who neither 
produced nor improved, smaller tracts were offered to those 
wishing farms, after 1804. The lands were surveyed only 
as they were put in market, being divided into townshij)S 
and sections. The cost of the public domain to the govern- 
ment averaged twenty-two cents per acre. 

Previous to 1820, the lands were sold at auction at the 
land-office, at not less than two dollars per acre. After 
that time they were sold at auction at any price above a 
dollar and a quarter, the lots remaining unsold being after- 
ward closed out on private sale at that figure. In 183G, the 
receipts from public lands were greater than at any time 
before or since, amounting to twenty-five million dollars. 
This land fever was caused l)y the completion of the Erie 
Canal, the use of steamboats on the western rivers, and the 
immigration into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. It will 
be remembered that this a])parent pros])ority and rapid 
inflation of prices collapsed in the "panic of '37." After 
this the sale of lands was only such as was demanded by 
the advance of settlements. 

444. Homestead laws datr back to the vear 3 830. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 269 

The object was to regulate the disposal of public lands to 
actual settlers by giving- a j^re-eniptive right. Previous to 
that year, the government was opposed to the settlement 
of the public domain by non-purchasers; but Mr. Greeley 
took up the idea of "free homes for free people," and, 
through the columns of his paper, became the leading- 
advocate of the pre-emptive principle. The law was 
amended from time to time, till it assumed its present form 
under the presidency of Lincoln. 

The law provides, among other things, that no one can 
acquire public lands without residing upon them as a home 
and making improvements, and that any citizen can take 
a claim of a quarter-section, remain upon it a specified time, 
and then receive a free deed from the government. The 
effect of this provision is to shut out speculators, secure 
homes to the people, and rapidly fill up the territories. 



CHAPTER XVII, 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1865 — 1869, 

445. On the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, 
the Vice-President, Andrew John- 
son, of Tennessee, became the third 
"Accidental President." With no advan- 
tages of education in the schools, he was 
entirely a so-called "self-made man." 
From poverty and neglect he rose through 

o. A t, -^ successive offices to the Senate of the 
ANDREwto^NsoN. '^'^'■^'''^ States. He had opposed secession 
with all his power, and served during the 
war as military governor of Tennessee. He was earnest, 
honest-hearted, and sincerely desired to do his duty. His 
mistakes were probably not due to any wish to serve his own 
interests or those of any party. 

446. The first duty of the President was the disband- 




270 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

ifig of the armyf which consisted of about a million 
men. It was prophesied by foreign nations, and feared by 
many persons at home, that the return of so many men to 
civil life would be attended by serious evils. The quiet 
return of this vast multitude to their old homes and voca- 
tions was regarded as a great triumph of law and order, 
and as another proof of the stability of our institutions. 

447. The most important duty of Congress and the 
President was the adaptation of affairs to a state of peace. 
This was called vecoiistriiction. The question was, on 
what terms the southern states siiould be restored to their 
former position in the government. 

448. The President soon issued a Proclamation of 
A.'iH7iesty f granting pardon to all persons, (except certain 
specified classes,) who had engaged in the organization and 
defense of the Confederacy. All persons accepting the 
pardon should take the oath of allegiance to the United 
States. Provisional governors were appointed for the 
southern states, who were instructed to call conventions of 
the people. The states were required to repeal their ordi- 
nances of secession, declare the Confederate debt void, and 
vote for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. 
All this was done, and the Thirteenth Amendment, having 
been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven states, 
became a part of the Constitution. 

449. A serious disagreement unfortunately arose at 
this time between the President and Congress. The former 
held that the ordinances of secession were utterly void; and 
that therefore the so-called seceded states had never been 
out of the Union at all, and were immediately entitled to 
representation at "Washington. Congress admitted that 
secession was void, but argued that, since the South had 
been in a treasonable state for four years, it would be 
unsafe and unwise to admit it to its former relations under 
the government without special legislation and guaran- 
tees. 

These conditions were embodied by Congress in the Four- 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 271 

teenth Amendment, granting certain civil rights to the 
colored jDeople of the South, revising the southern repre- 
sentation in Congress, and affirming the validity of the 
Federal debt and the nullity of the Confederate. The 
contest between Congress and the Executive lasted two 
years, during which time a large number of bills were 
passed, promptly vetoed by the President, and as promptly 
re-passed by a two-thirds vote. The states were finally 
restored in accordance with the views of Congress and the 
provisions of the new amendment. 

450. So far did this quarrel extend that avticles of 
hnpeachtiient against the President were, for the first 
time in our history, agreed to by the House of Representa- 
tives. After a trial of two months, the President was 
acquitted. His escape was very narrow; a majority of 
two-thirds in the Senate was required for conviction, and 
only one vote was wanting. 

451o During the war. Napoleon III of France interfered 
in the affairs of Mexico f and, having sent a French 
army there, succeeded in setting up an empire. He 
appointed Maximilian of Austria as emperor, who sustained 
his rule by an army of French and Austrian soldiers. The 
United States jjrotested against this violation of the Monroe 
doctrine, but, being entirely absorbed in the war, could 
enforce nothing. But the Mexican President, Juarez, 
headed a movement against the usurper, and finally, at the 
demands from Washington, Napoleon withdrew his army. 
Maximilian fled, was arrested, tried, and shot. Thus the 
despotic attempt of Napoleon ended in failure. 

452. The rejoicings of the country over the Atlantic 
cable in 1858 ended in disappointment. After a short 
time of successful operation, the cable was found to be 
giving out. Heavier and heavier charges were necessary 
in order to carry a message through, till, in a few weeks, 
the line could not be operated at all. The leaders of the 
enterprise were not dismayed by their third failure, but 
continued to experiment during all the time of the war 



272 TEE MODEL HISTORY. 

upon every kind of wire, and to advocate the possibility of 
the scheme., 

Mr. Field made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and 
finally secured enough capital to make and lay another 
cable. In the summer of 18G5, it was coiled up in the 
Great Eastern, the largest vessel ever built. The steamer 
sailed from Ireland, and had payed out more than twelve 
hundred miles when the cable again broke and was lost. 
Six millions of dollars had already been spent in unsuccess- 
ful attempts; but, during the sumtner of 1866, Mr. Field 
and his determined associates again, and for the fifth time, 
started a steamer on its way. Permanent success was now 
achieved. 

To make the triumph complete, the Great Eastern sailed 
back to the spot where the cable was lost the summer 
before, threw out grappling-irons, cavight the lost line, 
brought it to the surface, spliced it, and landed it success- 
fully at Newfoundland. After twelve years of persistent 
labor, Mr. Field received the gratitude and applause of all 
civilized nations. Since that time, several lines have been 
laid, and the Old World and the New are in constant com- 
munication. The apparatus used is exceedingly delicate, 
and the perfection of the cable is shown by the fact that 
the electricity from a single small cup is sufficient to send 
a message across the Atlantic. 

453. In 1S67, by the purchase of Alaska, the 
United States acquired, for the first time in its history, 
territory not lying on its border. That country had been 
explored by a party of scientific men, with a view of estab- 
lishing communication by telegraph with Asia by way of 
Behring Strait. Their report showed that its coast fisheries 
were of great value, and that its forests of white pine and 
vellow cedar were among the finest- in the world. The pro- 
posal to purchase the peninsula met with much opposition 
from the press, but it was finally ceded by Russia to the 
United States on the payment of seven million two hundred 
thousand dollars. The territory is larger than the original 




JOHNSOW'S ADMINISTRATION. 273 

thirteen states, and contains a population of twenty-nine 
thousand. 

454. During this presidency, the tewitOTieS of the 

United States were reduced in size, increased in number, 
and made to assume a form in preparation for their early 
admission as states. Dakota was cut off from Nebraska, 
and Arizona from New Mexico. The others were organized 
under the names Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, 

Utah, and Washing- 
ton. The Indian Ter- 
ritory and Alaska 
have not yet been 
organized into terri- 
torial governments. In 
1867, Nebraska was 

SKAL OP NEBRASKA. j •, , j , , 

admitted as a state. 

455. In 1868, Congress ratified a treaty ivitli tJie 

North German Confederation, by which the right 

of German emigrants to sever their allegiance to their native 
country and to become citizens of the United States, was 
allowed. 

456. During the same year, an embassy from 
Chifiaf headed by Anson Burlingame, formerly the 
American minister to that country, visited the United 
States. A treaty was ratified by which liberty of con- 
science, protection of property, and important commercial 
privileges were mutually secured. This was the first time 
that exclusive nation had ever sought a treaty with foreign 
countries. 

457. When the lyresidefltial election came again, 
the contest was still found to be between the Republican 
and the Democratic parties. The former nominated Gen- 
eral Ulysses S. Grant, and the latter, Horatio Seymour, of 
New York. The campaign was attended with much excite- 
ment; but there was no prominent issue before the people. 
Both parties accepted the results of the war, and affirmed 
the validity of the late amendments. The questions most 

12* 



274 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

discussed were those arising out of the war. Thus politics 
looked back to the past instead of forward to the future. 
The result was the election of General Grant as President, 
and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, as Vice-President. 




CHAPTER XVIII. 

GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1869 — 1877. 

458. The new Executivef the eighteenth President, 
had received a military education, and served with dis- 
tinction in the Mexican war. His national 
reputation was won by his campaign in 
the West, beginning with the capture of 
Forts Henry and Donelson. He rose 
rapidly in rank, till he became com- 
mander-in-chief of the Union army. 

459. Soon after his inauguralrion, fJie 
Pacific Railroad was completed. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT. ^^^^• . . • IJU Vil 

1 his great enterprise had been agitated 
since the discovery of gold in California. But the work 
was not undertaken till 1863. To a company of capitalists 
Congress voted large amounts of land adjoining the pro- 
posed road, as Whitney and Degrand asked to have done 
years before. The land grant included the alternate sections, 
for ten and twenty miles on each side of the track. Beside 
this, Congress guaranteed the payment of a large amount 
of bonds to be issued by the company. California had now 
grown into a wealthy state, and she lent her energy to the 
achievement. 

The first division of the road extended from Covuicii 
Bluffs, Iowa, to Ogden, in Utah, a distance of 1,032 miles. 
This was called the Union Pacific Railroad. The other 
division, called the Central Pacific Railroad, extended from 
San Francisco to Ogden, a distance of 882 miles. The 
work went on at both ends at the same time, and on May 
10, 18G9, two engines slowly s'.teamed till they touched each 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 275 

other in front, and the engineers from the East and the West 
shook hands across the narrow line of separation. The last 
rail was laid, and the last spike driven, with appropriate 
ceremonies. From Europe to America in nine days; from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific in five more; and across the 
Pacific to China in twenty more, — thus was realized the 
ambitious scheme of the fifteenth century, a short route to 
.the Indies. 

400. The work of reconstruction was completed in 1870 
by the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution. It declared that the right of suifrage shall 
not be withheld from any citizen of the United States "on 
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 
Thus the ballot was conferred upon the emancipated black 
men of the South and the free colored men of the North. 
Texas was the last state to signify its acceptance of the 
amended Constitution, and to take its place in the recon- 
structed Union. 

4G1. The ninth census^ taken in 1870, showed a 
wonderful growth and jDrogress, notwithstanding the ravages 
and waste of war. Since the last enumeration, the popula- 
tion had increased from thirty-one millions to thirty-eight 
millions (38,558,371). Since the days of Washington, the 
country had doubled its population about every twenty-five 
years. The expenses of managing the government doubled 
about every sixteen years. At the end of the second year 
of Grant's administration, $204,000,000 of the national 
debt had been paid, and the price of gold had fallen to 110. 
Manufacturing had nearly doubled since 18G0. The South 
was rapidly adjusting its industry on a basis of free labor, 
and the effects of the war were fast passing away. 

462. The ratio of representation m Congress has 

been changed frequently. As the population of the country 
has increased, it has required more and more people to be 
entitled to a representative. By this means the House of 
Representatives has been kept within reasonable size. In 
1872, Congress ordered that thenceforth the House should 



276 THE MODEL ET8T0RY. 

not be composed of more than 293 members. On the basis 
of the ninth census, the number of people entitled to a 
representative was fixed at 135,239 ; though some states, 
as Nevada, have been admitted with a far less population, 
and some territories, as Utah, have been kept out with a 
far greater population, at the option of Congress. 

463. This administration was signalized by the settle- 
ment of the Alabama claims — a difficult and threaten- 
ing question. The injury done during the war to American 
commerce by Confederate privateers, built and equipped in 
British ports, had been very great. These cruisers had 
been sent out without any attempt to conceal their purpose, 
and with no eflforts on the part of the British government to 
restrain them. The repeated remonstrance of the Secretary 
of State against this violation of the laws of nations had 
been almost unheeded; but, after the war, both parties 
became anxious for a settlement. 

A high commission, composed of five British and five 
American statesmen, met at Washington, and, after much 
discussion, bound their respective countries to submit all 
the claims of either nation against the other to a board of 
arbitration, composed of five members, to be appointed by 
the kings and rulers of friendly nations. This court of 
arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, gave the two 
nations a full and impartial hearing, and rendered an 
award of damages to the United States for fifteen and a 
half million dollars. This sum was paid by Great Britain 
the next year. This result was very encouraging to those 
who hope that the bloody and expensive methods of war 
will gradually go out of use, and that the disputes of nations, 
as well as those of individuals, will bo settled by the courts. 
This arbitration was the most important triumph of the 
principles of the apostle of peace, William Ladd. 

464. In 1871, a great calamity visited the country in the 
humhlff of Chicago, It broke out one evening in a 
stable on De Koven Street, ana was caused b}'^ a cow's 
knocking over a kerosene lamp. It soon spread, driven by 
a high wind, to the neighboring lumber yards and wooden 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 277 

buildings. The flames leaped the Chicago River, and swept 
on through the business part of the city. It raged with 
unabated fury for two days, and died out only when it 
reached Lake Michigan and Lincoln Park. The area 
burned over was two thousand one hundred acres, or three 
and a third square miles. About two hundred and fifty 
lives were lost, and the property destroyed amounted to 
two hundred million dollars. Ninety-eight thousand people 
were rendered homeless. "In the extent of the district 
burned over, the Chicago fire stands first; in the amount of 
property destroyed, second; and in the suffering occasioned, 
third, among the great conflagrations of the world." 

465. Almost at the same time ' with the burning of 
Chicago, extensive fovest fives burst out in the pine 
woods of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. Many 
entire villages were consumed, and the flames out-traveled 
the fleetest horse. Fifteen hundred people perished in 
Wisconsin alone. 

4GG. A year afterward, another misfortune came in the 
SosfOfl five. It raged for thirty -six hours, and laid 
many of the finest blocks in the country in ashes. Fifteen 
lives were lost, sixty-five acres were burned over, and 
property to the value of eighty millions was consumed. 
The losses of these conflagrations fell upon the entire 
people by depressing business and largely advancing the 
rates of insurance. 

4G7. In 1872, Congress, ])y a two-thirds vote, removed 
the polifieffJ disahlUtieS imposed by the third section 
of the Fourteenth Amendment. The only exceptions were 
memliers of Congress, officers in the army and navy, cabinet 
officers, and foreign ministers, who had resigned and joined 
the Confederacy. One hundred and fifty ■'fnousand men of 
capacity and experience were thus restored to political life. 

468. The issues entering into the presidential cail- 
VflSS at the close of Grant's first term, grew out of recon- 
struction as completed by Congress. Some of these 
measures had been received with great disapproval in the 



278 



THE MODEL BISTORT. 



South. The bestowal of the complete rights of citizenship 
upon the colored race, excited there the greatest alarm and 
indignation. A state of violence and lawlessness was thus 
inaugurated, and the issues of the war were often re- 
discussed with much bitterness. There was but little 
difference between the platforms of principles adopted by 
the opposing parties, and the canvass, which was exciting 
and sharp, was really a struggle for place and power. 

469. The candidates were well-known men. The 
Republicans re-nominated General Grant for the first, and 
Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for the second, place on 

their ticket. The Democrats 
and Liberal Republicans nom- 
inated Horace Greeley, editor 
of the New York Tribune. For 
thirty years he had been one 
of the foremost men and the 
brightest light of journalism in 
the country. He had long been 
a leader of public opinion, 
having discussed daily, with 
great ability and enthusiasm, 
almost every subject of interest 
to the people. He was one of 
the truly great men of America. The result of the campaign 
was the re-election of Grant by a large majority. Mr. 
Greeley died three weeks afterward, broken down by labor, 
political disappointment, and domestic bereavement. 

470. Near the beginning of Grant's second term, public 
attention was directed to the Credit MohiJier iu- 
vestUjatioil in Congress. The Credit Mobilier was a 
joint-stock company, chartered to advance the construction 
of public works. With a capital of nearly four millions it 
undertook the construction of the Pacific Railroad. Its 
business was so managed as to be very profitable, and the 
stock rose rapidly in value, the stockholders receiving 
enormous dividends. It so happened that a law-suit in 




HORACE GREELEY. 



GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 279 

Pennsylvania revealed the fact that a large amount of the 
stock was owned by members of Congress. A suspicion 
was at once aroused that members had used their votes for 
selfish purposes in the subsidies and special privileges 
granted to the railroad. An investigation was demanded, 
in the course of which many scandalous transactions were 
revealed and several fair reputations tarnished. 

471. In the fall of 1873, a disastrous money _29rfliic 
occurred. The great bankii]g house of Jay Cooke & Co., 
of Philadelphia, failed suddenly. Other important failures 
occurred in quick succession. Depositors hurried to the 
banks all over the land and withdrew their money. The 
national currency was sent home for redemption. The result 
was that a large percentage of the banks temporarily sus- 
pended payment. Mercantile houses and manufacturing- 
companies, not being able to meet the sudden demands of 
their creditors, were forced into suspension or bankruptcy. 

It was now seen that both public and private expendi- 
tures had been extravagant, and that the apparent prosperity 
of business had been largely fictitious. Public confidence 
was shaken. Months elapsed before this was restored, and 
for years afterward business languished, manufactures fell 
off, and the value of nearly everything gradually receded. 
The main causes of the panic were speculation in railroad 
stocks, construction of unprofitable railroads in new and 
unsettled parts of the country, frequent changes in the 
value of the currency, excessive importations and manu- 
factures, the Chicago and Boston fires, and the heavy burden 
of public and private debts, caused by war and extravagance. 

472. During these eight years, the country was fre- 
quently called upon to record the loSS of puhlic men 
by death. Among these may be mentioned Edwin M. 
Stanton, Secretary of War under President Lincoln, and 
afterward Judge of the Supreme Court of the United 
. States; General Robert E. Lee, who had served since the 
war as president of Washington and Lee University, in 
Virginia ; William H. Seward, Secretary of State under 



280 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 




President Lincoln, and one of the ablest statesmen of the 
century ; Professor S. F. B. Morse, the honored inventor of 
the magnetic telegraph; Horace Greeley, our greatest jour- 
nalist ; General George G. Meade, the commander at 
Gettysburg ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury 

under President Lincoln, the 
author of our "greenbacks," 
and afterward Chief Justice of 
the United States; Andrew 
Johnson, the last ex-President; 
Henry Wilson, Vice-President; 
Louis Agassiz, our greatest 
t(-aeher of science; and Charles 
Sunnier, Senator from Massa- 
chusetts. He was the successor 
of l^aniel Webster in the 
Senate, and had served con- 
Louis AGASSIZ. tiuuously for twcuty- two ycars. 

He was a leader, not a follower, of public opinion, speaking 
often and powerfully on all questions affecting the welfare 
of the nation. He read the future clearly, and he lived to 
see every one of his chief measures adopted, except the one 
that was enlisting his powers of argument at the time of 
his last illness. 

473. In 1874, an order, called the Patrons of II US- 
hflfldry , extended widely over the country. All persons 
engaged in agriculture were eligible to membershijo. The 
objects were, to cultivate mutual acquaintance, to secure 
prosperity to the farmers by selling their products directly 
to the consumer and buying their goods directly from the 
producer, to oppose all monopolies and corporations that 
oppress the people, to strengthen the attachment to rural 
life, to discontinue the credit and mortgage systems, and 
to insist on purity in the management of public affairs. In 
1868, there were but ten Granges in the United States. 
Six years afterward, they had increased to twenty thousand 
Granges, with a membershij> of a million and a half, secur- 



GB^iNT'ti ADMINISTRATION. 281 

ing a saving to the members of twenty million dollars 
yearly. 

474, Early in the same year, a similar order, called the 
Sovereigns of Illdustrt/f was formed to secure to all 
industrial classes the same benefits the Grange was intended 
to secure to the farmer. This order flourished mostly in the 
East, as the Grangers in the West, The problems which 
these orders have tried to solve are among the most impor- 
tant of the age. Some of them are rapidly claiming the 
attention of political parties, and appearing in Congress 
and in state legislatures, 

475. As a help to commerce and agriculture, the Signal 
Service bureau was established by Congress in 1870, 
to make careful observations upon the temperatvire and 
moisture of the air, the rise and fall of rivers, and the 
direction and velocity of the wind. By this means the 
approach of storms and floods is announced hours, and 
sometimes days, before they reach distant localities. Thus 
time is gained for the protection of property and life. The 
probabilities of the weather for the various sections of the 
United States are daily published, and ninety per cent, of 
these predictions have been verified. 

Stations for observation are established at about one 
hundred and forty places in the United States, and also at 
Behring Strait, Hudson Bay, Greenland, Labrador, Iceland, 
Norway, Russia, Italy, India, West Indies, South America, 

— around the globe! At all of the stations in the United 
States observations are taken at the same moment of time 

— corresponding to 7:35 A.M. at Washington. Great 
benefits have already resulted to river, lake, and marine 
commerce, and to agricvilture, from the bureavi, whose use- 
fulness has probably only just begun. 

47G, A new Indian policy was adopted by the 
President at this time. The plan was to educate and civil- 
ize the Indians, not merely to punish them for their crimes. 
This humane scheme included schools, model farms, and 
instruction in the trades and the manners of civilized life. 



282 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



The President was led to the adoption of this policy from 
the consideration that "the actual treatment of the Indians 
has been unjust and iniquitous beyond the power of words 
to express," and that, "as ascertained from government 
statistics since 1820, the policy of war had cost, for each 
Indian killed, the lives of twenty white men and half a 
million dollars." 

Though the restless nature of the race was very apparent, 
the war-path was not so often trod, nor plundering raids so 
frequent. Thousands were settled on farms of their own, 
surrounded with domestic animals and many of the comforts 
of life. From the earliest times the race has been decreas- 
ing in numbers. The causes have been, a hopeless struggle 
with white men, the exposure incident to their mode of life, 
and their own vices made fatal by their adoption of those 
of their white neighbors. There were in 1880 about three 
hundred and eighty thousand Indians in the United States, 
They will finally either disappear altogether, or adopt the 
customs of civilized life, 

477, In 1875, Congress passed the Specie Mesunip- 
tioi% A-Ctf providing that after January 1, 1879, the legal- 
tender notes should be redeemed, on presentation, in coin. 
In the mean time silver was to take the place of fractional 
currency. This law was much discussed by the people, 
being greatly praised in the East and criticised in the West, 
Its effect was to raise the value of United States bonds and 
lower the premium on gold, 

478, In the same year, Colorado was admitted into the 

Union as the thirty- 

yZ eighth state. The 
healthfulness of its 
climate had made it 
;i favorite resort for 
invalids; and its rich 
mineral deposits had 
made mining the chief occupation of its people, 

479, As the year 1876 drew near, the nation made 




GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 283 

preparation to celebrate the American Centeunial 

in an appropriate manner. Philadelphia was naturally 
. selected as the place, it being the original seat of govern- 
ment. The celebration took the shape of an international 
exhibition, or world's fair. Many spacious buildings were 
erected, the grounds elegantly laid off, and the exhibition 
opened with appropriate ceremonies on May 10, 1876. It 
continued for six months. The products, industries, and 
achievements of nearly all civilized nations, — the new 
thoughts of the new age, — were represented there. "It 
was the first congress of the democracy of the world to 
which all mankind had been invited." 

480. During the whole of Grant's term of office, the 
country was agitated by political tt'OUhJes hi the 
South, The rivalry between the parties — those favoring 
the new order of things and those preferring the old — 
was exceedingly bitter and not always bloodless. Secret 
orders of a treasonable nature, called Ku-Klux and White 
Leaguers, carried on the work of proscription and assassin- 
ation. Armed conflicts between the whites and the blacks 
were very frequent, and always resulted in the slaughter 
of the negroes. The assassination of unarmed colored men 
was not uncommon. In several states two rival governors 
and legislatures claimed to be elected, and proceeded to 
support their claims by violence and intrigue. On such 
occasions, when asked by the governor interested, troops 
were sent into the riotous district until quiet could be 
restored. 

481. When the time came for another presidential can- 
vass, the attitude of 2yarties was nearly the same as 
four years before There was no great issue before the 
people. Politics still looked backward instead of forward. 
The Republicans argued that the record of the Democratic 
party for the last forty years showed it to be unfit to con- 
trol the affairs of the nation. The Democrats had much to 
say about the extravagance and corruption of the Republican 
party, and the necessity of reform and economy in public 



284 THE MODEL HISTORT. 

expenditures. Both parties accepted the amended Consti- 
tution. It was a struggle for the preferments of office and 
the patronage of the government. 

482. There was no lack of candidates. The Repub- 
licans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and the 
Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, both being the 
governors of their respective states. Two other parties 
made their appearance for the first time. The Greenback 
party nominated Peter Cooper, of New York, and made 
opposition to the Resumption Act its distinctive principle. 
The Prohibition party nominated General Green Clay 
Smith, of Kentucky, and advocated, among other things, 
the adoption of a constitutional amendment prohibiting the 
sale of alcoholic liquors as a beverage. 

483. Tlie efectlojl was the most peculiar ever held 
in the country. Neither Smith nor Cooper received a 
single electoral vote. The contest between Hayes and 
Tilden was so close in several of the states that the true 
condition of the vote was difficult to determine. The 
Republicans hastened to charge the Democrats with intimi- 
dating the colored Republican voters in the South. The 
Democrats charged the Republicans with illegal voting and 
making fraudulent returns. Boards of canvassers were sent 
to the doubtful states to ascertain the facts and to take 
testimony from competent witnesses. 

The matter excited the greatest apprehension throughout 
the nation, till it Avas finally settled by peaceful arbitration. 
Fifteen judges were chosen — five from the House, five from 
the Senate, and five from the Supreme Court — to decide 
the question, both parties being pledged to abide by their 
verdict. The result was, 185 electoral votes were counted 
for Hayes, and 184 for Tilden. On March 5, 1877, R. B. 
Hayes was peacefully inaugurated President, and William 
A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President. 



HAYES'S ADMINISTEATION. 



285 



484 




lU IHLKFOUD H nAYES. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1877—1881. 

The new Presideflt had served with distinc- 
tion as an officer in the Union army 
during- the Rebellion. He had been 
thrice elected Governor of Ohio, after 
the most determined opposition. In 
his letter accepting the nomination 
for the presidency he expressed the 
determination, if elected, to do all in 
his power to restore quiet to the 
South and business prosperity to 
the entire country. His inaugural 
address outlined the policy of his 
administration, and gave general 
satisfaction. 

485. He was immediately confronted with the question 
of the rernoi^al of the troops that had been sent to 
keep the peace in the South. Many people in the North 
thought it would not be safe or prudent to do so. Being 
assured that there would be no disturbance, the President 
relieved the soldiers from their police duties. This course 
was widely disapproved in the North. 

486. The President went into office pledged by the 
Republican party to eivil-sewice vefot'lH, For many 
years it had been the custom to appoint such officials as 
were recommended by the members of Congress from that 
state where the officer was to be stationed. Great abuses 
had grown up under this system, as it had become the 
custom to recommend persons for appointment as a reward 
for party services or as a return for personal obligations. 
Too often the fitness of the applicant was disregarded. 
The President gave much attention to the correction of 
these abuses. He made but few dismissals, and did not 
specially consult supposed party interests. His course in 



286 THE MODEL BISTORT. 

this matter excited much discussion and disapproval, 
especially among the members of the Republican party. 

487. The month of July, 1877, is made memorable by 
Vailt'Oad viotS. The train hands on the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad at Martinsburg, struck for higher wages. 
Instead of being a respectful demand for what they wished, 
it rapidly developed into rebellion against the state itself. 
The strikers swarmed upon the trains with revolvers, and 
engaged even with the state troops in armed conflicts. Soon 
the strike extended the whole length of the road, whose 
business was entirely suspended. The next day the insur- 
rection spread to other roads and states. The mobs seized 
the railroad property, forbade the departure of all trains, 
and resisted both the local authorities and the troops of the 
United States. 

At Pittsburg the mob destroj'ed a hundred locomotives, 
and burned miles of freight cars, the depots, and round- 
houses. In many other places the lawlessness was nearly 
as great. In less tiian a week the bloody and defiant spirit 
of riot extended to the West and even to California. For 
the time the rioters suspended all business on the leading 
railroads throughout the Union. The entire nation seemed 
to be under mob law. Conflicts between the troops and the 
mob occurred in many cities; much blood was shed and 
vast amounts of property destroyed. Gradually the police 
and troops routed the rioters; order was re-establislied, and 
the rgads resumed their business. The great insurrection 
lasted twelve days. It was commonly called the railroad 
strike, and was the first riotous illustration in American 
history of the supposed conflict between labor and capital. 

488. As soon as Congress met, the currency question 
assumed fresh importance; and bills for the vcmone- 
tizatlon of silver were introduced. Since 1873, silver 
had been demonetized, and therefore was not legal tender 
for the payment of public or private debts in sums of over 
five dollars. The bill provided for increased coinage of 
silver and its restoration as legal tender. After much dis- 



HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 287 

cussion the measure passed Congress. It was promptly 
vetoed by the President, and quickly re-passed by more 
than a two-thirds vote in both Houses. Veto was only vote 
with the letters differently arranged. The mints immedi- 
ately began to coin and send out silver money. 

489. During this presidency the force of the Jay Cooke 
panic was broken by a revival of business. Return- 
ing- prosperity first showed itself in the iron trade, which 
suddenly assumed great activity. All branches of industry 
were soon affected. Specie resumption was quietly and 
permanently accomplished at the appointed time, the bal- 
ance of foreign trade was largely in our favor, and a great 
impetus was given to European immigration. Every kind 
of government bond commanded a premium in the market, 
and for the first time in over thirty years the public credit 
was unquestioned. 

490. For several years people from Asia — chiefly men 
from China and Japan — had been coming to California 
and the States further east. As their number increased a 
strong feeling arose on the Pacific coast against CJlitiese 
inmiif/vation. Congress passed a bill to regulate this 
so-called "invasion of the Mongolians," but it failed under 
the President's veto. This veto was in accordance with 
the well-established theory that this country should wel- 
come industrious and law-abiding immigrants from any 
quarter of the globe. 

491. During two summers the dreaded yelloiv fevev 
made another visit to the United States, and thousands of 
people died in the cities and villages of the South. The 
Howard Association, composed of heroic men and women 
as volunteer physicians and nurses, did much to alleviate 
the sufferings attending the plague. 

492. Large numbers of colored people left the South 
in these four years and migrated to the North — especially 
to Kansas. This movement was known as tJie eXO(lus» 
Its cause was variously stated. The Democrats asserted 
that the Republicans imported these voters to influence 



288 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

the Northern elections, and to diminish the Southern repre- 
sentation ill Congress. The Republicans declared the 
exodus was caused by the hardships and persecution to 
which the colored people were subjected in their old 
homes. The movement continued from year to year, and 
greatly reduced the number of plantation laborers in many 
parts of the South. 

493. In the Summer of 1879, the President called an 
extra session of Congress to pass the necessary 

bills for the appropriation of money to meet the various 
expenses of the government during the year. These bills 
had been passed at the regular session, but to them had 
been appended certain political provisions by the Democrat- 
ic Congress which the Republican President deemed very 
objectionable. He had therefore persistently vetoed them. 
This was the seventh extra session in the history of Con- 
gress. The first was called by the elder Adams to provide 
means to carry on the "quasi war" with France. The 
second was convened by Van Buren to relieve the financial 
distress following the panic of '37. Harrison called the 
third to consider the currency and the revenue. The 
fourth was called by Pierce to pass an army appropriation 
bill which had failed at the regular session. The fifth was 
assembled by Lincoln to provide for the prosecution of 
war at the outbreak of the Rebellion. The sixth was 
called by Hayes, in 1878, because the army bill had fiiiled 
of passage. 

494. The tenth census, t&'ken in June, 1880, showed 
an aggregate population of fifty millions (50,155,783), a 
gain of 30 per cent. The eight largest cities of the Union 
ranked as follows : New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, 
Chicago, Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore, Cincinnati. The 
six most populous States stood as follows : New York, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana. Reports 
from the United States Treasury showed that the public 
debt was being steadily j^aid at an average rate of six or 
seven millions a montli. The total annual revenues of the 



HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 280 

government were $333,000,000, and the total expenditures 
were 1169,000,000, exclusive of 195,000,000 as interest on 
the national debt. 

495. During these years the country was frequently 
called to mourn by the death of eminent citizef IS, 
Among these was William Cullen Bryant, the venerable 
poet and journalist ; John Lothrop Motley, the historian ; 
Oliver P. Morton, the Indiana senator ; Joseph Henry, the 
scientist ; Bayard Taylor, the traveler and poet, and W. L. 
Garrison, the pioneer abolitionist. 

496. Soon after the end of his presidency, public atten- 
tion was directed to General Grant's tour around 
the globe. He visited, with his companions, nearly all the 
civilized countries of the Old World, and was always hos- 
pitably and sometimes magnificently entertained. His 
cordial reception in all lands was interpreted as indi- 
cating a friendly feeling toward the country he represented. 

497. During his absence his name was often mentioned 
by influential joui'nals for the next presidency. His return 
near the time of holding the National Convention brought 
the third term question into sudden prominence. It 
was argued by one faction that another term would be a 
suitable reward for his services to the republic, and that 
the country should not lose the benefits of his experience. 
On the contrary, it was argued that he could not reasonably 
ask another term ; that Washington, Jefferson, and every 
ex-President to whom it had been offered, had declined 
this distinction ; and that a long tenure of office was 
hostile to republican principles. 

498. When the time came for the several parties to 
name the presidential candidates^ the Republicans 
met first at Chicago, Several names were put in nomina- 
tion, the most prominent being General Grant, of Illinois, 
and James G. Blaine, of Maine. Mr. Hayes was not a 
candidate for re-election, as, like Polk, he had pledged 
himself at the beginning of his administration to the one- 
term principle, Thirty-four ballots were taken without a 



290 THE MODEL HISTORY 

result, when very unexpectedly the name of General James 
A. Garfield, of Ohio, came to the front. The opponents 
of Grant flocked to his support, and in a few minutes, amid 
great excitement, he was nominated on the thirty - sixth 
ballot. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, was nominated 
for Vice-President. The Democrats met at Cincinnati and 
nominated Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, a Major 
General in the regular army. The National Greenback 
party nominated General James B. Weaver, of Iowa. The 
Prohibition party named Hon. Neal Dow, of Maine. 

499. The platforms of principles adopted by the several 
parties set forth with some clearness the issues of the 
catlVClSS* The Prohibitionists made temperance and 
woman suffrage the chief issues. The Nationals urged the 
more rapid payment of the public debt, the abolition of 
national banks, and the issue of greenbacks in place of the 
national currency. The Republicans adopted a resolution 
equivocal in form, but understood to favor a protective 
tariff, while the Democrats declared plainly in favor of a 
tariff for revenue only. Again, the Republicans favored 
a strong general government, and boasted of spelling 
" Nation with a capital N " ; while the Democrats, prefer- 
ring a greater delegation of authority to the individual 
States, were particularly pleased with the phrase and idea 
of " local self-government." 

But it was observable that political questions were little 
argued. Again politics took color from the struggles of 
the past, and the canvass was a contest for office and vic- 
tory rather than for the supremacy of principles. 

500. TJie vesillt was that neither Dow nor Weaver 
received a single electoral vote, though the former was suj)- 
ported by 10,305 popular ballots, and the latter by 307,740. 
Hancock carried every Soutlwjrn State, giving him 150 
electoral votes. Garfield was successful in nearly every 
Nortliern State, aggregating 214 votes. The total popular 
vote of the thirty-eight States was 9,218,550. On March 
4, 1881, Garfield and Arthur were quietly inaugurated. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARmELB AND AMTETIR. 291 



CHAPTER XX. 

AOMINISTRAriONS OF OARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 

188 1-1885. 

501. Like Lincoln, Johnson, and some other of our 

chief magistrates, the 

tiventietli Presi- 
dent came up from a 
lunnble station in life to 
the highest within the 
gift of the people. He 
had been a college pro- 
fessor, a Christian min- 
"ister, and a brigadier 
general during the Re- 
bellion. He served his 
district in Congress con- 
tinuously for eighteen 
years, and had just be- 
fore his nomination for 
the presidency been 
elected to the Senate. The Autumn elections had again 
placed both houses of Congress under control of the 
Republicans. 

503. By far the most remarkable object of antiquarian 
interest in the country — the Egifl)tian ohelish — was 
set up at this time in Central Park, New York City. Il> is 
a huge monolith of red granite, seven feet square at the 
base, seventy feet high, and weighs 214 tons. It was 
dressed in the stone quarries of Egypt 3,600 years ago, 
covered with Egyptian inscriptions, and set up at Heliopo- 
lis on the Nile. It stood there when Joseph, of Bible 
story, married the daugliter of a priest in that city. About 
thirty years B. C. it was removed by a Roman emperor 
and set up at Alexandria, on the shore of the Mediter- 
ranean. In 1880 it was presented to the United States by 
the Khedive of Egypt, and was brought to New York in 




JAMES A. GARFIELD. 



292 THE MODEL HISTORY 

the liold of a steamer, at a cost of $100,000. For nearly 
2,000 years it has been called Cleopatra's Needle. Egyp- 
tian obelisks are j^reatly prized in Europe, and similar 
ones, though smaller, are to be seen in Paris, London, 
Constantinople and Rome 

' 503. In the year 1870, a company of fifty-two English 
and twenty-seven American scholars engaged in the work 
of the revision of the Sible, The task was to make 
one more translation from the original Hebrew and Greek 
languages into English, following as closely as possible the 
Authorized Version, with a careful examination of the 
most ancient manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures. The 
revisers, who were chosen because of their eminent Chris- 
tian scholarship, continued this labor reverently and with 
the utmost care for ten years, when the New Testament 
was completed. It was published in England, America 
and Australia on the same day — May 20, 1881. One 
million copies were sold on that one day. The Old Testa- 
ment was issued in May, 1885. It was expected that this 
Revision would, in time, go into general use in place of 
the Authorized Version of 1611, from which it is somewhat, 
but not greatly, diiferent. 

504. On July 2, 1881, the world was horrified by the 
shooting of President Garfield, This act was 
done with a heavy revolver by Charles J. Guiteau, a dis- 
appointed office-seeker and political adventurer. The 
assassin, without accomplices, had deliberately formed his 
dark design, and had waited for weeks to accomplish it. 
In the depot at Washington he assaulted the President 
who was about leaving to rejoin his invalid wife at Long 
Branch. Two shots were fired, the latter inflicting a 
serious wound in the back. This startling event produced 
extraordinary grief and indignation in all parts of the 
country and the Avorld. Guiteau was immediately arrested 
and lodged in jail. He was afterward tried, convicted, and 
hanged. 

The assassin had conceived the i-dca that the accession of 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 293 



Arthur was "a political necessity." The victim lay at the 
door of death for eighty days. The nation waited in hope 
and fear. Despite medical skill and his vigorous constitu- 
tion, he died. It was more than a public loss. It was a 
private grief to every citizen. Mr. Arthur immediately, at 
midnight, took the oath of office. 

505. TJie new I*resldent had not occupied any 

station of national prom- 
inence, but he was a man 
of reputation in his own 
state. Being thus raised 
to the presidency by the 
mad design of an assas- 
sin, he was placed m a 
position of difficulty and 
delicacy. His adminis- 
tration was dignified and 
prudent, and it gave a 
good degree of satisfac- 
tion to the country. 
500. During these four 
;^$ years two TTiore Pa- 
cific Hail roads were 

pushed forward to com- 
pletion. One was the Northern Pacific, which, after the 
Jay Cooke Panic of 1(S73, remained for several years as it 
was left by that collapse. The other was the Southern 
Pacific, the shortest route of the three. The United States 
was also connected by railway with Manitoba and the City 
of Mexico. Thus remote sections of our own country were 
joined in commercial intercourse ; and the neighboring 
nations were bound to us in the ties of good-will and 
fraternity. 

507. Notwithstanding the failure and disaster attending 
avctic exploration in previous years, two expeditions 
were fitted out to search for the North Pole. One of these, 
equipped by James Gordon Bennett, proprieter of the N. 




CHESTKR A. AHTHUR. 



294 



THE MODEL JIlSTOnr. 



Y. ITeralcI, Lieut. Geo. W. DeLong commanding, sought a 
route north of Asia. After being gone two years, and 
having their ship crushed by the ice, a portion of the 
party reached home safely ; l:)ut tlie others, including the 
commander, perished, and were found buried in snow on 
the delta of the Lena River. The other expedition, under 
command of Lieutenant Greeley, sailed by the Greenland 




TO ILLUSTRATE 

STANDAllI) TIME, 



route. After being out three years and losing their ship 
in the ice, tlie remnant of the crew were rescued by a 
relief expedition wlien at the point of starvation. The 
pole still kept its secrets. 

508. On Nov. 18, 1883, all the railroads in the country 
adopted Standard Time in place of Mean Local Time. 
For convenience the country is considered as divided into 
sections by meridians west from Greenwich. Intercolonial 
Time is based on the 60th meridian; Eastern Time, on the 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 295 

7oth; Central Time, on the 90th; Mountain Time, on the 
105th; and Pacific Time, on the 120th. Each of these five 
divisions, being fifteen degrees in widtli, represents one 
hour of time; so that every place in any one division has 
the same minute and hour of time, while all places in the 
entire country have the same minute, though they may 
have ditFerent hours. Central Time is just one hour 
slower than Eastern and one hour faster than Mountain. 
At points in any division east of the meridian, Local Time 
is faster than Standard, while at places west of it, Local is 
slower than Standard. In most cities and towns the new 
reckoning has taken the place of the old for common use. 
509. As these quiet years were passing away, great 

advance was made in discovery and hiventiofi. The 

Electric Light became a success, through the labors of 
Thomas A. Edison and others, and it was extensively used 
in cities for streets and buildings. Electricity was also 
used as a motive power, running machinery and miniature 
trains of cars. Telegraphy was brought to such perfection 
that messages could be sent to and from a railway train 
running at full speed, tluis doing much to prevent collisions. 
Speech and other sounds were transmitted over considera- 
ble distances on a beam of light, by the photophone of 
Prof. A. Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone. Mr. 
Edison invented the speaking phonograph, which received 
and recorded the vibrations of the human voice and other 
sounds, and afterward reproduced them, causing a repeti- 
tion of the speech. Engines were run by steam generated 
by the heat of the sun. Two moons of the planet Mars, the 
smallest celestial bodies known, were discovered by Prof. 
Asaph Hall, at Washington. Tt became a strongly sup- 
ported theory in medicine that cholera, diphtheria, consump- 
tion, fevers, and some other deadly maladies, are caused by 
different kinds of bacilli, microscopic parasites or germs, 
in the blood and tissues. It was proved that hydro- 
phobia, like small-pox, may be prevented by a system of 
inoculatioD- 



296 THE MODEL HISTORT. 

510. Much attention, also, was given to several i^nhllc 
questions of importance. Among these were the Mor- 
mon problem, the temperance question, the issue of free 
trade and protection, the proper disposal of the public 
lands, the prohibition of Chinese immigration, the restric- 
tion of capital and monopoly, and the reform of the civil 
service. The agitation of these questions trained the minds 
and consciences of the people to a watchful interest in 
matters of public moment. 

511. In 1882 tlie wave of imini(ft'(ttiotl reached the 
greatest height ever known, 780,000 foreigners arriving in 
that year to make their homes with us. In all our history, 
each wave of immigration has been o-ieater than that 
preceding. There are many who fear the consequences 
of such an enormous inflow of people not accustomed to 
American modes of thought, life, and government. 

512. Two great avehitectuval (whievetnents were 
completed at this time. One was the Brooklyn Bridge 
across East River to New York. The other was the 
Washington Monument, at Washington City, ordered by 
Congress over a century ago, in 1783. It is built of 
Maine granite surfaced with Maryland marble, with a 
steam elevator in the interior. It is 55 feet square at the 
base, and 555 feet in height. The former is the greatest 
bridge, and the latter, except the Eiffel Tower, at Paris, 
the highest structure ever erected. 

513. When the time arrived to name jn'esi'fJenfial 
candidates^ the RepMblicans met first in Cliicago, and 
nominated, without much contest, .fames G. Blaine, Secre- 
tary of State under Garfield, and a prominent candidate for 
nomination both in '7G and '80, and Gen. .lohn A. Logan, 
of Illinois, for Vice-president. The Democrats met in the 
same place, and nominated, on the thirc! ballot, Grover 
Cleveland, Governor of New York, for the first place on the 
ticket, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for the second 
place. « The old ticket of 1876,"— Tilden and Hendricks, 
— would have been nominated agaiii* but for the fact that 



ADMINISTRATIONS of^'GARFIELB AND ARTHUR. 29T 

Mr. Tiiden positively declined on account of the infirmities 
of ao-e. The Nationals and Anti- Monopolists nominated 
Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, Ex-Governor of Massachusetts. 
The Prohibitionists nominated Ex-Gov. John P. St. John, 
of Kansas. A new party — the Woman SufiVagists — nomi- 
nated Belva Lockvvood, a lady lawyer of Washington. 

514. A new feature of the canipahjli was the fact 
that each of the candidates, except Mr. Cleveland, engaged 
actively and personally in the canvass, making electioneer- 
ing tours and speeches over the country. Each party 
emphasized its peculiar doctrine. The chief issue between 
the major parties was Protection and Revenue Reform, the 
Republicans being favorable to the former, and tiie Demo- 
crats to the latter. This question, which had been dimly 
outlined as an issue in 1880, now assumed clear-cut and 
definite features for the first time in forty years. 

515. The result of election-day was a total pop- 
ular vote of 10,050,347, of which 4,911,01? were cast for 
Cleveland, 4,848,334 for Blaine, 151,809 for St. .rohn, and 
133,825 for Butler. The vote for Mrs. Lockwood was not 
officially counted. The electoral vote was in a condition of 
uncertainty in New York for three weeks, wl>en the official 
count showed that tlie state had gone Democratic by a 
pluralit\^ of only 1,047 in a total vote of over one million. 
This small balance of popular support decided the election. 
Cleveland received 319 electoral votes and Blaine 183. 
The others received none, nor is it probable that they ex- 
pected any. The triumph of Cleveland and Hendricks was 
regarded by the Democrats as a popular rebuke of what 
they were accustomed to call " the Electoral Commission 
Fraud of 1870." 

516. On March 4, 1885, the hiauf/tiratioji of the 
new incumbents was quietly accom])lislied in the presence 
of an immense crowd, and with manv demonstrations of 
rejoicing. Thus, after being in political exile for twenty- 
four years, the Democratic party again came to the front 
and resumed the helm of state. 



298 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



CHAPTER XXI. 



CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 




1885—1889. 

517. The neiv 
President had rap- 
idly risen through suc- 
cessive offices to the 
highest in the land. He 
had been chosen gov- 
ernor of New York by 
a larger majority than 
was ever before obtained 
in a state election. He 
had resigned nearly 
every office he ever held 
in order to accept a 
higher one. He called 
able counsellors about 
GRovER CLEVELAND. him, and bcgau his ad- 

ministration by wise and conservative measures. 

518. Tlie fedet'Ol offices-, more than one hun(b'ed 
thousand in number, were filled chiefly by Republicans; 
and it was expected by many, that most of these would be 
speedily removed. But the administration proceeded 
slowly, declaring that removals would be made only for 
cause, and that the letter and spirit of the law regulating 
the civil service would be obeyed. Much dissatisfaction 
was expressed by the office-seekers, that they could not 
at once enjoy " the spoils of victory," but the moderate 
course of the executive won the general approval of his 
party. The Republican party l)ehaved a,dmirably under its 
close defeat, and those who had predicted disaster to the 
country soon ceased their prophecies. If tliis was not " an 
era of good feeling," it was, at least, an era of good sense. 



CLEVELAND' 8 ADMINI8TRATI0K 299 

51*J. In July, 1885, the country was saddened by tlie 
death of General Grants iu his sixty-third year. 
He was a native of Ohio, and received his education as a 
cadet of West Point. After his services in the Mexican 
War, he resigned his commission in the regular army and 
retired to tlie pursuits of private life. In 18G1, he was 
among the first to respond to tlie call of the country. His 
promotion was ra))id and always because of merit. After 
his return from his trip around the world, he resided in 
New York City, the most illustrious citizen of the Republic. 
Through the dishonesty of a business partner, he lost all 
his property, and was involved in millions of indebtedness 
besides. The depression from this misfortune developed 
the germs of disease in his system, — a cancerous growth in 
his throat. Medical skill combated the ailment for months, 
while the sympathizing country watched the bulletins. 
During his suffering he completed his literary labors, — 
" The Personal Memoirs of General Grant." His disease 
was necessarily fatal, and on the day of his death, telegrams 
of grief and condolence were received from various parts 
of the world. On the day of his interment at Riverside 
Park, New York City, with ceremonies unequaled in 
America, funeral eulogies were pronounced all over the 
country. 

Though he had attained the highest earthly station. 
General Grant was modest, unambitious, atid unselfish. 
He was a man of deeds, not words. Though the greatest 
military chieftain of the age, he hated war and loved peace. 
His voice was always for good-will and fraternity. All 
parties and sections regarded his death as a private loss and 
a national misfortune. 

520. But the country suffered other losses of this kind. 
The death-roll of (jreat names lengthened from 

year to year. It included, among others, Schuyler Colfax, 
ex-vice-president ; Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary 
of State under Arthur ; Alexander H. Stephens, ex-vice- 
president of the Confederacy ; Josh Billings, the humorist. 



300 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Junius Brutus Booth, tlie tragedian ; Ralph Waldo 
Emerson, the poet and philosopher of Concord ; Peter 
Cooper, the philanthropist and founder of Cooper Institute; 
Johns Ploj)kins, the benevolent founder of Johns Hopkins 
University ; Richard Grant White, the literary critic and 
verbalist ; Henry W. Longfellow, our greatest poet; 
Matthew Simpson, the most famous and eloquent of the 
Methodist bishops ; and John McCloskey, the first Ameri- 
can cardinal of the Catholic Church. 

521. In October, 1885, an engineering work of novel 
interest was completed in the hlowhlff lip of Hell 
Gate, This was an island of rock, about nine acres in 
extent, lying between New York and Brooklyn. The reefs 
adjoining it had always been dangerous to navigation, and 
the wrecks averaged about one a day. For thirty years 
attempts liave been made to remove it. For ten years the 
government had been tunneling under both island and 
reefs ; and now 285,000 pounds of dynamite and other 
explosives, in 13,286 cartridges, were inserted in the solid 
rock. They were all exploded at the same instant by elec- 
tricity. The water and rocks rose in a mountain of foam 
two hundred feet high. When the mist cleared away, it 
was seen that Flood Rock had been shattered into fragments. 

522. The assassination of Lincoln and Garfield often 
gave occasion io the question, " W hat would be the line of 
succession in office in the event of the sudden death 
of both the President and the Vice ?" The law provided 
no answer. In order to make a condition of anarchy 

impossible, the Presidential Succession Law was 

enacted. It provided that on the death or incapacity of the 
Vice President the Secretary of State should become Pres- 
dent, and after him the other cabinet officers in their 
order. 

523. Another act of importance was The Inter- 
state Commerce Law. Lines of transportation by 
rail and water often cross several states, and hence they 
are under as many diiferent sets of laws. To secure 



CLEVELAND'S ADMINLSTRATION. 301 

uniformity and to compel these public carriers to respect 
the rights of the people, the law was enacted. It is 
administered by au Interstate Commission of five mem- 
bers, appointed by the President. One important provision 
is that the rates of freight and passengers shall not be less 
from competing points than it is from nearer points where 
competition is not possible. Its operation is in a o-ood 
degree satisfactory to both the people and the lines. 

524. As settlements advanced westward it became 
apparent that before many years all the good public 
lands would be needed as homes for the people. 
A strong opinion arose that in past years Cono-ress 
had been wasteful in granting j)ul)lic lands in large 
blocks to encourage the construction of railroads. Tlie 
result was the forfeiture of railroad land 

f/rantS, In many cases the lands had not been earned, 
since tlie roads had not been built. In this wa\' about 
50,480,000 acres, chiefly west of the Mississi])j)i, were 
declared forfeited and returned to the public domain, to be 
taken up as homesteads by actual occupants. 

525. In order to preserve the memories of services 
and army friendships, the soldiers of tlie Union organized 

the society known as The Grand Army of the 

liepilblic. They grouped themselves into G. A. R. 
Posts, or lodges, in towns and cities, and maintained 
a military organization. They met yearly in national 
encampment. On parade a braided hat, and in business 
diess, a button-hole badge, marked out the veteran of 
the Union. They take charge of the solemn ceremonies of 
Decoration Day. Poor and sick comrades are cared for in 
life and buried in death. The widows and orphans 
of soldiers have a helpful hand extended to them. 
Pensions were liberally bestowed by the government upon 
its needy defenders and their families. 

526. About this time great interest was aroused by the 
discovery and use of Natural Gas. In drilling for 
petroleum in western Pennsylvania it was found in manv 



302 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

cases that when the drill reached Trenton rock — a very 
early and deep-lying formation — instead of fluid an inllam- 
able gas rushed forth with great violence. When piped 
to cities it lights the streets and houses and becomes 
fuel for domestic and manufacturing uses. The origin of 
the gas and the durability of the supply are not known with 
any certainty. The "gas belt" extends across northern 
Ohio and Indiana. The gas is also found elsewhere, 
and sometimes when the Trenton rock has not been pierced. 
This is a unique and wholly unexpected gift of mother 
earth to her children. 

527. The feeling on the Pacific coast against Chlfiese 
Tmttligt'dtiO'll continued to gather intensity. The com- 
plaint was that these people became competitors with 
white laborers in many occupations ; that they worked at a 
lower price than white men can live at ; that they had no 
desire to develop the country, but only to absorb its 
wealth ; and that their habits imported from Asia were bad 
and often abominable. On the other hand, it was argued 
that they were faithful, patient and capable servants ; that 
they entered just those pursuits in which there was a 
scarcity of white help ; that because they worked cheaply 
the country was benefited more than if they had demand- 
ed high wages ; and that being a seclusive people their 
bad habits were not likely to corrupt the public morals. It 
was seen that the Chinese were rapidly increasing in num- 
ber everywhere in the West. In 1888 a law was passed 
rio-idly excluding them. Those already here may come and 
go under certificates of identification. No restraint was 
placed upon white immigrants, except that paupers and 
laborers imported under contract are excluded. 

528. A national organization of trades unions attracted 
much attention at this time. It was called ThcKniffhtS 
of Labor, It embraced workers in many different 
trades, and lodges were organized all over the country. 
The purpose was to regulate the hours of labor, to secure 
better wages, and to provide for the families of niembers 



CLEVELAND'S ADMINLSTRATION. 303 

when out of employment. The unions often struck for 
higher wages ; sometimes they went so far as to resist 
by force the employment of others to fill their places. 
Another method was the boycott, — an attempt to compel 
the employer to hire only men belonging to the union, 
by trying to ruin his business in case he refused. This 
device was first tried in Ireland against an Eng^Hsh land- 
lord's agent named Boycott. 

529. In 1886 serious labor difficulties arose and led 
to many riots and other acts of violence in which life 
and property were destroyed. Trouble always followed 
when striking laborers went beyond simple refusal 
to work and undertook to prevent others from taking their 
places. The greatest of these was Tlie Haymarket 
Riotf in Chicago, on the eveniiigof May 4. The city police 
were attempting to quiet a riotous and socialistic meeting. 
A dynamite bomb was thrown in their midst, by the mob, 
and seven officers were killed and sixty others were wound- 
ed. Eight of the socialists, as leaders of the riot, were cap- 
tured, tried and convicted. Four of them were executed 
and one committed suicide. The country began to realize 
that we have an element in our population that would wreck 
the government to escape from ills which it can not peace- 
ably remove. 

530. The times were favorable for the formation of 
associations for the propagation of ideas. The most wide- 
spread of these was the Woman's Christian Tern- 
pevance UfliOfl, Organized in 1874, it has a large 
membership in every state and territory, and in thirty other 
countries. Its work is done in eleven diiferent languages. 
Though at first intended to grapple specially with the 
liquor traffic, it now represents forty-four diff"erent branches 
of reformatory work. The W. C. T. U. is an aggressive but 
not a secret order. It is one of the powers of the land. 
The public heart appears to approve of its aims and to 
wish it success. 

531. During these years many questions tieiV atici 



304 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

olll were widely discussed. Prominent among them 
were the rehition of employer and employed; the growth 
of monopolies and trusts, with plans for their control; the 
protection of what remains of the public territory against 
"boomers and land graljbers;" the preservation of forests 
and fisheries; corruption in office; the endangered purity 
of the ballot box; national aid to education; the suppress- 
ion of the liquor traffic; and party supremacy in Congress 
and Legislatures. 

532. There was no decline in inveiltiofl. When an 
improvement was i:eeded, the necessity became its mother. 
The business of the Patent Office swelled year by year. 
Occasionally a new invention attracted attention. Most 
striking of tliese was the application of electricity to light- 
ing cities and buildings and to the storage and transmission 
of mechanical power, as in electric railways and street cars. 
It was also demonstrated by the construction and use of 
dynamite guns that that substance, which explodes by 
concussion as well as by fire, can be safely thrown with 
such accuracy in shells to a great distance that neither stone 
masonry nor steel-clad shij^s can withstand its power. 

533. In 188G the Cliarlestou earthquake oc- 
curred. The brick buildings of that city were nearly all 
injured, and many completely wrecked. Awaiting other 
shocks, the people encamped for days in the streets and 
commons. It shook 3,000,000 square miles, extending 
from Wisconsin to Cuba and from Maine to New Orleans. 
It was calculated that the origin of the shock was twelve 
miles below the surface. It was accompanied by a rum- 
blingsound, thought to be the cracking of rock strata. 

534. An architectural novelty known as the Stattie 
of Lihevtl/ KnUghteniwg the World was in the same year 
erected on Bedloe Island, in New York Harbor. It was 
the work of M. Bartholdi, an artist of France, and was a 
]n'esent from the people of the French Republic to the 
peo[)le of the American Republic. It was made in France 
from plates of hammered brass, which were shipped to 



CLEVELAND'S ADMLNISTBATION. 305 

America and riveted together on a frame of steel. Tlie 
statue is a female figure 151 feet high. The total height 
including the pedestal is 306 feet. Like the ancient Pharos 
of Alexandria, it is used as a lighthouse. It is also a 
noble monument to fraternity between nations. 

535. A peculiarity of the times were the bOOms in 
Veul estate. The rapid gi'owth of towns in many parts 
of the Western States, witli the swift rise in landed values, 
sometimes created a fever of speculation. Millions of dok 
lars flowed in for investment. Often the boom was neither 
honest nor healthy. Artful men fed the excitement till 
values of town lots became pvu-ely speculative and beyond 
reason. Then distrust arose, sellers rushed into the 
market, fiction went out of values, and a panic followed the 
fever. The boom had collapsed. It made money for the 
crafty few, but it delayed real growth, and brought loss to 
thousands. 

536. Vice President Hendricks s'erved the 

country in his new station only a few months. He sud- 
deidy died in November from paralysis of the brain, at his 
home at Indianapolis. As a safe and sagacious leader, he 
commanded the highest I'espect of his party, and he was 
sincerely mourned by the people. This was the fifth loss 
of this kind the country had sustained, — Vice Presidents 
George Clinton having died in office in 1812; Elbridge 
Gerry, in 1814; Rufus King, in 1853, and Henry Wilson in 
1875!' 

537. But the country suffered great loss during these 
years from Hie death of Other 2^^'onttnent j^cr- 
SOnS. The death-roll embraced of public men one 
ex-president, Chester A. Arthur; four unsuccessful candi- 
dates for the presidency, Samuel J. Tilden, called the Sage 
of Gramercy, Gen. George B. McClellan, Gen. Winfield 
S. Hancock, and Horatio Sevmour; two unsuccessful 
candidates for the vice-presidency, B. Gratz Brown and 
Gen. John A. Logan; Morrison R. Waite, the seventh chief 
justice of the Supreme Court; Charles Francis Adams, 



306 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

the learned statesman; Gen. Philip Sheridan; and Rosdoe 
Conkling, the ex senator of New York, In other lines 
of activity it included Helen Hunt Jackson, the authoress; 
John G. Saxe, the humorous poet; D. R. Locke (Petro- 
leum V. Nasby), the editor and humorist; John B. Gough, 
the famous temperance lecturer; Wendell Phillips, the 
orator, agitator, and reformer; John McCullough, the 
tragedian ;" Dr. Dio Lewis, the writer on hygiene and 
physical culture; Paul H. Hayne, the poet of the South; 
Richard M. Hoe, inventor of the cylinder printing-press; 
Henry Ward Beecher, our most famous preacher; Joseph 
B. Eads, the great civil engineer; Capt. John Ericsson, 
inventor of monitors; Edward P. Roe, the popular 
novelist; Richard A. Proctor, the astronomer; O. S. 
Fowler, the phrenologist; Prof. Asa Gray, our greatest 
botanist; Bronson Alcott, the Concord philosopher, and 
his daughter, Louisa M. Alcott, the popular authoress. 

538. Thfe Secretary of the Interior was charged with 
business relating to pensions, public lands, Indians, 
patents and agriculture. So great were the demands of 
the last that it was found necessary to establish n fiew 
dejyavttneut of state. The head was called the 
Secretary of Agriculture. Thus the President had eight 
advisors and assistants, instead of seven. The first in- 
cumbent was Norman J. Colman, of Missouri. 

539. Under much difficulty from the clamors of place- 
hunters in his party, the President made some attempt, but 
the Republicans thought not very successfully, to enforce the 
Civil Sevuice Law and enlarge its apjilication. Passed in 
1883 it provided competitive examinations for the selection 
of applicants and non-competitive examination to determine 
fitness for promotion. It provided that examinations 
should be held in every state, and appointments made in 
proportion to population. A Civil Service Commission 
of three persons was provided to aid the President in 
making rules and executing the law. The law does not 
apply to any of the higliest offices, and it has not been 



CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. 307 

extended to postmasters — the most numerous class. It 
proliibits officers Irom giving or receiving money for 
political purposes, and it provides, that no recommenda- 
tion for appointment by members of Congress shall be 
accepted, except as to character and x-esidence. President 
Cleveland found the law applied to 13,000 offices: he 
left it applied to 27,000. The entire civil service list 
included 142,000. 

540. As usual, the naming of Presidential 

candifJateS was of great interest to the country. The 
Republicans met in Chicago and selected on the eighth 
ballot, from a dozen candidates, Benjamin Harrison, of 
Indiana. They named Levi P. Morton, of New York, for 
Vice-President. The Democrats renominated Grover 
Cleveland by acclamation. The Prohibitionists named 
Clinton B. Fiske, of New Jersey. The United Labor 
Party perfected its organization and nominated Alson J. 
Streeter, of Illinois. 

541. It had long been foreseen that the question 
of the surplus vpould enter the campaign as a factor. 
During the decade the annual revenues of the government 
averaged $340,000,000, of which 1; 188,000,000 was from cus- 
toms receipts and $125,000,000 from internal taxes, chiefly 
on liquor and tobacco. These revenues were yearly almost 
$100,000,000 larger than were demanded by the public 
necessities. Previously this surplus had been kept down 
by the payment of National bonds. But now all of these 
that were due had been canceled, and those outstanding 
could be bought only at a large premium. 

542. This state of affairs created the isSUes of the 
campaifjn. The Democrats, ratifying the sentiments 
of the President's annual message, declared in favor 
of a decrease of revenues by a reduction of the protective 
taxation on imports. The Republicans opposed the sacri- 
fice of any part of the protective tariff system, and favored 
the repeal of the internal taxes on liquors and tobacco. The 
issues of the war-time were allowed to sleep on. It was a 



308 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

vvell-matclied contest over tlie old issue of high taxes 
for the purposes of piotectioii against low ones for the sake 
of revenue. The exact truth was that the leaders of neither 
of the major parties cared so much for the supremacy of 
principles as for the spoils of victory. The canvass was in 
a good degree free from personal abuse. It would be too 
much to assert tliat the debate towered above sophistical 
argument, or that the purity of the ballot box was main- 
tained. Both parties were pledged to civil service reform. 
The canvass was pushed with unsurpassed vigor, and 
especially in doubtful States, as New York and Indiana. 

5-1:3. The 7'esillt vpas a total popular vote of 
11,38(3,G41, of which 5,538,434 were cast for Cleveland, 
5,440,551 for Harrison, 250,299 for Fiske, and 147,045 
for Streeter. Texas gave a plurality of 146,401 for Cleve- 
land, and Kansas a plurality of 80,159 for Harrison. 
The Democrats thus received the largest popular support; 
but the Republicans secured the electoral majority of 
233 to 168. As usual, the minor candidates received no 
electoral votes. The Republicans accepted the result 
as a national endorsement of their policy, and they cele- 
brated their return to power by exultant demonstrations 
everywhere. 

CHAPTER XXII. 

BARlilSOXS ADMlNlSTJiATlON. 

1889-1803, 

544. The new Chief 3I(igisfrate was a grand- 
son of the ninth President. He was by profession a lawyer. 
He had been a volunteer soldier in the Civil War, going 
out as a colonel, and returning as a brigadier general. He 
was a party leader in Indiana, and had been an unsuccessful 
candidate for the governorshi}) of his state. He had ably 
served one term as senator, but he was defeated of re-elec- 
tion. Unlike some preceding candidates he did not make 



BABELS 01^ 'S ADMINISTRATION. 



809 




BENJAMIN HAKKibON. 



an electioneering tour of 
the country, but he re- 
ceived visiting delega- 
tions at his home at 
Indianapolis. His inaug- 
ural address favored the 
rebuilding of the navy, the 
maintenance of the pro- 
tective tariff, and the en- 
! I'orcement of the civil ser- 
\ ice law. 

545. Except the nom- 
ination of persons to of- 
fice, his first public act 

was the openhif/ of 

OklaJiOnia, From the 
Indian Teri-itory white settlers had been rigidly ex- 
cluded because the faith of the nation had long been 
pledged to its maintenance as an Indian reservation. But 
because of the pressure of immigration seeking entrance, 
treaties were made extinguishing the Indian title. The 
President proclaimed noon of April 22, as the hour for 
entering tliis "promised land." In readiness for the grand 
rush tens of thousands of homesteaders lined the border on' 
all sides, while the troops kept back the floods. At the 
minute, the invasion began. It was a neck-break race for 
the best places. Before night cities were staked out and 
every homestead taken. At sutn-ise Guthrie was a silent 
prairie: at sunset it was a houseless city of 10,000. This 
occurrence was a unique event in history. 

540. On April 30, 1S89, the Centennial of the 
Constitutiou and of Washington's TtiaiKju- 
Vdtion was suitably celebrated at New York and hun- 
dreds of other places. Parades, speeches, sermons, poems, 
illuminations, were among the proprieties of the occasion, 
Tlie country congratulated itself on the completed century 
of o-rowth. A thousand felicitous thina'S were said and 



SlO THE MODEL IITSTORT. 

done to rekindle the glow of patriotism in old hearts and 
to create it in young ones. A Constitution still remaining 
almost as originally enacted, shows the wisdom of its 
makers and the stability of the Government. 

547. In May occurred The Johnstowii Disaster ^ 

a unique and terrible calamity. At the head of the 
(Jonemaugh Valley, near Pittsburg, Pa., had been for many 
years a large reservoir. The water covered an area of 
eight square miles, and was a hundred feet deep. At this 
time the dam suddenly gave way, and the immense flood 
rushed down the narrow valley, sweeping everything be- 
fore it. Whole villages floated on the seething torrent. 
A warning was given down the valley, but many discredited 
the alarm, others failed to receive it, and others had no 
time to flee. Twenty miles below the dam was Johnstown, 
a city of about 25,000 inhabitants. Nearly the wliole of it 
was suddenly swept away against a strong stone railroad 
bridge. About 2,500 lives were lost. For weeks U\e work 
of recovering, identifying, and interring the dead, and 
removing the debris, went forward. Money and supplies 
for the suffering survivors were furnished in abundance by 
the sympathizing people in all parts of the Union, — 
another noble illustration of the maxim, ^'' An injury to one 
should be the concern of all^'' 

548. Early in the administration. The Pan-AtUevl- 
can Couffvess was held at Washington. It was a con- 
vention of sixty-six public men as delegates from nearly all 
(the word Pan being a Greek word meaning all) the nations 
of the Western Hemisphere. Its purpose was to deliberate 
upon and decide matters of international importance. Sec- 
retary of State, James G. Blaine, presided, and the session 
lasted several weeks. Its greatest work was its decision 
that in the future all disputes between the governments of 
the Americas shall be settled by courts of arbitration, 
rather than by war. This conclusion was ratified by our 
Congress by joint resolution of the House and Senate. 

549. Fifteen years had now elapsed without the Cld- 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 311 

fnissiofl of new states, Tlie territories had increased 
slowly in population, and had now become prepared for 
statehood. In 1889, Montana, Washington, North Dakota 
and South Dakota, having adopted constitutions in agree- 
ment with that of the United States, sought admission as 
states. Each of them having, as was believed, a popula- 
- tion sufficient to be entitled to one or more representatives 
in Congress, their petition was granted. A year later, 
Idaho and Wyoming, having, according to the new census, 
a sufficient population, were admitted. Wyoming is the 
first state ever admitted in which women may vote and hold 
office in full equality with men. The Union was now com- 
posed of forty-four states. 

550. During the first session of Congress, The 
McKiflley Bill was passed. It was a revision of the 
tariff. Accepting the election as an endorsement of the 
Republican policy of protection, the Committee of Ways 
and Means, whose chairman was William McKinley, of 
Ohio, shaped a bill more highly protective than ever before. 
The free list was enlarged, but the average duty on pro- 
tected articles was raised. Mr. Blaine's influence planted 
in the bill the policy of reciprocity — that is, we agreed to 
admit duty free a few articles from other countries, if 
they would, in like manner, admit the products peculiar to 
the United States. A few of the foreign governments to 
which this privilege was extended, accepted the condition. 

551. Ihe Eleventh Census, taken in June, 1890, 
showed a population of sixty-two millions (62,623,350), an 
increase of only 20 per cent. Cities had grown faster than 
the rural parts. New York (1,700,000) remaining the me- 
tropolis, and Chicago (1,100,000) becoming the second city. 
The Census Report gave much unexpected information 
of a statistical nature. Among otlier things it showed 
that a greater per cent, of the people were foreign born 
than ever before; that all our schools had not been able to 
reduce the ratio of illiteracy; and that the expenses of 
government were increasing faster than our population. 



312 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

552. The result of tlie Congressional Elections 

ill 1890, was a surprise to both parties. The McKiiiley 
tariff liad been in effect only a few months, and it was the 
chief issue in the campaign. Democrats assailed it and 
Republicans defended. The former were successful beyond 
their hopes in the election of a majority of 148 congress- 
men. The Democrats asserted that the country had spoken 
ao-ainst protection; but the Republicans declared that the 
result was owing to stay-at-home voters in that party. It 
was, however, a fruitless victory for the Democrats, since 
the Senate and the Executive were against them. 

553. The census returns iiaving been completed as to 
population, a new aitportiomnent law was enacted 
for representation in Congress. The basis was one member 
for each 173,901 of the population. Tlie number of mem- 
bers, after the admission of the new states, was 35G. Both 
the basis and the number were higher than ever before. 

554. Mr. Blaine, aiding the President, managed our 
foreign affairs with so mucli skill that tJlvee diplomatic 
incidents, each of which threatened the peace of the 
country, were settled without a sacrifice of duty or dia-iiity. 

555. One of these was the Behrinff Sea Difficulty, 
The United States claimed that in the purchase of Alaska 
was also acquired the exclusive right to take the seals on 
the adjoining islands, including the Aleutian. This Great 
Britain denied, and sent her sealing vessels there to take 
her part of the catch. War was averted by the good sense 
and moderation of statesmen in both countries. It was 
agreed to submit the case to a court of arbitration, both 
governments being pledged to abide by the verdict. 

556. Another difficulty was known as The Italian 
Tncident, Eleven Italians in New Orleans, supposed to 
belong to the Mafia, a secret and bloody society, were 
lodged in jail charged with murder. Though they were 
acquitted by the courts, the jail was forced by a mob and 
they were shot. Five of them were subjects of Italy, and 
that government demanded a cash indemnity to their farai- 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 313 

lies and that the murderers be punished. Diplomatic 
relations were suspended for some months. After some de- 
lay, $125,000 was paid, and friendly feeling was resumed. 

557. The third was The Chilian Dijficultif. 

Chili had been in civil war, during- which one of our war 
steamers lay in the harbor of Valparaiso to protect our in- 
terests. One day, while our sailors were in the city, they 
were attacked by Chilian citizens, and two or three were 
killed. A diplomatic correspondence followed, in which 
the little republic wrote very haughtily. Finally the Presi- 
dent sent his "ultimatum." Being thus forced. Chili apolo- 
gized, and our national honor was not stained ! 

558. During this presidency the subject of ballot reform 
received practical attention. It was seen that as long as 
an open ballot was cast, the purchase of votes and the 
coercion of voters would continue to corrupt elections. To 
avoid this, several of the states enacted what was called the 
Australian JSallot Law. Though used in Australia, 
it was really modeled after the English system. Its chief 
feature was an absolutely secret ballot. It was found to 
promote quiet elections, prevent the purchase of votes, and 
secure an honest expression of choice by voters. It proved 
satisfactory to all political parties, and it was speedily 
adopted in a majority of the states. 

559. A new feature in legislation was the passage of the 
Copyright LaiV, In all the history of the country it 
had never been illegal for American publishers to issue the 
books of foreign authors without paying a copyright for the 
privilege. A few high-minded publishers had voluntarily 
done this act of justice. The rest of our foreign books were 
"pirated." Tiie same thing was done in Canada and 
Europe with books of American authorship. The law 
secured to foreign authors a copyright on their books pub- 
lished in the United States, as soon as similar rights should 
be secured to American authors by foreign countries. Thus 
the existence and value of literary property was more fully 



314 THE MODEL RlSTOliY. 

recognized, and another step was taken toward **an era of 
good feeling" among the nations. 

."iCJO. A few of the states had passed laws prohibiting the 
importation and sale of alcoholic liquors. But these were 

nullified by the Original Package Decisioti^ made 
by the Supreme Court. It declared that liquor may be 
imported into a prohibition state and sold there, if it be 
kept in the original package of the manufacturer. Much 
excitement followed, and it was asserted that the govern- 
ment was interfering with the rights of the states to legis- 
late for the welfare of their people. At the next session, 
Congress passed an act enabling states to protect themselves 
against the effect of the Decision. 

561. For many years the Louisiana Lottery had 

held a license to do business in that state. When the 
charter was about to expire, the lottery company offered 
millions of dollars to the state for a renewal. The whole 
country became interested in the question. The contest was 
a heated one, but the proposal was finally rejected. Con- 
gress passed laws excluding from the mails all lottery tick- 
ets, circulars, and newspapers containing advertisements of 
lotteries. This was done in the interest of public morality. 

562. From year to year the country suffered, as before, 

the loss of great men claimed hy death. Each of 

these in his life work had done something which gave him 
rank as a national personage, and for which he will be 
remembered. In public affairs the roll included Hannibal 
Hamlin, ex-vice president with Lincoln; Gen. John C. Fre- 
mont, first Republican candidate for the presidency; Jef- 
ferson Davis, ex president of the Confederate States. Of 
the military leaders in the Civil War, Gens. William T. 
Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston, and Admiral David D. 
Porter passed away. In literature the loss was especially 
severe in the d,eath of George Bancroft and Benson J. 
Lossing, the historians of the United States; .lames Rus- 
sell Lowell and John G. Whittier, almost the last of our 
major poets ; Walt Whitman, poet of the Passions ; James 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 315 

Parton, the essayist; and George William Curtis, the editor. 
In other fields of activity were Maria Mitchell, the astron- 
omer; Phineas T. Barnum, the showman, and Cyrus W. 
Field, the originator of the Atlantic cable. 

563. The near approach of the four hundredth anniver- 
sary of the discovery of America led the people to think 
of a suitable way to celebrate the event. It was proposed 

to have a World's Columbian Exposition, This 

met with general approval, and congress selected Chicago 
as the place. The magnitude of the preparation prevented 
the holding of the Fair in 1S93; but a formal opening was 
held on Oct. 21 (the new-style date for Oct. 12) with im- 
pressive ceremonials, in the presence of government 
officials and foreign representatives, 

564. The political parties prepared for the usual con- 
test by announcing their presidential nominees. 

The Republicans met at Minneapolis and re-nominated 
Benjamin Harrison on the first ballot. The Democrats 
met at Chicago and nominated Grover Cleveland for the 
third time and on the first ballot. As vice-president 
tliey named Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois. The Prohibi- 
tionists nominated John Bidwell, of California; and the 
People's party, James B. Weaver, of Iowa. 

565. The attitude of x^arties was clear-cut. The 
Republicans stood by the McKinley Bill and advocated 
protection as a permanent policy, holding that "the pros- 
perous condition of our country is largely due to the wise 
revenue legislation of the Republican Congress." The 
Democrats as clearly denounced the new tariff as "a rob- 
bery of the great majority of the American people for the 
benefit of the few." They demanded a tariff for revenue 
only. The Proliibitionists favored woman suffrage and 
opposed the liquor traffic. The Populists renewed the 
Greenback idea, and recommended government control of 
railway, steamboat and telegraph lines. Minor points 
were found in all the platforms. Each of the parties was, 
in one or more planks, as definite and forcible as words 



316 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

could make ideas; but they were all silent or purposely 
indefinite on other points. 

566. A new factor was thrown into the strug'gle by the 
fuslOlil of parties. In several strong Republican 
states, as Kansas and Nebraska, the Democrats fused 
with the Populists and voted for Weaver, with the hope 
of so dividing the electoral vote that Harrison would not 
have a majority. Thus the election would be thrown into 
the House of Representatives, as provided by the consti- 
tution, and as was done in 1801 and in 1835, whereby 
Cleveland would be chosen by that Democratic body. The 
result showed that this precaution was not necessary. 

567. The canvass was dignified and largely free 
from personal abuse. It was a quiet campaign. All parties 
boasted that it was a "campaign of education." Each of 
the major parties appeared confident of success; and each 
of the minor ones expected to grow into the party of the 
future. Never before was the tariif issue so fully discussed. 
Sophistry, as well as argument, abounded. Prejudice, as 
well as reason, was appealed to. The Democrats tried to 
frighten voters by denouncing the " Force ]3ill," and the 
Republicans by raising the cry of "Wild Cat Currency." 
Both the minor parties declared both the major and each 
other to be unworthy of support. 

568. The decision of election day was another 

surprise to the country. Of the 444 electoral votes, Cleve- 
land obtained a large majority, and Weaver a few. It 
was generally conceded to be the verdict of the people 
against the McKiidey Bill and a protective tariff. 



CLEVELAyD'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 317 
CHAPTER XXIII. 

CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 

1893 — 1897. 

569. For the first time the country had re-elected a 
President after retirement to private life. ]}£r, Cleve- 
land was the favorite and the leader of his party. But 
so vigorous was his administration that he had many open 
and bitter enemies within his party. For the first time 
since Buciianan, the Democrats had control of both branches 
of Congress, as well as the Presidency. The wave of pop- 
ular favor that elected Cleveland carried also many Demo- 
crats into Congress and swept the Republicans from power. 

oTO. Hard timeSf which had set in during Harri- 
son's term of oftice, continued during the whole of this. 
Some years before, the silver mining states had demanded 
and secured the passage of the Bland Act, providing that 
the Government buy silver bullion and coin !ii>2,000,0()0 in 
silver each month. Thus they secured a market for the 
product of their mines. Xot long satisfied with this, those 
states demanded the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 
In a spirit of comi)romise the Sherman Law — so called 
from John Sherman, of Ohio — was passed, providing that 
4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion be bought monthly to be 
paid for by treasury notes. As time advanced, the de- 
pressed condition of business was believed by many to be 
due to the Sherman Law. The President called an extra 
session of Congress to consider the financial problem. 
After long discussion, the silver states leading the opposi- 
tion, Congress repealed the purchase clause of the Sherman 
Law, and adjourned. 

571. At the regular session the McKmley Tarifi" was 
repealed and the Wilson Tariff was enacted. The 
Democrats had hoped to make this a revenue tariff with 
few protective features. But a difiiculty arose. The party 
was not united in opposition to protection, and certain 
members in both houses voted with the Republicans to 



318 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

retain high rates for the sake of protection. After months 
of agitation, during which the bill was so amended as to be 
unacceptable to its friends and little less objectionable to 
its enemies, it became a law. Too protective for the Dem- 
ocrats and too non-protective for the Republicans, it had 
no friends at all. The President refused to sign it, but 
would not veto it. It passed as a compromise, the Demo- 
crats quoting the homely maxim, " Half a loaf is better 
than no bread," and the Republicans saying, " It is not so 
bad as we feared." 

572. As had been determined before, the IVorld's 
Columbian Exposition was opened May i, 1893, 
with an address by President Cleveland. At its conclusion 
he touched an electric button, which set the vast machinery 
in motion. The Fair continued six months. The build- 
ings were the largest ever erected. In the extent and 
variety of the exhibits, in the beauty of the grounds and 
buildings, in the number of nations making displays, in 
the expense incurred, and in the number of visitors, it far 
surpassed any of the world's fairs previously held. 

573. Since the battle between the Monitor and the Mer- 
rimac, the nations of Europe had been constructing war- 
ships clad in steel armor plate. This the United States, 
being at peace with all nations, had failed to do. Nearly 
all the vessels comprising our navy were old wooden ships. 
In the event of war these would be useless, and the de- 
fenceless condition of our coasts was often, pointed out. 
Finally Congress decided that, in order to be ready for war, 
we needed a fiew nari/. From year to year, therefore, 
beginning in 1881, first-class warships of modern construc- 
tion were added. Lavish appropriations were made as the 
work advanced, so that at this time our navy will compare 
well with that of the great nations of Europe. Some of 
these vessels, as the Maine, the Texas, the Massachusetts, 
tlie Indiana, the Oregon, and the Iowa, are the largest and 
most powerful warships ever made. Though this fleet has 
cost over ^50,000,000, let us hope it will never be needed. 



CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 319 

574. The Railroad Riots of 1877 and the Hayraarket 
Riot of 1886 were violent ways of expressing the settled 
discontent of the laboring people in large cities and the 
manufacturing centers, Chicago was the scene of another 
outbreak of striking and boycotting , in 1894. It 
was chiefly due to the hard times. The Pullman Company 
reduced the wages of its workmen, being forced thereto, it 
said, by loss of business and falling prices. This brought 
on a strike, which developed into riots and destruction of 
railroad property. The rioters "tied up" nearly all the 
railroads of the city. For some days travel and traftic 
ceased. This interference with the transmission of the 
mails called out a proclamation from the President, who 
showed that the usual functions of the Government could 
not be suspended in the interests of a boycott. He sent 
troops to Chicago to force the movement of the mails, and 
the disturbance came to an end at once. 

575. In 1895 the country was much excited over the 
Venezuelan Affair, For fifty years a dispute had ex- 
isted between Great Britain and Venezuela concerning the 
boundary line between the latter and British Guiana. By 
secret diplomatic corres^^ondence President Cleveland 
asked the English Government to submit the question to 
arbitration. This suggestion was rejected. The President 
then sent a message to Congress on the subject, reaffirming 
the Monroe Doctrine, and proposing that a commission be 
appointed to investigate the claims on both sides, and to 
ascertain whether Great Britain was attempting to gain 
territory that did not rightfully belong to her. This was 
promptly done. There was much excitement, and war talk 
and "jingoism" were freely indulged in on both sides of 
the ocean. But better sense prevailed. England agreed 
to arbitrate, and the matter passed from public notice. 
This incident committed the United States to the policy of 
international arbitration, and so strengthened the Monroe 
Doctrine that it can almost be said that the United States 
exercises a protectorate over the other American republics. 



320 THE MODEL IIISTOIIY. 

576. The Territory of Utah bad long been asking for 
admission to the Union as a state. For thirty years it liad 
been the most populous of the territories. It was acquired 
by the Mexican Cession in 1847, and was made a territory 
by the Omnibus Bill of 1850. As early as 1847 it was 
settled by the Mormons, who continued to have control of 
its affairs. But, since polygamy remained to be a practice 
of the Mormons, it was foreseen that plural marriages 
would be legalized and perpetuated if Utah should be ad- 
mitted as a sovereign state. For this reason its admission 
was delayed till 1896. l^efore its admission polygamy had 
been made illegal by Congress, and had been rejected as a 
doctrine and a practice by the Church of the Latter Day 
Saints. The objection being removed, Utah became the 
forty-fifth state, with a population of about a quarter of a 
million. 

577. Not long before the close of this administration 
the country was surprised by the announcement that the 
President and the Secretary of State, Richard J. Olney, 
had concluded a treaty with Great Britain, binding the 
two countries to adjust future differences between them 
by inter }iat ion fil arbitration. It was |>roposed to 
constitute a high court of arbitration, to apply the princi- 
ples of international law therein, and to bind both nations 
to accept the verdict rendered. The press and the people 
welcomed this result as a triumph of national good-Avill 
befitting the closing years of the greatest century. Some 
great thoughts take root slowly ; thus two hundred years 
were required to bring to fruitage this seed-thought of 
AVilliam Penn, in 1693. The approval of the Senate was 
essential to the adoption of the treaty ; but up to the pres- 
ent time (May, 1897,) this has been withheld. 

578. During this quadrennial tJie death-roll of 
f/reat names was not so lengthy as at some other 
times. It included Oliver Wendell Holmes, the brilliant 
essayist and tlu; last of our major poets ; Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin ; ex-Presidont 



CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISriLlTlON. 321 

R. B. Hayes ; James G. Blaine, the eminent statesman ; 
Walter Q. Gresbam, the Secretary of State ; and Phillips 
Brooks, the distinguished Episcopalian clero-yman. The 
death of its famous citizens is one of the greatest losses 
a country can sustain. 

5V9. The repeal of the Sherman Law was not attended 
by the results hoped for. There was no revival of business 
and no abatement of the hard times. In a study of their 
grievances the scarcity of money led many to think that 
something was wrong with the currency. This brought 
the Silver Question to the front. It was the belief of 
many that the volume of the currency should be increased 
by opening the mints to the free and unlimited coinage of 
silver in the legal ratio by Aveight of sixteen parts of silver 
to one part of gold. This opinion began in the silver min- 
ing states and rapidly spread to those further east. 

580. Free coinage means that anyone who shall take 
silver bullion to the mints may have it coined at the ex- 
pense of the government. By one party the (IVf/unieilt 
was made that free coinage would stimulate silver mining 
and other industries in the West, and that the abundance 
of money thus put afloat would bring in an era of business 
revival and prosperity to the entire country. The other 
party called attention to the inequality in the value of sil- 
ver and gold, and held that, since the silver put into a dol- 
lar was worth only about fifty cents, free coinage would 
result in a debasement and cheapening of the currency. It 
was predicted that the cheap money would drive gold from 
circulation, that we would soon be on a silver basis of 
values, and that unparalleled disaster would follow. 

5S1. As this administration neared its end, the state of 
opinion about the currency made tJie issues of the 
coming contest apparent. Sectionalism and the tariff 
were dead issues, but the question of free coinage became 
vital. The Republicans met early at St. Louis, and adopted, 
not without opposition, a platform condemning free coin- 
age and favoring the continuation of the gold standard. 



322 THE MODEL HISTOllY. 

The Democrats met at Chicago and ado}3ted, with many 
opposing, a platform in favor of free coinage. Both parties 
declared as usual respecting the tariff and other questions. 

582. The nonihiatiOilS contained some surprises. 
Before the Republican Convention, state after state had 
declared in favor of William McKinley, of Ohio, and he 
was nominated on the first ballot. But in the Democratic 
Convention several ballots had been taken, when William J. 
Bryan, an ex-congressman from Nebraska, made a thrilling 
speech which was wildly applauded. Though he had not 
been an avowed candidate, he was nominated on tlie next 
ballot by a large majority. The Populists ratified the nom- 
ination of Bryan, chiefly because of his free silver opinions. 
The prohibition party was split by opposing views, and 
each faction placed a candidate in the field. 

583. The campaign was conducted in a dignified 
and honorable way. There w^as but one issue — the silver 
question. In imitation of Mr. Harrison, Mr. McKinley 
received and addressed visiting delegations at his home at 
Canton. Mr. Bryan spent the entire time between his 
nomination and the election day in a political tour of the 
country, traveling by special train and speaking at great 
meetings many times daily. Such phrases as "16 to 1;" 
" sound money ; " " free silver ; " "a cheap dollar ; " " gold 
standard ; " " hard money ; " " gold bug ; " made up no 
small part of the campaign talk. 

684. The result was the election of McKinley. This 
was probably caused by support of the sound money Dem- 
ocrats, who thus voted in opposition to their views on the 
tariff in order to strengthen the gold standard. With him, 
Garrett A. Hobart, of New Jersey, was chosen as Vice- 
President. After the hurrahs and the bonfires the excite- 
ment subsided. 



McKlNLErS ADMTXISTBA TION. 
% CHAPTER XXIV. 

McKINLFA"S ADMINISTRATION. 

1897 — 

585. The twenty-fifth I*residefit had been gov- 
ernor of his state, a congressman, and a statesman of promi- 
nence for several years. He was best known as the reputed 
author of the McKinley Tariff Law, so named because it 
was the work of the congressional committee of which he 




WILLIAM McKINLEY. 

was chairman. During all his public life he had advo- 
cated a high tariff for the sake of protection, as being 
essential to the welfare of the Nation. It seems not a 
little strange that his views on the supreme question of 
the campaign were unknown at the time of his nomination. 



586, The center of population has been moving 
nearly westward since the Revolution, at an average rate 
of seventy-five feet a day, and in 1890 had reached a point 
twenty miles east of Columbus, Indiana. 

587. Manufacturing is the chief industry of New 
England, and it has been brought to a high state of perfec- 



324 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

tion through improved machinery and skilled workmen. 
That section produces enough calico, muslin, and shoes, to 
supply tlie whole country. 

588. AyricultUTe, also, has made great advances 
under the influence of better implements, agricultural 
societies, fairs, field chemistry, and farm journals. In 1880 
the yield of Indian corn, the greatest cereal product of the 
country, was 1,755,000,000 bushels; of wheat, 400,000,000 
bushels; of cotton, 5,755,000 bales; and of wool, 150,000,- 
000 pounds. Minnesota produces enough wiieat in one 
year to feed its own people four years; Ohio, one 3'ear; 
New York, four months ; Massacliusetts, one day ; and 
Rhode Island, enough for breakfast, but not enough for 
dinner. 

589. TJie National Dehtf which had reached its 
maximum on Aug. 31, 1805, when it was $2,845,907,620.56, 
was gradually paid from the surplus revenues, and the 
interest on the remainder was largely reduced by re-fund- 
ing it at lower rates. In 1885, about half tlie principal 
had been paid, and the remainder is being cancelled as fast 
as it matures. 

590. As years passed away the issiies of wav-titne 
were forgotten, and sectional b tterness abated. Many 
prominent men in the South returned to public life and 
helped to work out our jiational destiny. The time had 
come which was predicted in the closing words of Lincoln's 
first inaugural, when the hearts of our ])eople were "again 
touched by the better angels of our nature." 

591. The poivev of the Jtress seems to be constantly 
increasing. To the genius of an American, Richard M. 
Hoe, the world is indebted for the type-revolving press, by 
which thirty thousand coi)ies may be struck off in an hour. 
It is the age of the newsj)aper. Directed by the abilities 
and energy of sucli journalists as William Cullen Bryant, 
of the Eroitng Post, Horace Greeley, of the I'rlbftiie, atul 
James Gordon Bennett, Sr., of the Ifenz/J, the newspaper 
has become a great power for good or evil. In 1889, the 



' 



McKINLEY'S ADMINKTRA TION. 



325 



numberof periodicals was about sixteen thousand. Several of 
these print over a hundred thousand copies each issue, and 
the total regular circulation is over twenty-eight million 
copies. The number of books published averages about 
three thousand a year. 

592. In recent years public libraries have become 
very numerous in towns and cities. These are extensively 
read, and have great influence in directing the thought of 
the people. One American library — the Congressional, at 
Washington — contains over 400,000 volumes; while the 
Boston Public Library and that of Harvard College number 
over 200,000 each; and at least ten others contain fifty 
thousand each. The contents of these libraries aggregate 
forty-five million volumes. 

598. The work of education has gone rapidly 
forward. The common-school system, which at first met 
with strong opposition in some localities, has become a 
great favorite with the people, single states, as Ohio, spend- 
ing ten million dollars annually to educate the children. 
Seven million pupils attend these free schools, and are 
taught by two hundred thousand teachers. The system is 
in use in every state, and is rapidly gaining popularity in 
the South. Many of the states have adopted compulsory 

education. Higher education is 
furnished by about twenty-five 
hundred colleges, academies, pro- 
fessional and scientific schools, 
attended by two hundred and 
fifty thousand pupils, some of 
them being supported by public 
funds, and others by private and 
denominational patronage. Peo- 
ple see that ignorant sufi'rage is 
one of the greatest dangers of 
the republic. In all nations the 
sovereign is carefully educated. 
In this country every voter is a sovereign. 




WILLIAM CULLKN BRYANT. 



326 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



594. In literature much has been accomplished. Wil- 
liam Cullen Bryant, when a boy of eighteen, wrote Than- 
atopsis, the first poetry, written by a native of America, 
that the world acknowledged to be poetry. He was fol- 
lowed by a troop of reputable writers, including Drake, 
Halleck, Poe, Willis, Whittier, Lowell, Longfellow. Charles 
Brockden Brown, the first American novelist, was followed 

by James Fenimore Cooper 
and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As 
historians, Sparks, Bancroft, 
Hildreth, Lossing, Prescott, 
Motley, and Irving are honored 
names. 

595. In the fine cirts 
America can not compare 
favorably with older countries. 
Our paintings and statuary 
have not won such applause 
from the world as has been ac- 
corded to our sewing machines, 
HENKY \vai>.sw()i:tii LONGFELLOW, piauos, and farming imple- 
ments. Yet much has been done. The names of West, 
Copley, and Page, in painting, and Powers, Story, and 
Harriet Hosmer, in sculpture, have 
secured great and perhaps lasting 
reputation. 

596. Our country has achieved its 
greatest results in material pro- 
ffvess, American sewing machines, 
pianos, agricultural implements, and 
locomotives have received the highest 
awards of EuropB. The American 
Bank Note Company, of New York, 
])rints the pa])er money of Italy and 
Turkey. Steam fire-engines of Amei'i- 
can manufacture are used in the Euro- 
pean capitals, and the Pullman palace cars are becoming 





HIRAM POWERS. 



McKLXLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 327 

favorites on European railroads. Machines of American 
patents print English newspapers and reap the English 
harvests. The European goes to work by a Connecticut 
clock, and is wanned by an Albany stove. 

597. Since the war, the work of relif/ion has been 
advancing with increasing success. Next to the Roman 
Catholics, the Methodists are the most numerous denomina- 
tion. There are 65,000 churches in the country, and they 
can seat twenty-five million people. There is one evan- 
gelical minister to every 791 persons. The church property 
is valued at !|;350,000,000, and $50,000,000 are paid every 
year for local church interests. 

598. The end of our first hundred years is a suitable 
time to review the />/'fYZi>^/oir8 of foreign states- 
fiieil. No sooner was the Declaration of Independence 
passed than they ventured to predict five things: T. That 
the United /States icould he involved in ruinous foreign 
wars. We have had bvit two foreign wars since the Revo- 
lution, and emerged safely from both. In the same period 
England has had seven, France ten, Prussia six, Russia ten, 
Austria five, and Italy six; and, except England, every one 
of these nations has been beaten in some of its conflicts. 

II. That the 7'epuhlic would be torn asu7ider by internal 
quarrels. During the entire century we have had but one 
serious internal disturbance — the Rebellion. During the 
same time England has had two insurrections, Prussia one, 
Austria two, and Russia one. France has had seven revo- 
lutions, and Italy and Spain ten or a dozen each. 

III. That the republic vjould be succeeded by monarchy . 
This has not yet come to pass. But during the last century 
France has not been able to maintain any one system of 
government twenty-five consecutive years. The sovereigns 
of Austria, Spain, and Greece have been forced to vacate 
their thrones. The monarch of France has been seven 
times compelled to leave his seat. Even Prussia has been 
obliged to change her form of government from an absolute 
to a constitutional monarchy. 



328 THE MODEL IILSTORY. 

IV. 77u(t the confederation of states would he broken up. 
This has not proved true. But Germany has witnessed the 
destruction of the German Confederation. England has 
lost some of her colonies, and Austria, her provinces. France 
has lost her possessions in Holland, in Belgium, and on 
the Rhine. Italy changed from a few to many individual 
states, and then to a united kingdom. 

V. That the rejniblic icould he robbed of its territory by 
strong military jiowers. Our territory has rapidly increased, 
and we have never, at any time, parted with a single square 
foot of land belonging to the nation. During the same time 
there is not a single European state that has not lost a oart 
of its territory. 

599. The past has already indicated the fiituve issues 
that will agitate the public mind. These are questions of 
importance, — civil service reform, the currency, the tariff 
question, the Bible in the public schools, compulsory edu- 
cation, woman suffrage, foreign — and especially Chinese 
— immigration, cheap transportation and the regulation of 
railroads, the rights of labor and capital, secret' societies, 
temperance, and religion. What shape these questions will 
assume, or which will be most prominent, it is impossible to 
foresee. 

600. Oiir country claims and needs the love and 
service of all. Compared with the nations of Europe, it is 
in its infancy. There, kingdoms have been growing more 
than a thousand years, Avhile our republic has reached only 
the end of its first century. They celebrate their Millenium, 
and we our Centennial. Without vain boasting, we may 
congratulate ourselves on the solidity and rapidity of our 
growth. The world has never before produced a republic 
of such size, and many a democracy has been shattered in 
less than a century. Our success has been attained in spite 
of the political contradiction in proclaiming freedom in 
theory, and yet cherishing slavery in practice ; in spite of 
the annual arrival of thousands of immigrants, without a 
just apprehension of republican principles or institutions; 



EEVIEW. 329 

in spite of violent political and partisan turmoils every four 
years; and in spite of sectional discontent upheaving into 
attemjDted revolution. To guard against domestic, even 
more than foreign, dangers; to educate the people in cor- 
rect living and the high duties of citizenship; to lead pure 
lives and cultivate noble purposes, — these are the essential 
duties of every American, "that the republic may receive 
no detriment," that the nation may rise in true majesty, 
and that democratic government may not disappear from 
the earth. 



R E VIE W. 

CHAPTER I. 

The idea of independerice, a slow growth. — R. H. Lee introduces 
an important resolution. — A formal Declaration of Independence is 
drafted. — And passed. — It is received with enthusiasm by the Whigs, 
with alarm by the Tories, and with auger by King George. — The 
British evacuate Boston. — Washington is badly beaten on Long Island. 

— But nuikes a successful dash at Princeton and Trenton. — Stark 
wins a victory at Bennington. — And Gates at Stillwater.— Washington 
loses one at Brandy wine. — And another at Germantown. — England 
otlers pardon. — Lafayette lends timely aid. — The army spends a 
winter of suffering at Valley Forge. — The Conway Cabal is defeated. 

— Articles of Confederation proposed and finally adopted. — A flag is 
adopted.— Franklin wins a great victory at Paris. — England proposes 
peace. — Howe is superseded by Clinton. — Washington wins the battle 
of Monmouth. — Butler desolates the colony of Wyoming. — Paul 
Jones makes the navy famous. — Sketch of finance. — Charleston is 
surrendered to the British. — Gates is severely beaten at Camden. — 
Arnold plots his treason. — A mutinj^ breaks out at Morrislown. — But 
is quieted by Congress. — Seven thousand men arrive from France. — 
Greene supersedes Gates. — He fights at Cowpeus and Guilford Court- 
House. — Washington takes Cornwallis. — Which ends the war. — The 
provisions of the treaty. — The army is disbanded. — And Washington 
retires to Mount Vernon. 

CHAPTER II. 

Defects of the Confederation stated. — The convention of revision 
decides to make a new Constitution. — The slavery question first enters 
politics.— And the Federalists and the Republicans arise.— Sketch 



330 THE MODKI. HISTORY. 

of tlie legislative ijower.— Of the executive power. — Of the judicial. 
• — Washington is chosen President. 

CHAPTER III. 

Washington becomes President. — Eleven constitutional amend- 
ments are adopted. — A revenue is raised by import duties. — Public 
credit was also improved by the National Bank. — Congress resolves 
to remove to the Potomac. — The first census taken in 1790. — Citizen 
Genet makes trouble in America. — But is sent home. — The President 
quells the whisky insurrection. — And gives attention to the growing 
trouble with England. — Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee join the 
United States. — Wasiiington's policy is maliciously assailed. — Con- 
gress makes provision for public education. — Whitney invents the 
cotton gin. — Description of His Excellency's dress and receptions. — 
Styles of dress in fashionable life. — In common life. — WashingtoL 
declines re-election, and delivers his farewell address. 

CHAPTER IV. 

Sketch of Adams's career. — A weak spot found in the Constitution. 

— The French difficulty again becomes serious. — But war is averted 
by a change at Paris.— The country mourns for Washington. — The 
life of the western pioneer. — The second census. — Manners of society 
outlined. — Four things destroy Adams's chances of re-election. — 
The Twelfth Amendment adopted. 

CHAPTER V. 

Sketch of Jefferson. — He begins by reform. — He purchases Louisi- 
ana. — And sends a party to explore it. — War arises with Tripoli. — 
Troubles with England assume fresh prominence. — Right of search 
and tenure of allegiance explained. — The Chesapeake surrenders to 
the Leopard. — Measures of retaliation. — Burr shoots Hamilton. — 
And plans to operate in the Southwest. — Ohio is admitted. — Congress 
abolishes the foreign slave trade. — And authorizes the coast survey. — 
Fulton puts a steamboat on the Hudson. — Webster writes his spelling- 
book and dictionary. — Results of a prayer-meeting under a haystack. 

— Sketch of Jefterson's official manners. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Sketch of Madison. — Harrison goes against Tecumseh. — War is 
declared with England. — The Federalists oppose the war. — Perry 
wins an important victory on Lake Erie. — Jack.son quiets the Creeks. 

— The British take and burn Washington. — Jackson wins at New 
Orleans. — And the war ends without political results. — Finances 
greatly deranged. — Another National Bank is chartered. — Louisiana 



REVIEW. 331 

and Indiana are admitted. — Eate of immigration noted. — Great men 
come forward. — Early history of power manufacturing. — Sketch 
of the American Bible Society. — Savings banks originated. — The 
Colonization Society formed. 

CHAPTER VII. 

Sketch of Monroe. — Jackson raids the Seminoles. — And Florida 
is purchased. — Calhoun becomes the originator of protective tariffs. — 
Sketch of subsequent legislation respecting tariffs. — The country 
takes the fever for internal improvements. — The Erie Canal is dug. — 
And the National Road is constructed. — The first steamer crosses to 
Liverpool. — Five new states ai-e admitted. — Which brings on a great 
debate. — But the country is quieted by the Missouri Compromise. — 
Monroe declares his "doctrine." — The first school for deaf mutes. 

— Lafayette revisits America. — Sketch of changes in western life. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Sketch of J. Q.Adams. — Several Indian tribes are removed. — 
New agitation of the tariff question. — The country is excited about 
Free Masonry. — The history of railroads outlined. — Adams and 
Jefferson both die on the semi-centennial day. — The Tract Society is 
formed in New York. — And is followed by the Peace Society. — 
Novelties in domestic life. — Adams has a quiet presidency. — Tlie 
next President chosen from the West. 

CHAPTER IX. 

Sketch of Jackson. — He displaces seven hundred officials.— 
Which creates a sensation. — He forbids the National Bank. — Which 
creates another. — The South talks against protection. — Hayne and 
Webster have a debate. — And Jackson nips nullification. — He 
removes tlie government deposits. — The Seminole war drags through 
seven years. — The slavery agitation among the people. — Anti-slavery 
newspapers. — Nat. Turner makes an insurrection. — The fifth census. 

— Arkansas and Michigan are admitted. — The cliolera visits the 
country. — The first asylum for the blind. — Reaping and mowing 
macliines come into use. 

CHAPTER X. 

Sketch of Van Buren. — The panic breaks out. — And is somewhat 
relieved by the Sub-Treasury scheme. — The sixth census. — The 
history of the temperance reform outlined. — Tiie advance of educa- 
tion. — The famous hard cider campaign comes on. 



332 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

CHAPTER XI. 

Harrison dies after a mouth's service. — Sketcli of Tyler. — He 
refuses to re-cliarter the National Banlc. — Wliicli causes a storm 
of abuse. — England finally abandons her right of search. — An 
excitement arises against the Mormons — The annexation of Texas 
becomes the great question. — Sketch of postal affairs. — Mor.se con- 
ceives a great idea. — And labors for years ui)on it. — Is surprised by 
an appropriation. — And constructs the first telegraph — Goodyear 
vulcanizes rubber. — The antarctic continent is discovered. — The 
Freesoilers declare themselves at the election. 

CHAPTER XII. 

Sketch of Polk. — Northern boundary is fixed at 49°. — The Mexi- 
can war begins at Palo Alto. — Monterey is taken. — And victory won 
at Buena Vista. — Fremont takes California. — Vera Cruz is taken. — 
Scott captures Mexico. — Which ends the war. — Gold is di.scovered in 
California. — And the world takes a fever. — Howe makes a sewing 
machine. — But struggles through difficulties to success — Sketch of 
subsequent improvements. — An asylum for idiots is set up at Boston. 

— Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin are admitted as States. — David Wilmot 
makes a proviso. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Sketch of Taylor. — Agitation about tlie admission of California. 

— The Omnibus Bill becomes a law. — But only after long and angry 
debate. — Taylor dies. — The seventh census. — Much interest is taken 
in Arctic exploration. — The U. G. R. R. takes passengers to Canada. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Sketch of Pierce. — Arizona acquired by purchase. — A world's 
fair is opened at New York. — Commercial intercourse with Japan. — 
History of the Pacific railroad outlined. — Douglas introduces the 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Which brings war upon " bleetling Kansas." 

— Sumner is beaten in the Senate chamber. — The American party 
is organized. 

CHAPTER XV. 

Sketch of Buchanan. — He sends an army to quiet the Mormons. 

— The story of the Atlantic cable outlined. — Sketch of the petroleum 
excitement. — The Supreme Court decides the Dred Scott case.— 
John Brown makes his raid. — The eighth census. — The Democratic 
party is split by slavery. — And it is beaten at the election. — Then 
talk of secession is heard. — And the work begins in South Carolina. 

— Soon the Confederate States are organized. — And the country is 
covered with gloom- 



REVIEW. 338 

CHAPTER XVI. 

Lincoln's inaugural. — The Rebellion breaks out at Fort Sumter.— 
Review of its causes.— Battle of Buil Run — Blockade of Southern 
])orts. — The Trent Affair nearly causes war with England. — Battle of 
Fair Oaks. — Lee's first invasion of the North. — Antietam. — Freder- 
icksburg. — Forts Henry and Donelson. — Grant wins at Shiloli. — The 
]\Ioniti)r and the Merrimac. — The Proclamation of Emancipation. — 
Colored Troops. — Lee's second invasion. — Meade wins a great victoiy 
at Gettysburg— Grant takes Vicksburg. — Rosecrans beaten at Chick 
amauga. — But gets a victory at Chattanooga. — A draft is ordered. — 
Battle of the Wilderness. — And Cold Harbor and Spottsylvania. — 
Grant besieges Petersburg. — Third invasion of the North. — Sherman 
marches to the Sea. — Richmond is evacuated — And Lee surrenders. — 
The war ends. — Assassination of the President. — Some statistics of 
the war. — Military features of the war. — Two new states admitted. — 
Government land sales. — Homestead law. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

Johnson becomes President. — Disbands the army. — Proclamation 
of Anniestj\ — He disagrees with Congress. — And is impeached. — But 
acquitted — Napoleon interferes in ]\Iexico. — The Atlantic Cable is 
made a permanent success. — Alaska is purchased. — The Territories 
reduced to final form. — Treaties with Germany and China. 

CHAPTER xviri. 
Grant becomes President. — Pacific Railroad. — Fifteenth Amend- 
ment. — The Ninth Census. — The Alabama Claims. — Chicago burns. — 
And Boston.— Credit Mobilier Investigation. — Jay Cooke Panic — 
Death of public men. — Patrons of Husbandry. — Sovereigns of Indus- 
try. — Signal Service Bureau — Specie Resumption Act. — Colorado 
admitted — The Centennial — The Electoral Commission. 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Hayes, President. — Civil Service Reform.— The Railroad Strike — 
Silver Coinage. — Revival of l)usiness — Chinese immigration. — Yellow 
fever.— The Exodus— Tenth Census. — Death of great Americans. — 
General Grant's tour — The Third term question. — Presidential 
campaign. 

CHAPTER XX. 

Sketch of Garfield. — Cleopatra's Needle brought to America — 
The Bible is revised. — Assassination of Garfield. — Accession of 
Arthur — Two more Pacific Railroads are completed. — And two 
Arctic Expeditions are undertaken— The railroads adopt Standard 
Time. — Invention and discovery. — Public questions which interest 
the people.— Waves of immigration.— The Brooklyn Bridge and th" 



334 THE MODE J. JlLsrORY. 

Washington Monument. — Candidates. — Tiie result. 

CUAI'TER xxi. 

Sketch of Cleveland. — Death of General Grant. — Interstate Com- 
merre Law. — The G. A. R. — Natural ^as. — Chinese immigration. — 
Haymarket Riot.— The W. C. T. U.— The death-roll.— Civil Service 
Law.— The Campaign and its Issues. 

CHAPTER XXII, 

Sketch of Harrison. — Oklahoma. — Johnstown Disaster. — The 
ran-American Congress. — Four states admitted. — The McKinley 
Bill. — Census of 1890. — Three diplomatic incidents. — Australian 
Ballot. — Copyright Law. — Louisiana Lottery. — World's Fair. — The 
Election and its Results. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Hard times.— The Wilson Tariff.— The new navy.- The Pull- 
man strike.— The Venezuelan Affair. — Utah admitted. — Interna- 
tional arbitration. — The death-roll. — The silver question. — The 
issues, nominations, campaign, and result 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

Sketch of ]\IcKinley.— Manufacturing.— Agriculture.— The Press. 
— Lil)raries.— Education. — Literature. — Fine Arts.— Religion.— Un- 
fulfilled predictions —Future issues.- The present duty. 



TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

1V76 — ISOT. 

This has been the jteriod of progress. It lias been 
the era of politics and great popular ideas. The actors 
were nations, not men. The responsibility of rulers, the 
right of popular suffrage, the natural equality and fraternity 
of men, the ])rogressive character of society, the true value 
of human life and the human soul, the sacred freedom of 
conscience, the right of free speech and thought, — these 
were the ideas that, springing into action, shaped the achieve- 
ments of the age. Resisting these tendencies in which the 
public conscietice was asserting itself, Europe encountered 
the storms of revolt, and retreated before the advancing 



CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 835 

power of the people. Accepting them, America went 
steadily onward in the career of nationality and progress. 

A strong tendency of the age has been toward central- 
ization of power. The century has witnessed the absorption 
of pigmy kingdoms by giant monarchies, the consolidation 
of small and hostile states into great and coherent empires. 
It has been seen that philanthropy is more than patriotism, 
and humanity more than nationality. 

Government has ceased to be the arbitrary domination 
of a few, and has become, more than ever before, the 
expression of the popular will. Political ideas which had 
only an uncertain and traditionary existence, have been 
embodied in settled constitutions and embalmed in written 
forms of government. 

But the triumphs of this intellectual and progressive 
age have not been confined to politics or government. 
They have also been in industry and thought. All eyes 
have been attracted by these successive achievements. 
Commerce has grown from the uncertain employment of a 
few to an overshadowing interest of the state. Mechanic 
art has quadrupled the wealth-producing power of the race, 
and the wildest dreams of magic have been equaled by the 
realizations of inventive genius. Science and literature 
have kept even pace with art. They have left no field 
unexplored, and have doubled the sum of human knowl- 
edge. Religious zeal has awakened for the conquest of the 
world. It is the age of -missions and missionary labor. The 
Bible has gone into hundreds of languages, and been 
printed by the millions of copies. 

In Amevica the period opened with the utterance of 
Jefferson, that "governments derive their just powers from 
the consent of the governed." It closed with the sublime 
sentiment of Lincoln, "government of the people, by the 
people, and for the people." It has shown how grand are 
the possibilities of the American republic, — that it can 
cope with gigantic evils; that its tendency is toward peace 
and good will, while it is strong to maintain itself against 



336 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

rebellion, tumult, and war. It has proved that there is a 
power stronger than armies — the public opinion of an 
enlightened people. "The Great Century" has presented 
more problems and achieved more solutions than any other 
in the Ions: roll of time. 



]776. Adam Smith published his "Wealth of Nations." 
1778. Captain Cook discovered the Sandwich Islands, 

1781. Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India, re- 

ceived a bribe of £100,000. 

1782. The rotary steam engine invented in England by 

Watt. 
1785. The power- loom invented by Cartwright, and 

machines for cotton spinning made by Arkvvright. 
1785. Invention of the guillotine in France. 

1787. The English government sent 558 male and 21 8 

female convicts to Australia as a penal colony. 

1788. Trial of Warren Hastings be^an. It lasted ei<rlit 

years. He was acquitted. 

1789. The French Revolution began by the destruction of 

the Bastile by the mob. 

1793. The Reign of Terror in France. Execution of 

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. 

1794. The " Goddess of Reason " worshipped. 

1795. Mungo Park explored Africa. 

1795. Final partition of Poland between Russia, Austria 
and Prussia. 

]798. Vaccination discovered in England by Dr. Jenner, 
and galvanism at Bologna by Galvani. Litho- 
graphy invented at Munich by Senefelder. 

1800. Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland. 

1801. Toussaint I'Ouverture, a negro general, headed an 

insurrection against the Frencii in Hayti. 

1803. Robert Emmet, the Irish patriot, headed an insurrec- 

tion against the English. 

1804. British and Foreiarn Bible Societv organized. 



CONTEMPORA RY E VENTS. 337 

1807. Granville Sharp secured the abolition of the slave- 
trade throughout British dominions. 

1809. Fifth coalition of European powers against Napoleon. 
1812. Russian expedition of Napoleon. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo resulted in the total and final 

overthrow of Napoleon. 
181G. Safety-lamp invented in England by Sir Humphrey 

Uavy. 
1821. Napoleon died at St. Helena. 

1821. Independence of Mexico. 

1822. Brazil became independent of Portugal. 

1824. Macadamizing the streets of London began by 
Mac Adam. 

1829. England abolished Sutteeism, or burning of widows 

in India. 

1830. A year of revolutions — in Belgium, Poland and 

France. 

1831. The first appearance of the cholera in England. 

1832. Opening of the first railway — the Manchester & 

Liverpool — in England. 

1833. Slavery abolished throughout British dominions. 

The owners received ^20,000,000 as compensa- 
tion. 

1837. Accession of Queen Victoria. 

1838. Grace Darling, the English heroine, rescued the 

crew and passengers of the Forfarshire steamboat 
when it struck the Hawker Rocks. 

1839. Opium war between China and England. 
1839. Daguerre invented the photographic process. 

1810. Penny postage adopted in England. 

1845. Sir John Franklin, in the " Erebus " and the 

" Terror," sailed on an arctic expedition, from 

which he never returned. 
184G. Repeal of the English Corn Laws, by Sir Robert 

Peel. 
1847. Famine in Ireland. England sent £10,000,000 for 

relief. 



338 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

1848. Another year of revolutions — in Sicily, France, 

Austria, Venice and Hungary. 
1851. The Great Exhibition, or first World's Fair, at Hyde 

Park, London. 
1851. Submarine cable between France and England. 
1851. Louis NajDoleon forcibly seized power in France. 
1853. The Crimean War. 

1857. Sepoy Rebellion against the English in India. 

1858. Victoria proclaimed sovereign of India. 
1860. Garibaldi became dictator of Sicily. 

18G3. Japanese ports closed against foreign traders. 
1804. Maximilian of Austria accepted the throne of 

Mexico. 
1867. Overthrow and execution of Maximilian. 

1867. German unity secured through the North German 

Confederation. 

1868. Fenian agitation in Great Britain. 

1868. The Mt. Cenis railway opened under the Alps. 

1869. Suez Canal completed and opened. 

1871. Italian unity secured and the capital re-established 
at Rome. The Pope lost the temporal power. 

1871. Staidey found Livingstone in Africa. 

1872. Franco-Prussian War resulted in the total defeat 

and humiliation of France. 

1877. Russia invaded and absorbed provinces in Asia. 

3878. Death of Pope Pius IX and election of PojDe Leo 
XIIL 

1884. Home Rule for Ireland became the important ques- 
tion in Eng-land. 

1886. Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 

1888. Death of Emperors William and Frederick of 
Germany. 

1892. War between China and Japan. 

1895. Overthrow^ of monarchy in Hawaii. 

1896. Discovery of the X Rays. Rebellion in Cuba. 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 339 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 

FERNANDO DE SOTO. 
This man was the chief lieutenant of Pizarro in the conquest of 
Peru. He then returned to Spain with much ill-gotten wealth, and was 
received by the king, Charles V. Believing that the Eldorado was 
in Florida, he conquered it at his own expense. Receiving a com- 
mission as governor of Cuba, the flower of the nobility flocked to his 
standard. With these, and his beautiful young wife and other noble 
ladies, he sailed from Spain in ten vessels. After spending a year in 
Cuba for preparation, he sailed with a thousand men. Soon the 
cruelty of his nature betrayed itself in his treatment of the natives. 
Wlien asked where the gold was, they pointed westward. Not per- 
ceiving that they wished only to be rid of him, he hastened in that 
direction. During the wanderings of two years he fought many 
obstinate battles with the Indians, killing them by thousands and 
practicing a Pizarro-like treachery towards them. On the banks of 
the Mississippi he was attacked by a fever, and died. To prevent the 
desecration of his body by the Indians, it was encased in a trough 
made of a live-oak log, and sunk in the middle of the river near where 
Natchez now stands. Before dying he made jNIoscoro his lieutenant, 
who led the thinned ranks back to Cuba. The news of De Soto's 
death cast a gloom over Havana, and poor Doiia Isabella, wife of 
the great leader, wlio had so long waited for his return, died of grief. 

POCAHONTAS, THE LADY REBECCA. 

A romantic interest attaches to this woman from the story Captain 
Smitli told about her saving his life. We know that when a little 
girl she used to go to Jamestown with berries for sale, and that she 
played with the children of the town. When she was seventeen, she 
was captured by the colonists and held as a hostage on one of their 
ships. Here one of the men, John Rolfe, fell in love with her, 
taught her something about Christianity, and wished to make her 
his wife. But it was first necessary that she should join the church 
— the Episcopal — which she did, being baptized as Rebecca. Rolfe 
was a worthy man, and the marriage was with the approval of 
Powhatan. With her husband she went to England, where she was 
received with much favor by the Court. Being a princess, she was 
called Lady Pocahontas, and it was seriously debated whether Rolfe, 



340 THE MODF.L 1IIS7VRY. 

a mere subject, liad not committed treason in marrying a woman of 
royal birth. In London she was visited by Captain Smith, who was 
there being treated for a wound. In a few months she prepared to 
return with her husband and infant son to Virginia. She had 
become so attached to her life in England, that she regretted her 
departure. They had proceeded to Gravesend and were about to take 
ship when Pocahautas was taken ill and died. Her sou became a 
man of some note in Virginia, and even to this day some rather fool- 
ish people like to boast that the blood of Pocahontas flows in their 
veins. 

MILES STANDISH. 

He had been a soldier in the English array in Holland. He 
there became acquainted with the Pilgrims, and when they decided 
to come to America he sought and obtained permission to accompany 
them, though he did not belong to their church. His wife. Rose 
Standish, died during the tirst winter at Plymouth. He became the 
military chieftain of the Pilgrims, and reniiered them good service 
against their Indian enemies. On Sunday morning he used to march 
in his military cloak beside Governor Bradford in his robes of state, 
and Elder Brewster in his clerical dress, to the church, followed by 
the women, the rear being brought up by the men carrying their 
guns. It was "the church militant." .Standish was a man of 
excellent education for those times. Tlie poet Longfellow has made 
his name familiar, with that of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins, by 
his admirable poem, " Courtship of Miles Standish," which everyone 
should have the pleasure of reading, 

STEPHEN DAY. 

This man is historic only because he was our first printer. The 
first printing press in America was set up in the city of INIexico, in 
15:59; the second at Lima, Peru, in 158G, and the third at Harvard 
College, in 1639. Upon the minutes of the college is found this 
record: " Mr, Joss Glover gave to the college a font of printing 
letters, and some gentlemen of Amsterdam gave towards furnishing 
a printing press." Rev. Jesse Glover, a Puritan preacher, started 
with his family to Boston, having this press in his care. There were 
then al)out two lunidred in Europe. He brought Day, a competent 
printer, Avith him. Mr. Glover died on the voyage; but on arrival, 
'•the printcry " was set up in the house of Henry Dunster, the first 
president of the college. After a time, the president married widow 
Glover, "so taking her, as well as the press, into his own house." 
The Freeman's Oath was first printed on one side of a small sheet. 
The next issues were uliuaaacs for 1639 and 1640. The Bay Psalm 



FORTY mSTOntC AMERICANS. 341 

Book, printed in the latter year, is now so scarce that a copy of it is 
worth more than its weight in gold. 

DANIEL BOONE. 
He was a son of tlie forest. A Penusylvanian by birtli, a Caro- 
linian by residence, he was a frontiersman by nature and choice. He 
and his brother spent a year in exploring Kentucky in the midst of 
constant dangers from the Indians. In 1775 he led a company of 
settlers to the banks of the Kentucky River, and established a fort 
and settlement at Boonesborough. He had many fights with Indians, 
and twice he was captured, but each time he escaped. He lost two 
sons by Indian attacks, and he rescued his daughter from the red 
man's camp, to which she had been carried from his very door. 
Once, while a prisoner, he learned that the Indians were planning an 
attack on Boonesborough. He escaped in the night, traveled one 
hundred and sixty miles in five days, and appeared at the fort after 
his friends had lost all hope of his being alive and his family had 
gone mournfully back to North Carolina. After a nine-days' attack 
the Indians abandoned the siege. Having lost his lands in Kentucky, 
through a defective title, he retieated to the wilderness of Missouri, 
where he trapped and hunted. There he received a grant of land 
from Spain, which was then the owner; but he lost it also through a 
mistake in the deeds. After the Louisiana Purchase, the state of 
Kentucky secured for him a grant of land from Congress; but crafty 
lawyers cheated the old man out of even this, and he who had helped 
to acquire an empire, died landless at last. With touching simplicity 
he said, "I have.no place to call my own, whereon to lay my bones." 
He should be held in honor. "His simple, retiring manners never 
altered into rustic rudeness. Bold and unsparing in warfare, he 
was mild and kind to every creature. His love of adventure kept 
his life full of inspiration, while constant danger made him cautious, 
but not uneasy or suspicious." 

NATHAN HALE. 

This young captain was a graduate of Yale College, and was em- 
ployed by Washington as a spy in the British camp on Long Island. 
He personated a plain young farmer, and made sketches and notes 
unsuspected. A Tory kinsman recognized and betrayed him. Papers 
fouiid on him revealed who he was, and he frankly avowed his rank, 
name, and character as a spy. On the morning of September 22, 
1776, he was delivered to the marshal, Cunningham, to be hanged. 
He was denied the services of a clergyman and the use of a Bible. 
A more humane ofiicer supplied him with material to write to his 
mother, his betrothed, and his sisters. The brutal Cunningham tore 



342 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

these into fragments before the eyes of his victim. Placed in a cart 
with a rope around his neck, tlie vehicle was driven away, and he 
was suspended from the limb of a tree. His last words were, "I 
only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." 

GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 
A Virginian by birth, he settled in Kentucliy on attaining man- 
hood. During the Revolution he formed the design of taking 
Vincennes and Kaskaskia from the British. These posts were in the 
untracked wilderness. Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, 
furnished him with arms and supplies, and empowered him to enlist 
troops for this purpose. Dropping down the Ohio, and crossing 
southern Illinois, he surprised and captured Kaskaskia without firing 
a guti. Through the influence of Father Gibault, the Catholic priest 
at Vincennes, the French inhabitants of that Post took the oath of 
allegiance to the United States, and turned over Fort Sackville to 
Clark, the British commander, Gov. Hamilton, being absent at 
Detroit. Capt. Helm was left in charge with only one companion. 
The news was carried to Hamilton, who returned in haste and re- 
took the fort. Again, by aid of Francis Vigo, Clark went against 
Vincennes. It was a march of two hundred miles, in winter, through 
woods and across overflowed swamps and swollen streams. The 
march has no parallel in our history. After incredible difficulty, 
with one hundred and seventy men, he besieged the garrison of six 
hundred and took the fort in two days. This was an event of the 
largest importance. It meant the possession of the country for 
hundreds of miles in every direction. It was this event which caused 
the boundary of the United States, at the close of the Revolution, to 
be drawn at the Mississippi River instead of at the mountains. It 
can be truthfully said that while Washington was securing the inde- 
pendence of the United States, Gen. Clark was doubling its area. 

GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 
This man belongs to this country almost as much as to France. 
At thirteen he inherited an immense estate, and at sixteen he 
married. He entered the French army, and soon after, in 1776, he 
heard of the struggle of the American colonies, whom he resolved to 
aid. At the close of the Revolution he returned to France and was 
there made a major-general. In 1784 he re-visited the United States, 
and was everywiiere received with affection. He took an active 
part in the French Revolution, as a leader of the moderate Repub- 
licans. When the fierce Jacobins seized power in France his arrest 
was ordered; but he escaped, intending to take refuge in Holland. 
The xVustrians seized him and confined him in a dungeon for five 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 348 

years. For a long time no news of hira reached his friends. In 
1797 Bonaparte demantled and obtained his release. Grateful for 
this personal favor, he yet felt it his duty, being a Republican, to 
oppose with all his might the ambitions of Napoleon. In the French 
legislature his voice was always in favor of liberal measures. He 
died in 1834, the acknowledged chief of the constitutional party on 
the continent of Europe. 

BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT RUMFORD. 

He was almost the only American who ever received a title of 
nobility from European mouarchs. During the Revolution he was a 
Tory, and deemed submission better than rebellion. For this reason 
he fell out of unity with tiie cutrent of opinion here, and he spent 
most of his life in Europe. He even raised in England a loyalist 
corps, and he served a short time in the British army, in South 
Carolina. For fourteen years he served the King of Bavaria, — re- 
organizing the army, beautifying Munich, and abolishing pauperism 
by providing work. When the king conferred the title, he chose 
Rumford, from the name of the village (now Concord, N. H.) where 
he taught school in his younger days. His later years were devoted 
to science. He first advanced the now popular dynamic theory of 
heat (that it is a mode of motion) in opposition to the caloric theory. 
His first wife was a rich widow of Concord, and his second the 
widow of the French chemist Lavoisier. He bequeathed to Harvard 
College the funds by which the Rumford Professorship was 
endowed. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 

This man's fame rests upon the important services he rendered 
the American cause by means of his large fortune. At thirteen he 
came from England to Philadelphia, where lie entered mercantile 
pursuits. He became wealthy. He voted in (/Ongress against the 
resolution of Richard Henry Lee, thinking that the right time for 
independence had not j^et come; but he signed the Declaration a few 
days later. When the states refused or neglected to send their quota 
of money for the expenses of the war, he contributed largely from 
his own fortune. At one time he sent three million rations. He 
furnished nearly everything for the campaign against Cornwallis, 
issuing his personal notes to the amount of |1, 400, 000. He was 
superintendent of finance iinder the Confederation for three years. 
He then proposed a plan which would have established the publio 
credit ; but the jealousy of the states prevented its adoption. Washing- 
ton wished him to enter his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury, but 
he declined. In his old age he lost all his property, and was im- 



^44 TJin MODEL histohy. 

prisoned for debt. His money made the prolongation of the war 
possible, and coutribute<l very largely to the final success of 
independence. 

ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 

A native of the West Indies, he came to New York and entered 
Columbia (then King's) College. At seventeen he made a remarkable 
speech to a popular meeting, urging resistance to England. He 
served during the Revolution, and then studied law. He was a leader 
in Congress under the Confederation, and was a signer of the Con- 
stitution, which he did much to shape. He is credited — or charged 
— with securing tlie adoption of the electoral system in the choosing 
of President. While the Constitution was awaiting state adoption, 
Hamilton, aided by the able pens of JVIadison and Jay, sent forth, 
through the columns of the New York Gazette, a series of remarkable 
essays in favor of its ratification, which in book form bear the name 
of The Federalist. But his greatest work was in giving form to the 
financial system of the government, while Secretary of State under 
Washington. He it was who inspired the assumption of the state 
debts, the Funding Act. the protective tariff system, and the United 
States Bank. He was courageous enough to oppose both men and 
measures deemed by him unworthy. He twice baffled the ambition 
of Col. Aaron Burr: first, by securing the election of Jefferson to the 
presidency, instead of Burr; and, second, by causing his defeat in his 
contest for election as governor of New York. In a secret conference 
of Federalists at Albany, Hamilton, in a speech, pronounced Burr an 
unsatisfactory and unreliable candidate. In a bed-room adjoining, 
two of Burr's friends were concealed, and they heard every word. 
Several notes passed, but Burr, unsatisfied l)y any explanation that 
Hamilton could truthfully make, sent a challenge to fight a duel. 
Hamilton shot his piece into the air, but he was fatally wounded and 
died the next tlay. 

JOHN LEDYARD. 
This was the man whose mind originated the idea and first saw 
the necessity of extending the United States from the Mississipjii to 
the Pacific. He was a rover in his tastes; and from England Jie shipped 
with Captain Cook on his last voyage round the world. On his return, 
his mind was filled with crude projects for opening a trade with 
the northwest coast, now Oregon. Failing to get an American 
merchant to fit out a ship for him, he went to France, where he 
talked and labored with the zeal of an enthusiast for the success of 
his scheme. At that time, 1785, Thomas Jefferson was our minister 
to Paris. Ledyard often sought counsel and aid from him. Jefferson 



FORTY HISTORIC AifERICANS. 345 

was much impressed with Ledyartl, and said to him, oue day, " Why 
not go by laud to Kamscliatka, cross over in some of the vessels 
to Nootka Sound, drop down the coast to the latitude of the 
Missouri, and then penetrate to and through that to the United 
States? " To-day this seems strange advice ; but it was not foolish 
then, and it was acted on by Ledyard. He set out on foot and 
reached Irkutsk, in Siberia, when he was arrested and sent back. 
Next year he accepted an offer, in London, to explore Central Africa. 
Proceeding to Cairo, he Avas attacked by a billious fever, and died. 
His great work was in directing Jefferson's attention to the value of 
the Great West. He never lost sight of Ledyard's idea. In his 
sagacious mind it soon grew into a matter of national importance. 
Thus it was Ledyard who conceived the great design which Jefferson 
adopted and realized, — the acquisition and exploration of the empire 
between the Mississippi and the Pacific. 

HERMAN BLENNERHASSETT. 
He was a victim of Aaron Burr's cous]3iracy. An Irishman of 
means and education, he became Involved in political troubles in 
Ireland; and, therefore, he sold his estates and came to America. 
He bought an island in the Ohio River near Marietta, built an elegant 
mansion, and furnished it handsomely. There he and his accom- 
plished wife lived with books, pictures, philosophical apparatus, and 
other means of culture, when Burr entered this paradise, tempted 
and ruined it. He laid his plans before Blennerhassett and his wife, 
and they were captivated by his dreams of power and honor. They 
made large purchases for the expedition and joined Burr's flotilla. 
The vessels were destroyed and a mob laid Blennerhassett's island 
waste, the owners escaping. He was prosecuted as an accomplice of 
Burr, but was discharged. To mend his fortune he became a cotton 
planter in Mississippi, but lost everything. After spending three 
years at Montreal, in the practice of law, he and his wife returned to 
England, where he died a broken hearted man, at the age of sixty-one. 
His widow returned to seek from Congress remuneration for their 
losses; but while the claim was pending she also died, in 1843, and 
was buried by the Sisters of Charity. 

DeWITT CLINTON. 
He studied law and was admitted to the bar, but he practiced 
very little. He early entered politics, and rose to the United States 
Senate. On becoming governor of New York, in 1817, he at once 
became the champion of the Erie Canal, and he secured the passage 
of a bill for its construction. " Clinton's Big Ditch " became a stand- 
ing joke for the wits and the newsjmpers. The people did not 



346 THE MO I) El. IIISTOIIY. 

believe the work possible, and refused to vote money for its com- 
pletion. They said it was absurd to think of making a canal sixty- 
three miles long, and to take boats overland from the seaboard to the 
lakes. But the "ditch " was finished in 1825, and at its inauguration 
Clinton poured a vessel of water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic, as 
significant of their wedding. The canal was a success from the first. 
Those who called Clinton insane before, now praised him beyond 
measure. Great rejoicings were held everywhere, and Clinton was 
the hero. He declined the ministry to England, saying there were 
still important duties for him in his own state. He was a tall, 
distinguished looking man, and some called haughtiness what others 
called dignity. He was among the greatest men of his time. He 
died suddenly in office, at Albany, in the midst of his work and 
popularity. 

OSCEOLA. 

This leader of the Indians in the Seminole War was a half-breed 
of superior ability. The treaty by the government for the surrender 
of the Indian lands in Florida was never satisfactory to a majority of 
the tribes. The attempt of the President to remove them forcibly to 
the Indian Territory was, therefore, resisted. Osceola's haughty 
bearing led Gen, Thompson to put him in irons for one day. 
Resolving on vengeance for this humilation, he some time later killed 
and scalped the general and five friends as they sat at the dinner 
table. In 1837 Osceola, with otlier chiefs and seventy warriors, 
appeared in Gen. Jessup's camp, under a flag of truce, with friendly 
professions. As the chief rose to speak, Jessup gave a signal, when 
his soldiers rushed forward and bound Osceola. The warriors drew 
their gleaming hatchets, but were restrained by sight of the troops. 
Osceola was sent to Charleston, and confined in Ft. jNIoultrie, where 
he died of fever, two years later. Jessup defended his treachery by 
declaring that it was the only way to overcome the equally treacher- 
ous Osceola. This war, like nearly all our Indian troubles, grew out 
of the avarice of white men, which led them to secure treaties by 
artful means from ignorant Indians, and then to employ the military 
power to enforce the claim thus created. 

THOMAS H. BENTON. 

A lawyer, soldier and politician, he went from Tennessee and 
settled in St. Louis. He was a leader in favoring the admission of 
Missouri as a state, and he was its first Senator, an office which he held 
for thirty coasecutive years. He was always prompt and urgent in the 
interests of the West. He was the champion of Jefferson's scheme for 
an overland highway to India. The National iioad was ardently sup- 



FORTY HISTORIC A MERICA NS. 347 

ported by liim as a part of this great project. Some years later lie ad- 
vocated surveys for a railroad to the Pacitic. He saw clearly that the 
commercial route to India was to be overland. A few years before his 
death he devoted himself to literature. His " Thirty Years' View of 
the United States Senate " is a history of standard worth. His most 
voluminious work was an "Abridgment of the Debates in Congress" 
from 1789 to 1856, in sixteen volumes. A short time before his death 
in 1857, he predicted the outbreak and liual suppression of the 
Rebellion. 

MARCUS WHITMAN. 

He was a missionary sent out with a few others by the Methodist 
Church to the Indians in Oregon, in 1834. Both the British and the 
Americans claimed that country; and he saw that immigration and 
settlement must determine who should have it. The Hudson Bay 
Company was sending in settlers, and the Americans were about to 
be outnumbered. With dismay Whitman saw that the government 
had no true conception of the value of the country. If Oregon was 
to be saved to the Union, not a day was to be lost. On horseback he 
started to Washington with news of the invasion of British settlers-. 
His ride to St. Louis by way of Santa Fe will always be memorable 
in the history of Oregon, as much from its hardships and perils as 
from what it accomplished. On reaching Washington he found that 
Webster had just signed the Ashburton Treaty, which carried our 
northern boundary on the 49th parallel to the Rockies, leaving Oregon 
undetined. He fully and forcibly explained to the government the 
value of Oregon, and organized an emigrant train of two hundred 
wagons to return with him and settle there. Whitman's labors were 
a large factor in the formation of the treaty of 1846, which carried the 
boundary onward to the Pacific. 

SAMUEL HOUSTON. 

This man was the hero of Texan Independence. In his early days 
he was adopted by the Cherokee Indians as one of their nation, and 
he afterward returned their kindness by becoming their legal pro- 
tector against the fraud of bad white men. He led the Texan 
forces in the battle of San Jacinto, in which the Mexicans were 
defeated. He was made the first President of the Republic of Texas 
in 1836. He favored the annexation of Texas to the United States. 
The question was settled by the presidential election of 1844, and he 
became the first senator of the state in 1846. He served several years 
as Governor of Texas. In 1861 he opposed its secession, and when 
he was unable to prevent this step he resigned his oflice as governor 



348 THE MODEL JIlSTonV. 

rather than take the oath of allegiauce to the Confederacy. He died 
in private life in 1863. 

DAVID CROCKETT. 

"Make room for Colonel Crockett," said the doorkeeper at the 
White House. " Colonel Crockett makes room for himself," was the 
characteristic remark of that bluff congressman. In early life lie was 
a noted hunter in Tennessee. Without much education, he yet had 
great native force of intellect. He served under Jackson in the Creek 
War, was then a congressman, and he then removed to Texas, where 
he took a prominent part in the war of independence. His fame rests 
principally upon his dramatic death. The Alamo was a stone church 
used as a fort at San Antonio. It was garrisoned by 183 Americans, 
of whom Crockett was one. They were besieged by the Mexican 
army under Gen. Santa Anna. The enemy displayed the red flag, 
indicating that no quarter would be asked and none given. The 
Alamo kept the Mexicans at bay for eleven days. Early the next 
morning an assault was ordered, and in a hand-to-hand struggle of 
unparalleled ferocity every man was killed. Crockett's body was 
found in an angle of the wall, surrounded by a dozen Mexicans either 
dead or dying from his blows. Not a defender lived to tell the story. 
Thenceforth during the war and during the Mexican War the battle- 
cry of the Americans was "Remember the Alamo!" When Texas 
built its first capitol this inscription was placed over the archway of 
the entrance: "Thermopylae had its messenger of defeat: the 
Alamo had none." Crockett was the author of the every-day epigram, 
"Be sure you are right, then go ahead." 

JOHN C. CALHOUN. 
When he entered public life slavery was the foremost question, 
and it enlisted him as its champion. He served it till his death. 
Entering Congress in 1811, he became a leader of the war party. He 
favored the United States Bank, and he delivered carefully prepared 
arguments in favor of a protective tariff — speeches which Henry Clay 
never surpassed and essays which Horace Greeley could not have 
improved. About 1824 his views on the tariff issue underwent a 
radical change, and thenceforth he became a strenuous advocate of a 
revenue tariff. He was an honest adherent of the doctrine of state 
sovereignty, which was the bottom principle of disunion. He wrote 
a paper called The South Carolina Expositor, in which he argued 
that a state could nullify unconstitutional laws. He swayed the 
public opinion of the Soutli, and he caused the calling of a convention 
in South Carolina to nullify the tariff. He hotly opposed Jackson 
and did all he could to force the slavery question on the country, 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 349 

while Clay aud Webster were doing their best to allay excitement. 
He became Secretary of State in Tyler's cabinet just long enough to 
secure the annexation of Texas, when he returned to the Senate. 
We know little a!)Out the private life of Calhoun. He was without 
doubt an honest and pure-minded man. As a statesman he stands 
in the foremost ranks. Eminent men of his time all respected his 
high talents. He died at Washington in 1850. 

HENRY CLAY. 

He was born during the Revolution in Virginia, in a swampy 
district called the Slashes. Left fatherless at five, he helped in the 
support of a large family. Part of his work was taking grain to the 
mill, and hence he is sometimes called the Mill Boy of the Slashes. He 
obtained a meager education at a log school-house. He studied law, 
and began practice before he was twenty-one. In order to acquire skil 1 
in public speaking, it was his habit to go to the stable and address 
his audience of horses and cattle. He removed to Lexington, Ky., to 
grow up with that new country. His ability gave him plenty of 
business, aud he soon entered politics on the side of the Republicans 
led by Jefferson. His successes and honors were rapid. In 1803 he 
was elected to the state legislature, and to the speakership in 1807. 
He became United States Senator in 1808, and a representative and 
Speaker of the House in 1811, serving in all thirteen j^ears in that 
station. On four occasions he was a candidate for nomination as 
President, and twice he was successful, but failed at the election. 
His great public works were his attempts to keep slavery out of the 
constitution of Kentucky; his vigorous support of the war of 1812; 
his services as commissioner at the Treaty of Ghent; his pleas for 
recognizing the independence of the South American Republics; his 
defence of the Missouri Compromise; his advocacy of internal im- 
provements at national expenses; his labors in behalf of a protective 
tariff ; and his support of the Omnibus Bill of 1850. The Sage of 
Ashland died at Washington in 1853. He was always distinguished 
for courtly manners and personal magnetism. His matchless voice, 
his fluent utterance, his sweeping gestures, his splendid attitudes, 
and his inspiring sentiments gave him his surpassing fame as an 
orator. 

DANIEL WEBSTER. 

This great expounder of the Constitution was a poor boy. With 
the first twenty-five cents he ever earned he bought a handkerchief on 
which the Constitution was printed. He studied it till he could repeat 
every word. His father mortgaged his farm to obtain means to send 
his two soos lo college. After graduation he auuouaced his dctcrmi- 



350 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

nation to be a lawyer. His fatlier told him there was no room for any 
more, when Daniel made the well-known reply, " There is room 
enough at the top." He worked on, reached the Boston bar, and in 
1813 Congress, where he soon took rank as one of the foremost men of 
the nation. For the next forty years he devoted himself to the public 
matters of his time. His first great case was about Dartmouth Col- 
lege, and he not only won the desired verdict, but the decision settled 
a point of law about college charters that has rested ever since. He 
opposed Calhoun's theories of nullification with all his power. 
Though Hayne's speech was unexpected and Webster's reply was 
made the next day, it was not a sudden inspiration. He had thought 
out that masterly argument by the lamp years before. Though 
he opposed the extension of slavery, and thus truly voiced the senti- 
ment of his section, he supported the Omnibus Bill of Clay. This 
course deeply disappointed many of his admirers, and was the occasion 
of Whittier's striking poem, "Ichabod," a word which means "the 
glory is departed." Not less famous and classical than his congres- 
sional speeches are his formal orations delivered in honor of great 
national events. One of these was delivered at Plymouth, in 1820, 
on the two hundreth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims. 
Four years later he gave another when the corner-stone of the Bunker 
Hill Monument was laid, Lafayette being present. He delivered yet 
another on the completion of the Monnment in 1843. Perhaps the 
most brilliant of all was his eulogy on Jefl'erson and Adams, delivered 
in Faueuil Hall. Boston, soon after their death in 1826. When the 
great statesman was seventy years old, his birthday was celebrated in 
Boston by a great ovation. In the course of the speech he made 
thanking his friends for the honor, he told the secret of his success in 
these words: " Work has made me what I am. I never ate a bite of 
idle bread in my life." He died in 1853. He is known as the Sage of 
Marshfield. 

ROGER B. TANEY. 

Born in Maryland, in 1777, he graduated at Dickinson College in 
1796; and, being admitted to the bar, he held several state offices. 
Succeeding Marshall, he became chief justice of the Supreme Court 
in 1836, by the appointment of Jackson, whom he had assisted in his 
struggle with the United States Bank. Slavery was the overshadow- 
ing question during the twentj^-eight years he occupied this judicial 
elevation, and his decisions were always in its favor. His most 
noted one was in the Dred Scott Case. Dred Scott was the negro 
slave of an army officer living in Missouri, who took him to Hliuois. 
There Scott married the slave of another officer, with the consent 
of the masters. Two children were born there, The mother was 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 351 

bought by Scott's master, who took the family back to Missouri, 
and there sold them. Scott sued for his freedom on the ground of 
his involuntary residence of several years in a free state. In the 
St. Louis court the decision was in Scott's favor; but the Supreme 
Court of Missouri reversed the decision, and tlie case was carried 
to the Supreme Court of the United States, Mr. Taney presiding. 
For prudential reasons the decision was withheld until after the 
presidential election in 1856. It was against Scott. It declared that 
no person whose ancestors were imported into this country and held 
as slaves, had a right to sue in a court of the United States; that the 
framers of the Declaration did not mean to include negroes, when 
they said " all men are created equal"; and that the patriots of the 
Revolution, and their fathers, regarded the negro race so far inferior 
that they had no rights which the wliite man was bound to respect. 
This decision was published two days after the inauguration of 
President Buchanan, and in his inaugural address he spoke of the 
measure as one which would "speedily and finally" settle the 
slavery question. Taney died in 1864. 

HORACE MANN. 

This great educator M'as a graduate of Brown University, a 
lawyer, and a self-made man. He rose from poverty to station in 
Massachusetts, and became the successor of John Quincy Adams 
in Congress. He opposed the extension and favored the abolition of 
slavery. But his great work was as secretary of the Massachusetts 
Board of Education, in which capacity he traveled much, — visiting 
schools, holding teachers' institutes, delivering educational lectures, 
and writing on educational topics. In this work he was a pioneer. 
He labored with ceaseless activity, and his work was truly original, 
preparing the way for educators who followed him. His yearly 
reports on education were masterly productions, and were highly 
praised in Europe. He declined the governorship of Massachusetts, 
after being elected, in order to accept the presidency of Antioch 
College, Ohio, which needed him more. It was a young school, and 
needed careful management. It was too great a task. After seven 
years of labor his health failed, and he died in 1859. Like the famous 
Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, he was the noble pattern and inspiration of his 
pupils. He was a man of true grandeur of intellect and heart. 

JOHN BROWN. 

He was sometimes called Ossawattomie Brown, from the town of 

Kansas where he lived. He was born in Connecticut, in 1800, and 

w^as hanged at Charlestown, Virginia, in 1859. His ancestor was 

Peter Brown, of the Mayflower, and his grandfather was a Revoiu 



352 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

tiouary soldier. He became a tanner in Ohio, and made a businesa 
trip to Europe. In 1855 he moved to Kansas, where he opposed the 
pro-slavery influence during the Border Ruffian Troubles. Being 
devout, courageous, and moved by high moral aims, he hoped to 
be the means of abolishing slavery. When asked his motive for his 
raid at Harper's Ferry, he candidly replied, "To free the slaves." 
He expected a general uprising. He received his defeat with calm- 
ness, and met his fate without complaint. 

STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 

From his small stature of body and his great powers of mind, 
he was popularly called " The Little Giant." He started in life as a 
cabinet-maker, then studied law, then became an auctioneer's clerk 
at Jacksonville, 111., then taught school, and then began his pro- 
fession. He was active in politics, and he served as attorney -general, 
representative, and secretary of state, of Illinois. He served two 
terms in Congress. In one of these campaigns he had Abraham 
Lincoln as his opponent. They made a joint canvass of the dis- 
trict. It was a struggle of giants, and it was honorably and 
courteously concluded by the contestants. He then became 
senator, and was the father of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He 
had moderate views about the extension of slavery, and favored 
fi'eedom in Kansas. He thought the southern states should be 
allowed to withdraw peaceably; but when war began, his sympathies 
were with the Union cause. He died in Chicago six weeks after the 
attack on Sumter. 

JOHN C. FREMONT. 

He was a teacher of mathematics in the Navy, and he then ex- 
plored the country now Iowa and Minnesota. ]\Ir. Benton found in 
him a man suited to aid him in the survey of the Oregon route. The 
subject led to an intimacy between the two men, in the course of 
which Fremont fell in love with the senator's daughter, Jessie, whom 
a little later he married. Several years were spent in western ex- 
ploration, opening up an unknown region. He was a leader in the 
concjuest of California in the Mexican War, and he was made its 
military governor, and, after its admission, its first senator. He was 
approjiriately called " The Pathfinder." He became the first Repub- 
lican candidate for President, and received 114 electoral votes against 
174 for Buchanan. He took an active part in the first year of the 
Rebellion, serving as major-general. Later he was prominent in the 
construction of trans-continental railways. For some years he has 
lived in retirement in New York Citv. 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 353 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD. 

He made his fame as Lincoln's Secretary of State, thougli he had 
served as governor of New York and as United States senator. He 
was a leader of the anti-masonic excitement, about 1833. He was a 
determined enemy of slavery; and while governor he refused to 
surrender to Virginia eight colored seamen who were charged with 
having aided a slave to escape. In the Senate he made a powerful 
speech on the admission of California, in which he said, "There is a 
higher law than the Constitution." Tliis speech was talked of far 
and wide, and the Higher Law Doctrine became a phrase in common 
use in the slavery discussion. During all tlie Civil War he guided 
with skill the diplomacy of the government through all the dangers 
of the time. Of his official acts the greatest were the management of 
the Trent Affair, the French invasion of Mexico, and the purchase of 
Alaska. He never fully recovered from the shock of his attempted 
assassination in 1865. His speeches were published in four volumes. 
He wrote a life of John Quincy Adams, and one of DeWilt Clinton. 
Merit, not position or wealth, won his friendship. He was ready to 
devote himself to the weak, the unfortunate, and the forsaken, rather 
than to the prosperous and the strong. His monument bears the 
true and appropriate epitaph, — 

"He was Faithful." 

ANSON BURLINGAME. 

His fame rests on his remarkable career as a diplomatist. He 
was a student at the University of Michigan, and he graduated from 
Harvard. Becoming a politician in Boston he joined the Free Soil 
party. He assisted in the formation of the Republican party in 1856. 
President Lincoln appointed him minister to Austria in 1861, but that 
country refused to accept him because he had spoken in favor of 
Hungarian independence. He was then sent as ambassador to China. 
While there Prince Kung, the regent of the empire, offered to appoint 
him its special ambassador to the United States and the great powers 
of Europe, for the purpose of forming treaties of friendship and 
commerce with those countries. This high and peculiar honor he 
accepted. With a retinue of Chinese officials he visited the United 
States in 1868. Having completed his business here, he visited in 
succession England, France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland and Prussia. 
He was well received everywhere, and he concluded treaties with 
each, except France. He had just begun negotiations at St. Peters- 
burg in the spring of 1870, when he died of pneumonia after a short 

illUGSS. 



354 THE MODEL lIlSTOkY. 

HARKIET BEECHER STOWE. 

While Feniinore Cooper was the most voluminous, and Nathaniel 
Hawthorne the greatest, American novelist, this lady is the most 
famous. Her story, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," which appeared nine years 
before the Civil War, made the deepest impression of any book that 
has ever been issued in America. It has been translated into every 
civilized language, and, though slavery has gone, it is still widely 
read. When the book first appeared it was as a serial in a weekly 
]iaper called The National Era. published at Washington. Then it 
appeared in book form, and it was a great literary event — a great 
political event. The arguments of statesmen and the verdicts of 
courts were overturned by its touching appeals to the heart. It did 
more than any ten men in forming a sentiment against slavery. Mrs. 
Stowe was a sister of Henry Ward Beecher and the wife of Prof. 
Calvin E. Stowe. Her great novel was written while she was poor 
and engrossed in the cares of a family. She states that she wrote 
many an hour with her foot on the cradle and writing paper in her 
lap. Among the best of her other writings are "The Minister's 
Wooing" and " Oldtown Folks." During many of her later years 
she wrote nothing, feeling that her literary work was finished. 

SALMON P. CHASE. 

He lives in history chiefly as the financier of the Civil War. Be- 
coming secretary of the treasury on the day that Lincoln became 
President, he managed the monc}^ matters of the nation with the 
greatest ability and energy. Business was deranged, coin was scarce, 
and yet there was the largest need of money the government had ever 
known. The national credit was low, and the revenues were insuffi- 
cient even for a state of peace. Siiould the crisis be met, or should 
the army fail for want of support? No greater problem ever con- 
fronted a statesman. He first tried to raise the needed funds by 
borrowing from wealthy people and the banks. But the expenses 
soon grew so heavy that there was not specie enough in the United 
States to meet them. Some foreign loans were secured, but Mr. 
Chase felt that the only true reliance was on the people. He there- 
fore formed a plan by wliich paper money, instead of coin, should 
be a legal tender. This was issued in bills called greenbacks, because 
their reverse side was printed with green ink. Interest-bearing 
bonds, not taxable, were also issued on the credit of the nation. 
These were bought by investors, who paid greenbacks for them, and 
thus the circulation of the currency was kept up. It was a successful 
scheme of finance, because the people had faitli in the final success of 
the government. The national banking system was also established 



POUTY msTOmC a MEPJCA NS\ 355 

to help the sale of bonds, and the secretary soon had the entire bank- 
ing capital of the country in a position where it must live or die with 
the nation's life. Mr. Chase became chief justice on the death of 
Roger B. Taney. He was a worthy compatriot of Seward, Sumner 
and Lincoln. He died in 1873. 

EDWIN M. STANTON. 
This man was the great war minister of the Rebellion. Mr. 
Lincoln had never seen hiiu when he called hiiu to the cabinet, but lie 
liad read Stanton's fearless speech when, as attorney -general under 
Buchanan, he had denounced the plans of those who strove to breakup 
the Union. He was the right man for so responsible a post. He could 
plan campaigns, organize troops, give oixlers to officers, and personally 
see that everything was carried out successfully. Of liim Lincoln 
once said to an officer: " When you have Mr. Stanton's sanction to 
any matter, you have mine; for so great is my confidence in his judg- 
ment and patriotism that I never wish to take an important step 
myself without consulting him." Next to Lincoln he was the most 
influential person in this country during the war. After Lee's surren- 
der, Stanton handed jn his resignation to the President, saying that 
the work for freedom was now done. Mr. Lincoln was deeply 
moved, tore the paper into pieces, and, throwing his arms about his 
Secretarj'', he said: "Stanton, you have been a good friend and a 
faithful public servant, and it is not for you to say when you will no 
longer be needed here." After Lincoln was shot he continued in his 
office,carrying all its vast cares that none but himself could even name. 
He held office till 1868. The next year he was appointed associate 
justice of the Supreme Court, but he died four days later, his health 
having been shattered by his arduous services as war minister. 

CHARLES SUMNER. 
A Boston boy, he graduated at Harvard at twenty, and became a 
clerk in the office of .Judge Story. His studious habits advanced him 
rapidly, and he published law reports, edited the American Jurist, 
and lectured at Harvard on constitutional and international law. On 
July 4, 1845, he delivered in Boston a remarkable oration on the 
"True Grandeur of Nations." It was read far and wide and 
attracted admiring attention in Europe. It was a plea for peace and 
for arbitration as a means of adjusting international differences, all 
expressed in words the most forcible and elegant. It is one of 
America's greatest speeches. Originally a Whig, he became a Free 
Soiler. as a party more decidedly reflecting his ojiposition to slavery. 
His fame as orator and statesman was now national, and in 1851 he 
"waa elected to succeed Webster iu the Senate, who left it to become 



35 G Ttm MODEL msTORY. 

secretar}' of state under Fillmore. He held the office with credit and 
abilit}' till his death twenty- three years later. He took as his political 
formvda, "Fieedom is national; slavery is sectional." From the 
assault of Brooks he long suffered severely, and many months passed 
before he was able to resume public duty. Brooks was rewarded by 
a re-election and a present of a gold-headed cane in place of the gutta 
percha one. On Sumner's return to the Senate he made a powerful 
speech on " The Barbarism of Slavery." He was a warm friend and 
admirer of President Lincoln, but he was not in harmony with Presi- 
dent Grant. He did not wait to Avatch the weathercock of public 
opinion, but he aspired to create and direct it. No hope of favor or 
fear of censure had any weight with him, against what seemed to 
him right. He often espoused an unpopular side because it was the 
right one. 

HORACE GREELEY. 

He was the great American editor. He was fond of books, and 
at the age of six he was a good scholar in the common branches, and 
had read the entire Bible. He resolved to become a printer. His 
wages were $40 a year, much of which he sent to his poor parents. 
With $10 in his pocket, and his outfit tied up in a red handkerchief, 
he went to New York at the age of twenty. He was tall, stooped, 
in linen roundabout, without stockings, with short trousers, and 
drooping hat. But he had sterling equalities within, and these 
brought success. Ten years later he founded the New York 
Tril)ime. His fame rests upon his labors as its editor. His forcible 
and sagacious utterances did much to direct the current of ])ublic 
opinion. When the Rebellion threatened, he favored a peaceable 
division of the country; but when hostilities set in, he advocated a 
vigorous prosecution of the contest. He was much criticised for 
signing the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis, after he had lain two j^ears 
a prisoner at Fortress Monroe. It is now known that the govern- 
ment, not wishing to hang Davis, took this means of getting an 
imwelcome case off its docket. As an author his greatest work was 
" The American Conflict," in two large volumes. He wrote in 
advocacy of a protective tariff. He was a Universalist in religion, 
and a W^hig and afterward a Republican in politics. The heavy 
labors of the presidental campaign of 1872, together with anxiety 
and watching at the bedside of his dying wife, the disappointment of 
defeat, and the desertion of some of his friends, unsettled his mind. 
Under this mental cloud he was taken to a private hospital, where he 
died. 

WENDELL PHILLIPS. 

He was famous as an orator and antislaverv ag'tator. Born in 



FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. S57 

1811; he graduated from Harvard, and three years later was 
admitted to tlie Segal profession. In politics he joined the Abolition- 
ists. He condemned the Constitution because it protected slavery. 
Believing that he could not in good conscience take an attorney's 
oath to support the Constitution, he resigned his profession. He 
then began the career of an agitator. Ilis first great speech was at 
Faneuil Hall, Boston, on the occasion of a meeting "to notice in 
a suitable manner the murder of Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, who fell in 
defense of the freedom of the press." He advocated also temperance, 
woman suffrage, and other causes. Having inherited an ample 
fortune, he gave his life to the advancement of what he deemed 
right ideas. Mr. Phillips was an eloquent, logical, and most effective 
speaker. He abstained from voting so long as slavery existed, 
because to do so would be to recognize the Constitution. He was 
always the most radical of the Garrisonian Abolitionists. The fame 
of his eloquence drew large audiences everywhere. He never lectured 
for money, but he gave away the funds thus earned to aid the causes 
he represented. He gave his life to his work like a hero and a giant, 
and he kept up the struggle so long as slavery existed. He died in 
1884. 

GEORGE BANCROFT. 

He is famous as the author of our standard history of the United 
States. Born with the century, he graduated at Harvard at seven- 
teen, and continued his studies in Europe, making history his 
specialty. While a teacher in Massachusetts he completed the first 
volume of his history, which was published In 1834. He was not a 
rapid writer, but he had a good faculty of continuance; and the 
great work was prosecuted with regularity for about forty years. 
The tenth and last volume brings the narrative down to the adminis- 
tration of Washington. It is not merely a chronicle of events, but a 
philosophic treatise, dealing with causes and discussing principles- 
Entering poliiics as a Democrat, he organized the Naval Academy, at 
Annapolis, wliile secretary of the navy under Polk. He was the 
man who gave the order to the Navy to take possession of California, 
and to General Taylor to cross the Rio Grande to invade Mexico. He 
was for three years our minister to England. In 1867 he was 
appointed by President Johnson minister to Germany. He held this 
office for seventeen years. He spent his closing years at his home 
in Washington, an honored citizen. He died in 1892. 

ALEXANDER STEPHENS. 

Born itt 1812 he began to practice law in 1834, and soon rose to 
eminence. He early adopted the doctrine of state sovereignty, hold- 



358 TttK MODEL msfOkY. 

iug that one's duty to his state is superior to his allegiance to the 
Nation. He asserted the rightfulness of slavery. His acts were 
always consistent with tliese views. He was in Congress for sixteen 
years. Originally a Whig, he joined the Democrats, He violently 
denounced those who favored the dissolution of the Union. He 
opposed the secession of Georgia; but when he could not prevent it, 
he signe'd the measure. Later he justified secession, and declared 
that slavery was the true corner-stone of the Confederacy. As its 
vice-president he was active in upholding its fortunes. For some 
months after the close of the war he was confined as a state 
prisoner, at Ft. Warren, in Boston Harbor. He wrote the " History 
of the War between the States." In 1877 he returned to Congress as 
a representative from Georgia. He served several years, till liis 
death, an invalid and a cripple in body, but with a tongue and mind 
of quickness and force. 

JOSEPH HENRY. 

It is seldom that a professional scliolar liolds so close a relation to 
the government as this man. He had l)ecome famous from his 
studies in electrical science, being a forerunner of Morse, and he was 
a professor of his specialty at Princetozi College. About 1835 a 
curious bequest of $590,000, then deemed a large gift, was made 
to Congress in trust by James Smithson, " to found at Washington 
an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among 
men." The will gave no indication as to the details of the establisli- 
ment; but Congress accepted the trust, and Prof. Henry was selected 
as the most suitable man to carry out the conditions of the bequest. 
The Smithsonian Institution was his creation. He drew up a scheme 
for the regents, wliich they adopted, and which has been followed 
ever since. It was his idea that the Institution should take up no 
work done b}^ any other, and thus, confining itself to its unique 
spefiialty, increase and diffuse knowledge. The doors were opened 
and the work was begun in 1816. The annual reports of the Institu- 
tion arc of great value, as being records of original investigation. 
A set of them is a valuable addition to any public librar}'. Prof. 
Henry was also at the head of the Lighthouse Board, and when the 
Signal Service began, his knowledge was of the greatest help. The 
idea of using the telegraph for sending out the weather reports, was 
his. On all questions where the knowledge of a scientist was neces- 
sary, he was for many years the chief reliance of the government 
officials. His salary was ]>aid by the Institution, and he never asked 
or accepted a dollar from the government for what he did for it. 
He died in the midst of his work, in 1878. 



pouty HisToiuc americaks. S5i) 

HENRY WARD BEECHER. 

In youth he gave no promise of greatness, but had a poor memory 
and a hesitating speech. He went to school to learn navigation, with 
a view of being a sailor; but, becoming interested in religion, he 
jollied his father's church and prepared for the life of a preacher. 
He graduated at Amherst College, at twenty-one, and then entered 
Lane Seminary, at Cincinnati, for a course in theology. After 
graduation and marriage, he took charge of a small church at Law- 
renceburg, Indiana. Here he not only preached, but he acted as 
church janitor, — ringing bells, making fires, and cleaning lamps. 
He was soon called to Indianapolis, then a small town, where he 
labored eight years, and began to make a reputation. In 1847 he 
received a call to become pastor of a new congregational organiza- 
tion, in Brooklyn, called Plj'mouth Church. He remained in this 
work till his death, forty years later. His talents as an orator were 
enlisted against slavery, intemperance, crime, and all kinds of evil, 
while the oppressed and the suffering always found in him a friend. 
During the War he went to England to oppose the sentiment of 
hostilitj' to the Union, which appeared to be growing there. He had 
much influence in this way, though we have the recent statement of 
Hon. W. E. Gladstone that the British ministry never entertained the 
subject of intervention in American affairs. 

HENRY M. STANLEY. 

This distinguished American explorer was born in Wales in 1840. 
His original name was John Rowlands. He was educated in a poor- 
house, became a teacher at thirteen, and soon after shipped as a 
cabin-boy to New Orleans. There he found employment with a 
merchant named Stanley, who adopted him as his son, and gave him 
his name. Joining the Confederate army at the opening of the War, 
lie was captured, and he entered the Union navy as a volunteer. 
After the War he was employed by the New York Herald to accom- 
pany the British expedition to Abyssinia, as a correspondent. After 
this work he was suddenly called by telegram to Paris, and com- 
missioned to find Livingstone, whom the civilized v/orld had not 
heard from for about three years. Arriving at Zanzibar, he set out 
for the interior with 192 followers, all natives but two or three. 
November 10, 1871, he found Livingstone at Ujiji, on the banks of 
Lake Tanganyiki. In 1874 he was sent by the Herald and the 
London Telegraph to explore the lake region of Central Africa. 
Setting out from Zanzibar with 300 followers, he circumnavigated 
the Victoria Nyanza, explored the interior region, and descended the 
Congo to the Atlantic. His discoveries resulted in the founding of 



360 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

the Congo Free State. In 1884, while lecturing in the United States, 
he was summoned to Europe and sent at the head of 1.000 men to 
aid Emin Bey, a European 'general, supposed to be surrounded by 
enemies. He reached his destination, but found the " White Pasha " 
in safety, enjoying a fine country, and quite free from such suffer- 
ings as Stanley had endured to reach him. 



FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

Columbus and the Egg. We must always wonder at the 
foolish Jealousy which led to the neglect and persecution of Colum- 
bus after his great discovery. One day, after being liectored by his 
enemies in the court and his discoveries belittled, he challenged them 
in jest to stand an egg on its end upon the table. They all tried in 
vuin. Columbus then took the agg, and with a delicate tap lie 
cracked the shell a little, when it stood upright. They smiled and 
said, "The trick is an easy one." "Yes, when I have showed you 
how," meaningly replied the great discoverer. This little pleasantry 
was not an original one with Columbus. So far as we know it was 
first used by Brunei leschi, the Florentine architect, sixty years before. 
When the dome was to be constructed on the cathedral of Florence, 
he was about to submit his plans to secure the contract. The rival 
architects desired to see these, when, in refusing, Bruneleschi used 
the egg to illustrate his reason. There is little doubt that Columbus 
heard of this occurrence through his friend the geographer Toscanelli, 
who lived at Florence and was a great admirer of Brunelleschi. 

Burning His Ships. When in 1519 Cortez had sailed across 
the Gulf, he lauded on the mainland of Mexico. There he set up his 
banner of blood and gold; and, before marching into the interior, he 
set fire to his ships, thus to cut off the possibility of retreat. This 
act of reckless daring was not, however, an original idea of his. He 
was an imitator of the Roman Emperor Julian and William the 
Conqueror, of England, "Burning one's Ships," like " Cros.sing the 
Rubicon," has passed into a proverb, 

Hoiv Cortez Introduced Himself. Through the jealousy 
of enemies Cortez, like Columbus, died under a cloud. Hastening 
back to Spain to defend himself, the king who had before shown 
him great honors, pretended not to know him, and asked the 
courtiers who he was. Cortez pushing himself forward, said: "I 
am the man who has given your majesty more provinces than your 
father left you towns." 



ILL USTRA TJONS OF JfJSTOR Y. 361 

The Eldorado. During the time of the Spanish explorations 

the story was told, and believed by many in Europe, that somewhere 
in Florida or Mexico there was a golden city, ruled over by a king 
who was sprinkled every day from head to foot with gold-dust 
instead of powder. This story stimulated the cupidity of the 
Spaniards who named the city El Dorado, or the City of the Gilded 
One. To find it was the chief object of the Spanish explorations. 

A Child of the Sun. De Soto claimed to the Indians that 
he was endowed with supernatural powers. He did this with the 
hope that they would reverence him as a god, and bring liim 
supplies. One day he told a Natchez chief that he was a child of 
the sun. Pointing to the Mississippi River, the chief replied: " Dry 
up the river and I will believe you." 

The Will of Adam. In the fifteenth century Spain was far 
more powerful than now. The rest of the world looked on with 
wondqr and jealousy at her grand schemes of conquest. Spain haught- 
ily warned away all other nations from America as intruders. Francis 
I., king of France, however, with equal haughtiness, desired to be 
shown that clause in the will of Adam which disinherited the French 
people from all interest in the New World. Soon after, he fought 
with Spain the battle of Pavia, in which he was so badly defeated 
that he wrote to his mother the memorable words so often used in 
like extremes, " Madam, all is lost except honor." 

Revenge in Parallel Colmnns. Religious fanaticism and 
hatred was a blot on those times. Among the French explorers was 
Ribault, who attempted a settlement in Florida. The Spaniards, 
claiming the territory, captured Ribault and his men. They asked 
every man what religion he professed, and then murdered such as 
did not give a satisfactory answer, and hung the bodies on trees with 
this label fa.stened to them, " Not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 
When the news of this act reached Europe, a nobleman of France 
named De Gourgues fitted out an expedition and sailed for Florida. 
There he attacked the Spanish forts, and killed every man within 
them. To the bodies, as they hung, he attached this label, " Not as 
Spaniards and sailors, but as trait(n-s, robbers, and murderers." This 
history gives us a little glimpse of those sickening times of bloodshed 
and violence. 

An Ideal Courtier. Walter Raleigh was a handsome and 
accomplished man. Meeting Queen Elizabeth of England, as she 
was walking abroad one day, he threw down his silk cloak over a wet 
place in the path for her to tread upon. Though the queen declined 
the proffered gallantry she was so well pleased by the act that she 
invited him to her court, and he continued a favorite during the rest 
of her life. To most persons his act seems a rather foolish one, l/Ut 



302 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

it was the best investment lie ever made. His attempts at colony, 
planting in America resulted from the favoritism thereby secured. 

The Weight of Smoke. An incident that illustrates the 
adroit mind of Raleigh and his friendly relations with the queen was 
the following: After tobacco had been carried from America to 
Europe by Raleigh's second colony, its use rapidly increased in Eng- 
land. In a conversation one day upon its properties and the new 
fashion of smoking it, he assured the queen that he could tell with 
exactness the weight of the smoke in any quantity consumed. The 
queen doubting, a bet was made, as was then the custom. Sir 
Walter weighed his tobacco, smoked it, and weighed the ashes, stat- 
ing the difference, Elizabeth confessed herself outwitted, and, on 
paying tlie forfeit, said she had often heard of turning gold into 
smoke but never before of turning smoke into gold. 

More Tobacco Stnoke, Raleigh's colonists on Roanoke 
Island had learned from the Indians to smoke tobacco. When Sir 
Walter was learning on their return to England, his servant, on 
entering his room one mornina to take him a mug of ale, saw a cloud 
of smoke pouring from his mouth. Instantly he dashed the liquor in 
his master's face and rushed down stairs for help, declaring that he 
would soon be burned to ashes. 

The Route to India. Knowing so well as we now do the 
geography of America, we are tempted to smile at the attempts of 
England and her colonies to find a water route to India. Cabot 
expected every hour to see the coast of Labrador bend to the west- 
ward. Frobisher sailed into every cove and inlet to get further west. 
Hudson sailed up Hudson River to find an outlet into the Pacific. 
Later, when he circumnavigated Hudson Bay for the same purpose, 
his men were almost justified in their mutiny. Captain John Smith, 
by order of the British Government, exjilored the Chickahominy 
River, and Captain Newport sailed up the James River, to get into the 
Pacific. As late as 1766 Jonathan Carver crossed the Great Lakes, 
followed the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, and went up the Mississippi 
and Minnesota Rivers for the same purpose. But we must admire 
the steadfastness and zeal of these men in searching for what we 
cow linow was as iuqiossible of attainment as Ponce de Leon's 
fountain of youth. 

THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 

Tlie Romance of JPocahontas. During Captain John 
Smith's expedition up the Chickahominy, he was captured by the 
Indians. He was condemned to die by the chief Powhatan. He 
was bound hand and foot, and his head was placed upon a flat stone. 
Already the heavy war-club was poised to give the fatal stroke, when 



ILL VSrilA TIONS OF IIISTOR Y. 363 

suddenly Pocahoutas, the little daughter of the chief, rushed forward, 
threvv her arms about tlie prisoner, and, with tears, begged that his life 
be spared. Her father granted the request, and sent Smith home with 
promises of friendship. After his return to England the captain 
published a book in which this incident first appears. Its truth is 
generally doubted. He was a man who loved to tell large stories of 
his adventures, most of which rest upon no evidence except his own 
statement. In this he followed the bad example of the travelers, 
Marco Polo and John Mandeville, 

Gunpowder Seed. Captain Smith first made the Indians 
of Virginia acquainted with the use of gunpowder. Some lime 
after, having seized a quantity from the colonists, they sowed it 
in the ground, expecting to gather a harvest of ammuuitiou. They 
were like small boys who think that stones grow. 

Sanioset, the White Man's Friend. At first the Indians 
did not molest the settlers at Plymouth, though they lurked about 
the settlement. In March, 1621, an Indian nearly naked came alone 
into the village. To their surprise he said to the settlers in good 
English, " Welcome, Englishmen! Welcome, Englishmen! " They 
threw a cloak over him and gave him food. He gave his name as 
Samoset, and said he was the sagamore of his country, which was a 
day's sail from theirs with a great wind. He said he had learned to 
speak English from the fishermen who came to his country every 
year from Virginia. He quieted the fears of the colonists when he 
told them that the Indians of that part had nearly all died of a 
plague four years before. He visited Plymouth frequently, and was 
always the white man's friend. 

The Useful Squanto, Soon after, Samoset sent another 
Indian, Scpianto, to Plymouth. As his friends had all died of the 
plague, the Pilgrims adopted him and he lived with them till he 
died. He showeii them how to plant corn as the Indians did, by 
dropping the seed when the oak leaf was as large as a mouse's ear 
and by placing one or two herrings in each hill. He showed them 
how to fish and where to find game. He kept back the hostile 
Indians by telling them that the white men kept the plague buried in 
the ground, and could let it loose among the Indians whenever they 
pleased. 

The Quakeress, Mary Dyer. To this day, on the Boston 
Common, an elm tree is standing from whose boughs the Puritans 
hanged a woman because she was a Quaker, and insisted on preach- 
ing their doctrines. Good doctrines they were, teaching lessons of 
peace and good-will to men, and telling the people not to go to war 
but to live in peace and love one another. She was once whipped on 
Uer bare back through the street? of Boston, tied behind a carl. 



364 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Being banished, slie returned, as slie said, "to l)ear testimony to the 
truth." When we lliiuli of the Immane and liberal Boston of to day 
all are glad we live in a better time. 

Warlike Symbols. One day a Narragauset Indian brought 
to Plymouth a bundle of arrows wrapped in a snake skin. He then 
hastily left. When Squanto saw the arrows, he said it meant a 
challenge to war. Though greatly alarmed, the Pilgrims thought 
it would not do to show fear. Governor Bradford, tiierefore, tilled 
the snake skin with gunpowder and bullets and sent it back to 
Canonicus, chief of the Narragansetts. To the great relief of the 
colonists, no war followed. It was only a war of bluff. 

Thanksgiving Day. The Pilgrims were a deeply religious 
people. They gave thanks for mercies and humbled themselves at 
Divine visitations. In November, 1621, after gathering in the first 
crop, the Plymouth Colony met for public thanksgiving. In 1623 
they held service for fasting and humiliation on account of a drouth. 
When food became scarce during the first winter in Boston, 
Governor Winthrop appointed a day for prayer, to seek God in 
their affliction. But just as they were eating their last food, a ship 
from England arrived in the bay M'ith ])rovisions for all. A Thanks- 
giving was held instead of the fast. Salem had held a Thanksgiving 
on the arrival of a ship in .July of that year. In 1631), the 28lh of 
November yearly was appointed a day of thanksgiving in all 
churches of Plymouth Colony. The annual keeping of this day 
made it a custom in New England, and it became a national observ- 
ance in obedience to a proclamation by President Lincoln during the 
Kebellion. 

The First, The first white child born on this continent was 
Virginia Dare, daughter of Ananias Dare and his wife Ellinor. They 
belonged to Raleigh's third company. The first birth among the 
Plymouth Pilgrims was a son of William White, and was named 
Peregrine, meaning wanderer. Already graves had become numer- 
ous; but the first among the Pilgrims was Dorothy Bradford, wife 
of the Governor. Their first marriage was that of Edward Winslow 
to Susannah White. Tradition declares that the first persons to step 
on Plymouth Rock were the young man John Aldcn and the young 
woman Mary Chilton. 

" The first on Plymouth Rock to leap 
Among the timid flock she stood. 

Rare figure, near the Mayflower's prow. 
With heart of Christian fortitude. 
And light heroic on her brow." 

The first wbite person to set foot in Boston was a romping Eug- 



ILL USTRA riONS O F HISTOR Y. 365 

lisli girl, named Anne Pollard. The first slaveholder in New 
England was Samuel Maverick. The first Bible printed in America 
was in the German language, by Christopher Sauer, of Germantowu, 
Pa., in 1743. The first and only peerage ever created on the soil of 
the Republic was conferred by John White, governor of Raleigh's 
agricultural colony on Roanoke Island, upon Manteo, the Indian 
chief of Croatan Island. He became a baron with the title, Lord 
Roanoke. The first and only person ever executed for treason in the 
United States was a gambler named William B. Mumford, who wr.s 
hanged by Gen. Butler, at New Orleans in 1862, because he tore 
down the flag from the Mint, dragged it through the streets, and 
publicly boasted that he had humbled "the old rag of the United 
States." 

The Bay Path. Rev. Thomas Hooker was the leader of the 
first emigration through the wilderness from Boston to Connecticut, 
his invalid wife being borne on a hor.se litter, and the people walking 
and driviug their flocks. For the sake of distinction the new colony 
was called the Connecticut Colony, and the fir.st the Bay Colony. 
The rouie through the forest between the two was called the Bay 
Path. It is now the great highway between Boston and Springfield. 
In those early times it was marked by blazed trees. Camping places 
were established at the end of each day's journey. These af teiward 
became towns. The early traveler often lost the trail and wandered 
in the wilderness. The author J. G. Holland wrote a romance 
of the early times, entitled Bay Path, with Springfield as the scene 
of the story. 

A Pig Shapes the Government. When the people became 
so numerous in Massachusetts that the freemen could not all meet in 
General Court, it was agreed that each town should send deputies. 
This was the beginning of representative government in America. 
For some years there was but one law-making body, till a dispute 
arose about a stray pig. A woman prosecuted another citizen 
for stealing and killing her pig. The case finally went, on appeals, 
to the General Court, where the hearing occupied seven days, On a 
final vote, a majority of the Assistants were for acquittal and a 
majority of the Deputies were for conviction. As no sentence could 
be passed without a majority of both classes, the suit failed. From 
this a jealousy sprang up which led to separating the Court into two 
bodies. The other colonies followed this example, and finally 
Congress, under the Constitution, wns so modeled. 

The Pine Tree Shiflinffs. In early times in Massachusetts 
all the money was of foreign coinage. In order to make it move 
plentiful, Captain John Hull was authorized to coin silver shillings, 
six pences and three pences, for use in the colony. He was allowed 



366 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

to keep for bis work five per cent, of Jiis coinage, or one shilling in 
twenty. Tins was a very profitable contract, and be became quite 
wxaltby. The money bad tbe year 1652 on one side and tbe figure of 
a pine tree on the other. The story goes tliat Samuel Sevvell, 
a young man of good character and education, fell in love with 
Capt. Hull's daughter, and wi^hed to marry her. The day arrived 
and the ceremony was performed. Young Sewell bad thought nothing 
about the dower, doubtless esteeming himself fortunate enough with- 
out any. To the surprise of all, huge scales were brought in, 
the young wife, plump and rosy, was placed by her father in 
one pan and the bright shillings from the oak chest were heaped in 
the other till they balanced in tlieair. " There, son Sewell," said the 
honest mint master, "take these shillings for my daughter's 
portion, treat her kindly and thank heaven foi' her. It is not every 
wife that is worth her weight in silver." 

ixoffe the liegicide. Charles I, king of England, was con- 
demned by twenty-four Puritan judges to be executed. Years after- 
ward, at the restoration of the throne to his son, Charles II, two of 
these men, William Goffe and Edward Whalley, fled to America. 
Here they concealed themselves from the vengeance of Charles. For 
years they lived in hiding-places — caves and lonely farm houses. 
There is a cave near New Haven, called the Regicide's Cave, where 
they once hid. Their presence in this country was not generally 
known. In 1G75 the Indians attacked Hadley, Mass., one Sunday 
while the people were at church. Each man grasped the gun he had 
with him, but the contest was an unequal one. Suddenly a strange 
old man, of great height, with long, streaming white hair and beard, 
appeared as the leader of the settlers. The Indians fell right and left 
before his .strokes, and soon they fled. But the deliverer disappeared 
almost as suddenly as they. No one knew him and he could not be 
found. Many believed to their dying day that an angel had been 
sent or a Hebrew prophet had re-appcaied for their deliverance. Years 
afterward it became known that it was Goffe the Regicide, who, from 
the window of the minister who preached that day, had seen the 
Indians approach. He rushed from his retreat, led the people 
to victory, and then without a word hastened to his hiding-place 
to re-appear no more. 

Story of the Charter Oak. The Connecticut Constitution 
was most precious to the people, and it was guaranteed by a royal 
charter dated 1662. Twenty- four years later the royal governor. 
Sir Edmund Andros, went to Hartford "in powdered wig, glittering 
with scarlet and lace," and demanded the surrender of the Charter. 
A meeting was called at the court house, and a strong little box 
containing the Charter was placed on the table. The officers began 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 367 

an earnest argument with Andros and his party, and it was con- 
tinued till darliness compelled the lighting of candles. Suddenly the 
lights were put out, and when they were lighted a few minutes later 
the box was gone. Andros, however, pronounced the charter govern- 
ment at an end, and wrote " Finis" after the last record in the book 
of minutes. What had become of the box? Captain Wadsworth 
had seized it, and hidden it in the hollow of an oak tree just outside 
the court house. The Captain kept his secret, and the Charter 
remained there two years, till William and Mary became sovereigns 
of England, when it was taken out and replaced in the court house 
with great rejoicing. "Finis" was erased from the book. The 
Charter Oak was blown down in 1856, and a marble slab now marks 
the spot where it stood. This is a famous story; but its truth as a 
matter of history is in some doubt. 

Captain Kidd's Treasures. In colonial times pirates 
roamed over the sea doing great damage to the ocean commerce. In 
1695 a company was organized to suppress privateering. A vessel 
was placed in command of Captain William Kidd, with a crew of 
one hundred and fifty-four men and boys. Kidd turned pirate him- 
self. After three years' absence he appeared on Long Island Sound 
wilh a ship laden witli treasure. He buried a part of his treasure on 
Gardiner's Island, and then went to Boston. He w^as recognized, 
aiTested, sent to England on a charge of piracy and murder, found 
guilty iu an unfair trial, and executed, protesting his innocence. 
The buried treasure and that on the ship were recovered, amounting 
to $70,000. Credulous people have believed the stories that only 
a part was found, and they have done much digging along the coast 
of Long Island to i-ecover the rest. 

Poetry in War. After the capture of Louisburg Gen. James 
Wolfe, with a large fleet, sailed for Quebec. He disembarked on 
Point Levi, a plain opposite the fortress, where he remained for two 
mouths, planning his attack. The problem was how to reach the top 
of the cliffs to the Plain of Abraham. One quiet, moonless night, in 
September. 1759, the army crossed the St. Lawrence noiselessly in 
small boats, to begin the ascent. Wolfe was a great admirer of the 
poet Gray, and on the way across he repeated to those with him in 
the boat a part of " The Elegy in a Country Graveyard." 

"The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. 

And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
Await alike the inevitable hour. 
Tho paths of glory lead but to the grave." 

He said ' I would rather be the author of that poem than the 
captor of Quebec." 



368 ^^^^' MODl-JL If [.STORY. 

The Last Words of Wolfe ami Montcalm. While 
leading the final charge at the Siege of Quebec Gen. Wolfe fell with 
three wounds. As he was being carried to the rear he heard the 
cry, "They run! They run!" " Who run?" gasped Wolfe. "The 
French." Then sinking back in the arms of his attendents, he said 
with his last breath, ' ' I die happy. " A short time later Montcalm 
was wounded while trying to rally his troops. On b?ing told that 
his end was approaching rapidly, he said, "So much the better. I 
shall not See the surrender of Quebec." 

Patrick Henry 31akes a Tumult. In his speech 
denouncing the Stamp Act before the Virginia House of Burgesses he 
as.serted that the Americans were free-born English citizens, and that 
to tax them without their consent was tyranny. A hot debate ensued, 
but Henry supported his resolutions with great ability and eloquence. 
At length, Avhen speaking of tyrants, he exclaimed, " Caesar had his 

Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Tliird " 

At this moment he w^as interrupted by members leaping to their feet 
and shouting "Treason! Treason!" Waiting till the tumult was a 

little subsided, he completed his sentence in a calmer tone, " may 

profit by these examples. If this be treason, make the most of it! " 

Temper of the Boston Boys, One winter's day a party 
of boys built a snow fort on Boston Common. Some idle soldiers 
battered it down merely to annoy the boys. A meeting was held and 
a committee was appointed to call on General Gage and make com- 
plaint. " We come, sir," said the tallest boy "to demand satisfac- 
tion." " What! " exclaimed Gage, " have your fathers been teaching 
you rebellion and sent you here to exhibit it?" "Nobody sent us 
here, sir " said the boy with flashing eye. " We have never insulted 
nor injured your soldiers, but Ihey have trodden down our snow 
hills and broken the ice on our skatinggrounds. We complained, and 
they called us young rebels, and told us to help ourselves if we could. 
We told the captain of this, and he laughed at us. Yesterday our 
works were destroyed for the third time, and we will bear it no 
longer." Gage promised redress, and then, turning to an otTicer, he 
said, "Even the children here draw in a love of liberty with the air 
they breathe." 

The Title Became Important, In 1776 General and 
Admiral Howe were authorized to make terms with the leaders of 
the Americans. They proclaimed that pardon would be extended 
to all who would lay down arms, except Samuel Adams and John 
Hancock. To fire the American heart, this document was published 
by Congress. In regard to this business an officer was sent to the 
American camp with a letter addressed to ' George Washington. 
Es(i." He declined to receive it, since it did not recognize his military 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF HTSTORY. 369 

character. The letter was taken back to General Howe, who changed 
the address to read "George Washington, etc., etc." Still it was not 
accepted. Howe then sent an officer who transacted the business 
orally. Parliament regarded the American army as a rebellious 
mob, and did not wish to recognize them as engaged in regular war- 
fare. This was the significance of Washington's nicety in regard to 
the title. 

Paul Hevere and Mis Ride. He was forty years old when 
he took the midnight ride so stirringly described by the poet 
Longfellow. He was a printer and engraver by trade, and he made 
the continental paper money for the government. He was employed 
by General Warren to warn Adams and Hancock that they were in 
danger of being arrested and taken to England for trial as arch 
traitors. They were at the house of Rev. Jonas Clarke, in Lexing- 
ton, and Gage thought to send by night a force to capture them, as 
well as to destroy the stores. The vigilant Warren learned this 
secret, and gave Revere the word. He waited at Charlestown for 
a' signal light from the sexton of the North Church to inform 
him that the troops were on the march. It was given, and on Deacon 
Larkiu's swift horse Revere sped away, alarming the people as he 
rode. Just after midnight he rode up to Clarke's house and asked 
for Hancock. "The family have retired," said the soldier on guard, 
"and they must not be disturbed by any noise." "Noise!" 
exclaimed Revere, "you'll have noise enough before long. The 
regulars are coming out." Hearing the talk, Mr. Clarke appeared at 
a window, when Revere said, " I wish to see Mr. Hancock.'' "I do 
not like to admit strangers to my house so lale at night," replied Mr. 
Clarke. ILincoek was now awake, and, recognizing Revere's voice, 
called out, " Come in. Revere; we are not afraid of you." The "arch 
traitors " witnessed the skirmish that day from a wooded hill near 
Mr. Clarke's house, and Adams exclaimed, " What a glorious morn- 
ing for America is this ! " 

Putnam Harries to the Field. On the morning after the 
skirmish at Lexington, Israel Putnam, who was a famous soldier in 
the French and Indian War, was at work on his farm in Connecticut, 
dressed in a tow l)lousc and leather apron, assisting his hired men in 
building a stone fence. A horseman dashed up at full speed and 
acquainted him with the stirring news. He immediately ran to 
his stable, saddled his best horse, and rode to the nearest town, 
Pomfret, to arouse the militia. At the signal they rushed together 
and chose Putnam as their leader. In his rough dress he then 
set out for Boston, and reached it at sunrise the next morning, having 
ridden the same horse a hundred miles in eighteen hours. 



S70 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

PERIOD OF NATIONALITY. 

Ringing in Independence, In the belfry of Independence 
Ilall still hangs the bell which hung there on July 4, 1776. On its 
larger circuit were cast these appropriate words, "Proclaim liberty 
throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." On the day 
when the Declaration was expected, the old bell-ringer waited 
impatiently for the vote, that he might announce it to the city, all as 
eager as himself. A boy was to carry the word from the Hall. At 
last, late in the afternoon, he heard the boy running to him, exclaim- 
ing, " Ring, grandpa ! Ring 1 " He did so. The token was caught 
up by the people in shouts, the other bells pealed forth, the old door- 
keeper of Congress died from excess of joy, and all night hurrahs, 
illuminations and the boom of cannon attested the approval of 
the people. 

A. Pan on Hanging. After the passage of the Declaration, 
the signing was a necessary formality. The president, John Han- 
cock, realizing the importance of the act and fearing that some timid 
one might lack the courage to affix his signature, exhorted the 
members, saying, "We must all hang together." "Yes," said 
Franklin, "for if we do not hang together, we shall all hang 
separatel}'." 

A.nother Joke about Hanging. When grave, earnest men 
have accomplished their severe labors, it is quite common that their 
minds react toward what might appear to superficial observers an 
unbecoming levity. Benjamin Harrison, the signer, father of the 
ninth President, was a large man, over six feet tall. Elbridge 
Gerr}^ was a small, thin, sinewy man. Having affixed his name to 
the Declaration, Harrison turned to Gerry, and said, " When the 
time of hanging comes I will have the advantage of you. It will be 
over with me in a minute, while you will be kicking in the air for 
half an hour after I am gone." 

Musqiiitoes as a Factor in Indej)endence. Adjoining 
Independence Hall on July 4, 1776, was a livery stable. The 
musquitoes were troublesome. They bit the legs of the members 
through their long hose, and as the day wore away the statesmen 
grew weary of whisking away their tormentors by their handker- 
chiefs. In order to escape the sooner, they hastened to take the final 
vote of adoption. A musquito added half an hour to the age of the 
Republic ! 

Baying Patriots. As soon as France acknowledged the 
independence of the United States, England sent (commissioners to 
make peace. The terms which would have been acceptable before 
Lexington, were not satisfactory since the Dec aration. The envoys 
then tried the effect of "British gold." Among those solicited in 



ILL VSTRA riONS OF HISTOR Y. 371 

tliis dishonorable way was Gen. Joseph Reed, the governor, or, as he 
was then called, the president, of Pennsylvania. He was offered 
$50 000 if he would use his influence to bring about peace. Scorn- 
ing the base proposal, he said: "I am not worth purchasing; but 
such as I am, the king is not rich enough to buy me." 

Washington at Prayer. During the dreadful winter at 
Valley Forge, Washington was quartered in the house of Isaac Potts. 
One day while passing along a rivulet near his house, he heard a 
voice of prayer. Looking in the direction, he saw in a secluded 
spot Gen. Washington on his knees. On returning to the house, he 
said to his wife, "If there is one to whom the Lord will listen, 
it is George Washington, and under such a commander our independ- 
ence is certain." 

Hanging Arnold. When Arnold was in Virginia with the 
marauding party of British and Tories, Jefferson offered $25,000 
for his arrest, and Washington detached Lafayette with twelve 
hundred men for that purpose. The caution of Arnold alone 
prevented his capture. One day Arnold asked a prisoner in his 
camp, ' ' What would the Americans do with me if they should 
catch me?" "They would cutoff and bury with military honors 
your leg that was wounded at Saratoga, and then hang the rest of 
you," replied his prisoner. 

The Fair 3IeS8enger. Wiiile General Nathaniel Greene 
was pursuing the British in South Carolina he wished to send a 
message to General Sumter to take a position in front of the enemy 
to impede his retreat. The duty was full of danger, as the Tories 
were active. Emily Geiger, a young woman of eighteen, offered to 
Garry the letter. Greene told her its contents, so that in case she 
found it necessary to destroy it the message might be delivered orally. 
The girl was stopped and arrested. Her errand being suspected, she 
was taken to a house near by and a woman was employed to search 
her. Being left alone a few moments she ate up the letter, so that no 
evidence was found upon her. She was released with apologies. 
She passed on to Sumter's camp, and soon he and Marion were co- 
operating with Greene. Emily Geiger afterwards married a rich 
planter on the Congarce. 

Francis Marion and the Sweet Potatoes. A famous 
story is told of this partisan leader in South Carolina. A British 
officer was sent to liis camp in the woods on some military business. 
After completing this, Marion invited him to stay to dinner. As 
much from curiosity as from appetite he accepted. There were no 
indications of a dinner. Soon, however, the officer was presented 
with well baked sweet potatoes on a clean piece of bark, and the two 
chiefs ate, sitting on a log. Marion explained that the dinner, out of 



372 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

respect to his visitor, was a little better than usual. When the ollicer 
learuetl that Marion and his men. were serving without pay his 
wonder was increased. The story concludes by saying that he 
resigned his commission and returned to Enghuid, declaring that such 
men could never be conquered. 

The Missiotiary Box. During the war of 1812 one of our 
privateers captured a Welsh vessel from Cardigan, freighted witii 
grain. In the cabin was a small box with a hole in the top marked 
" Missionary Box." "What is thatV" asked the American captain. 
" Oh," replied the Welshman, " the truth is my poor fellows have l)een 
accustomed, every Monday morning, to drop a penny each into that 
box to send out missionaries lo preach the gospel to the heathen; but 
that is all over now." After a moment's reflection the American 
replied, "Captain, I'll not hurt a hair of your head nor touch your 
vessel." He immediately returned to his ship and sailed away. 

Tecumselt's Pride and Eloquence. A few months 
before the battle of Tippecanoe General Harrison invited Tecumseh 
to visit Vincenues, the capital of the Territory', that they might hold 
a council. He came with four hundred wari'iors. The governor 
invited him to enter the house, but lie refused. The air of tlie white 
man's dwelling stifled him. AVheu they were assembled in the yard 
one of Harrison's officers asked the chief to sit beside the governor, 
saying, "Tecumseh, j^our father requests you to seat yourself." But 
the warrior drew his blanket closely about him, and sneeringly 
replied, "My father! The sun is my father. The earth is my mother. 
On her bosom I will repose," and seated himself on the ground. 

Tlw Heart of Old Hickory. After a skirmish in the war 
against the Seminoles an Indian baby was found lying beside its dead 
mother. The Indian captives said, "His people are all dead ; kill 
him also." Jackson ordered some sugar to he given him, and sent 
liim to Huntsville. He afterward adopted him and gave him an 
education, and placed him at a saddler's in Nashville to learn the 
trade. Every Sunday he used to visit Jackson at the Hermitage, 
twelve miles from the city. 

In the same campaign the rations of tlie army were entirely 
exhausted. One day, as he sat at tlie foot of a tree, planning relief 
for liis suffering men, one of the soldiers, seeing that he was eating 
sometliing, approaclied and aslced for a jjortion. Jackson looked up 
witli a smile and said. ' I willingly divide with you what I have," 
and, taking some acorns from his pocket, gave them to the 
astonished soldier. 

Rather he Right than President. The Compromise 
proposition of Henry Clay- for a gradual reduction of the tariff 
in obedience to the sentiments of the South during the NuUiflcation 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 373 

troubles, was very unpopular in New England. No man was 
a stronger protectionist than Clay, but he recognized the public 
necessity. He felt like Sir Robert Peel about the repeal of the Corn 
Laws in England. When warned that his course would make his 
election to the presidency impossible, he nobly replied, " I would 
rather be right than President. ' 

The Lome Star. The admission of Texas as a state soon fol- 
lowed its annexation. One of the things to be decided upon was 
a seal of state. AVheu the officials had completed the papers in the 
case, it was found that the matter of a seal had been overlooked. To 
give the papers an official appearance, however, one of the commis- 
sioners took off his cuff-button and made its impress in the wax. No 
other seal was ever adopted, and thus the seal of Texas is a "lone 
star " 

Lihe a Stone Wall. At the Battle of Bull Run Gen. 
McDowell drove the Confederates from the field. But they were 
soon rallied in the rear by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, Avho formed 
anew the line of battle. The Confederate Gen. Bee, in trying 
to rally his own men under fire, shouted to them, as he pointed across 
the plain, " There's Jackson standing like a stone wall ! " From 
that time he was always spoken of as " Stonewall Jackson." 

Mold the Fort. This popular hymn, by the evangelist P. P. 
Bliss, is based on an incident in the Civil War. Col. Tourtellotte was 
occupying a fort containing a million rations, at Allatoona Pass, 
Georgia. Gen. Sherman eslablished a signal station on the top of 
Kenesaw Mountain, and he telegraphed by signal flags to Gen Corse, 
at Rome, to hasten to the support of Tourtellotte. This he instantly 
set out to do. Meantime the Confederates invested the fort, and 
began an assault. From the top of Kenesaw Sherman heard the roar 
and saw the smoke, though he was eighteen miles distant. He 
signaled to Allatoona, "Hold the fort, for relief is approaching.'' 
Corse replied, "T will." Sherman being assured that Corse had 
arrived, said: "He will hold out! I know the man." And so he did 
The young signal ofticer who "waved the answer back" was James 
W. IMcKenzie, of Hampton, Iowa. 

The Proclam atfon of Emancipation. The proclama- 
tion abolishing slavery was written in July, 1862, but it was not then 
published. Mr. Lincoln said: " I put the draft of the proclamation 
aside, waiting for a victory Well, the next news we had was of 
Pope's disaster at Bull Run. Things looked darker than ever. 
Finally came the week of the battle of Antietara. I determined to 
wait no longer. The news came, I think, on Wednesday, that the 
advantage was on our side. I was then staying at the Soldiers' 
Home. I finished writing the second draft of the proclamation; 



374 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

came up Saturday; called the Cabinet together to hear it; and it was 
pul)li.sht'd on the following Monday. I made a solemn vow before 
God that if General Lee was driven back from Maryland, I would 
crown the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves." This 
proclamation, issued in September, was a notice to the Southern 
States that unless they laid down arras the slaves would be declared 
free. In pursuance of this, tlie second proclamation was issued on 
January 1, following. 

Mules and brigadier Generals. Everyone knows that 
Abraham Lincoln was a great joker. But his sallies of wit, though 
p('in4,cd, were always innocent. They were really reactions from 
the tremendou'= strain of labor to which he was constantly subjected. 
Once wlien lie met reproving looks for joking after news of a severe 
defeat, he replied: "I must laugh, or I shall cry." On one occasion 
the Confederates captured from the Army of the Potomac three or 
four generals and about fifty mules. To a member of his Cabinet 
he. said, "I can make more generals in fifteen minutes, but those 
mules cost a hundred dollars a piece." This might seem a little 
coarse; but when we think of the great pressure for promotions to 
which military officers subjected the President, his remark becomes 
a delicate wittinism. 



HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 375 



HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 

1. Who first suggested the idea that the world is a sphere? 

2. Who first suggested a westward voyage to Asia? 

3. How long was Columbus in seeking aid? 

4. How large was the settlement of Jamestown? 

5. What was the first regular industry in the' country? 

6. Name two strange delusions in colonial history. 

7. What strange idea hindered the settlement of America? 

8. Name two things that caused its settlement. 

9. Recount some of the outrages against the Indians. 

10. Where is the center of our population and our territory? 

11. Who first "went West?" 

12. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the 

general and rally the army to victory? 

13. What sieges can you mention? 

14. Mention the points of contrast between Washington 

and Jefferson. 

15. By whom and on what occasion were the words used: 

"Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute?" 

16. Name some famous retreats in our history. 

17. Mention a great achievement of a lazy farmer. 

18. Who first proposed a union of all the colonies? 

19. Who was the first American editor? 

20. What boy wrote the first standard American poetry? 

21. Which cause of the Revolution do you think the most 

important? 

22. Name the wars in our history in their order. 

23. Which of these do you think were justifiable? 

24. Which of them was without political results? 

25. In which did the Americans win every battle? 

26. How did the French and English populations compare 

in the French and Indian war? 

27. Which wars do you think might have been avoided? 

28. In which did the cost amount to more than the victory 

was worth? 



376 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

39. Name the events in our liistory that seem to you 
providential. 

30. What commander died at the moment of victory? 

31. What territory have the United States acquired l)y 

purchase? By annexation? By oonqucjst? 

32. What six Vice-Presidents afterward became Presi- 

dents ? 

33. What six Secretaries of State afterward became 

Presidents? 

34. Who are tlie only ex-Piesidonts now living? 

35. Which was the oldest and which the youngest at the 

time of death? 
30. What has been the average per cent, of increase in 
population during each ten years since the first 
census? How long does it take the country to 
double its population? 

37. At that rate, what will be the population in the year 

1900? The year 1976? 

38. What tea-party became historical ? 

39. Which is the longer, the Pacific Railroad or the 

Atlantic cable? 

40. Name the great American inventors. 

41. Who, in a frail canoe, on "a stormy night, visited an 

Indian wigwam, at the risk of his life, to save those 
of his enemies?' 

42. What Presidents died in office? 

43. Who was called the Colossus of the American 

Congress? 

44. Who was called the "Old Man Eloquent?" 

45. Who was called the "Apostle of Peace?" 

46. Who was called the "Great Pacificator?" 

47. Who was called "Old Rough and Ready?" 

48. Who was the Bachelor President? 

49. What father and son were Presidents? 

50. What three ex-Presidents died on the Fourth of July? 

51. Whose dying words were, "Don't give up the skip?" 

52. How did the President's message originate? 



HISTORICAL RECREATIOXS. 377 

53. Who was called the "American Fabius?" 

54. Who was "Old Hickory?" 

55. What was the "hard-cider campaig-n?" 

5G. What important society began in a haystack? 

57. In whose administration was the largest number of 

states admitted? 

58. In which were none admitted? 

59. What general arose from a sick-bed to lead his army 

to victory? 

60. How many years since Independence has the country 

been involved in war? 

61. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence? 

62. Who drafted the Constitution? 

63. What was Lafayette's name? 

64. Name ten labors and achievements of Franklin. 

65. How many Presidents were Virginians? 

66. Name the states that have furnished Presidents. 

67. What battle was fought after peace was made? 

68. Who used and what was meant by the words, "To the 

victors belong the spoils?" 

69. What celebrated foreigners have fought in the armies 

of the United States? 

70. What President went to Washington secretly and at 

niofht? 

71. Who was called the "Father of American Law?" 

72. What President had not voted in his life? 

73. What rendered Valley Forge memorable? 

74. What colony was founded as a home for the poor? 

75. In which 'Colony was the greatest degree of religious 

toleration practiced ? 

76. In which was the least degree? 

77. How many invasions of the North did Lee's army 

make? 

78. What President was impeached? 

79. Which presidency do you think was the most unfor- 

tunate for the country? 

80. On what occasion were 133 ballots taken in Congress? 



378 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

81. Name the men who commanded the ariiiy of the 

Potomac. 
83. Give one example of treason, one of assassination, and 

one of personal assault. 

83. How many attempts were made to lay the Atlantic 

cable? 

84. Give a noted example of arbitration. 

85. Who Avas the son of one president and the father of 

another ? 

86. State some strange facts about the food, houses, and 

domestic life of the people. 

87. Who was the author of "squatter sovereignty," and 

what did it mean? 

88. What Presidents Avere not elected by the people? 

89. When and for what reasons were the various consti- 

tutional amendments made? 

90. Which of our Presidents have been military men? 

91. How many years did the Federalists control the gov- 
, ernment? The Republicans (in the old sense)? 

The Democrats? The Whigs? The Republicans 
(in the present sense)? 

92. Name some important characters among the Indians. 

93. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the presidency. 

94. What general was shot in the night by his own men? 

95. Who took a midnight ride to alarm the country? 

96. What English statesmen iavored America in the 

Revolution? 

97. How many times since Independence, and on what 

occasions, has Congress fled for safety? 

98. What battle was witnessed from the house-tops? 

99. Mention the greatest slaughter, considering the length 

of time, to be found in our history. 
100. What questions are likely to enter into future politics? 



POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 379 



POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 

The End of Government. — The aggregate happi- 
ness of society, which is best promoted by the practice of a 
virtuous policy, is, or ought to be, the end of all govern- 
ment. 

The Right to Choose a Form of Govern- 
ment, — My politics are plain and simple. I think every 
nation has a right to establish that form of government un- 
der which it conceives it may live most happy, provided 
it infracts no right and is not dangerous to others. 

T7ie Right to Interfere. — No government ought to 

interfere with the internal concerns of another, except for 
the security of what is due to itself. 

Stjmj^athg with the Oj^pressed. — My best wishes 

are irresistibly attracted whensoever in any country 
I see an oppressed nation unfurl the banners of freedom. 

The Excellence of Our Government.— T\mt, 

though not actually perfect, it is one of the best in the 
world, I have little doubt. 

Nobility and KnigJithood. — It appears to be 
incompatible with the principles of our National Constitu- 
tion to admit the introduction of any kind of nobility 
or knighthood am')ngst the citizens of our republic. 

Civil Liberty. — Liberty, when it begins to take root, 
is a plant of rapid growth. 

The Progress of Liberty, — A spirit of equal 
liberty appears fast to be gaining ground everywhere, 
which must afford satisfaction to every friend of mankind. 

The Right of Taxation, — What is it we are con- 
tending against ? Is it against paying the duty of three 
pence per pound on tea, because burdensome ? No ; it is 
the 7'ight only tliat we have all along disputed. 

Independence Won, — The foundation of a great 
empire is laid ; and I please myself with the persuasion 
that Providence will not leave its work imperfect. 



380 THE MODEL IIJSTORY. 

FoilV Essentlnls. — First. An indissoluble union of 
the States under one federal head. Second. A sacred re- 
gard to public justice. T/iird. The adoption of a proper 
peace establishment. Fourth. The prevalence of a 
pacific and friendly disposition among the people. 

PllVty Violence. — I am under more apprehensions 
on account of our own dissentions than of the efforts of the 
enemy. 

Willinffuess to Concede. — A spirit of accomoda- 
tion was the basis of the present Constitution. 

PHbllc Confidence, — The best way to preserve the 
confidence of the people durably is to promote their true 
interests. 

Education,. — Promote, as an object of primary im- 
portance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowl- 
edge. It is essential that public opinion should be 
enlightened. 

TJie Guide. — The Constitution is the guide wliich I 
can never abandon. 

Confidence in the People. — The mass of citizens 

in the United States mean well, and I firmly believe 
they will always act well whenever tliey can obtain a rigiit 
understanding of matters. 

Fitne.ss of Character. — In every nomination to 
office I have endeavored to make fitness of character my 
primary object. 

The WorUVs Granary. — I hope, some day, we 

shall become a storehouse and granary for the world. 

Honesty the Best Policy. — I Iiold the maxim no 

less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty 
is always the best policy. 

A Policy of Peace. — Peace with all the world is 
my sincere desire. I am sure it is our true policy. 

A Chinese Wall. — America may think herself happy 
in havitig the Atlantic for a barrier. 

Equitable Treaties, — Treaties which are nut built 



POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 381 

upon reciprocal benefits are not likely to be of long dura- 
tion. 

Public Credit, — As a very important source of 
strength and security, cherish the public credit. 

Ptlhlic Debt, — No pecuniary consideration is more 
urgent than the regular redemption and discharge of the 
public debt. On none can delay be more injurious. 

Depreciation of Currency, — The depreciation 

has got to so alarming a point that a wagon load of money 
will scarcely suffice to purchase a wagon load of provisions. 

Connnerce and Industry, — Commerce and in- 
dustry are the best mines of a nation. 

A Nation or a Confederacy, — We are either a 

united people under one head and for federal purposes, 
or we are thirteen independent sovereignties eternally 
counteracting each other. 

Mncouragenient of Mannfactnres, — Congress 

has repeatedly directed its attention to the encouragement 
of manufactures. The object is of too much importance 
not to insure a continuation of its efforts in every way 
"which shall appear eligible. 

TJie Military and the Civil Power, — The army 

is the mere agent of the civil power. Soldiers are not ex- 
empt from arrests and indictments for violations of the laws. 
Spies in War, — Single men in the night will be more 
likely to ascertain facts than the best glasses in the day. 

The Soldier and the Citizen, — When we as- 
sumed the Soldier we did not lay aside the Citizen. 
The Strenyth in Unity, — My first wish would be 

that my military family and the whole army should 
consider themselves as a band of brothers, willing and 
ready to die for each other. Let all distinctions be sunk 
in the name, an American. 

The Tnyratitude of Republics, — I am growing 

old in my country's service, and losing my sight ; but I 
never doubted its justice or its gratitude. 

A Standing Ariny, — The commonly received opin- 



382 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

ion is certainly true, that standing armies are dangerous to 
the State. 

Foreigners as Office' Holders, — it does not 

accord with the policy of this government to bestow offices 
upon foreigners to the exclusion of our own citizens. 

The CoUittry^S Call. — When my country demands 
the sacrifice, personal ease must always be a secondary 
consideration. 

A. Hod ff guard, — I require no guard but the affections 
of the people. 

The Patriot's Vow, — The love of my country will 
be the ruling influence of my conduct. 

Trust ifl God. — I shall rely confidently on that 
Providence which has hitherto preserved and been bounti- 
ful to me. 



PEOI^OUI^CIlsrG YOOABTJLAKY 

OF PROPER NAMES. 



Abelard, ab'-e-lard. 
Agassiz, ag'-a-see. 
Algiers, al-jeerz'. 
Algonquin, al-zh6n-keen'. 
Allston, awl'-ston. 
Amalfi, ah-mal'-fee. 
Angelo, an'-ja-lo. 
Andre, an'-dra. 
Antietam, an-tee'-tam. 
Antoinette, an-tO-net'. 
Aretino, a-ra-tee'-no. 
Armada, ahr-mah'-dii. 
Ashe, ash. 
Augsburg, 5ugs'-boorg. 

Balboa, bahl-bo'-a. 
Beauregard, bo'-reh-gard. 
Behemoth, be'-he-muth. 
Behring, beer'-ing. 
Birney, bur'-ne. 
Bologna, bo-lOn'-ya. 
Buel, bu'-el. 

Buena Vista, bwa'-na vis'- 
Burgoyne, biir-goin'. 
Burke, biirk. 
Burleigh, bur'-li. 
Burroughs, bur'-rGz. 

Cabot, kab'-5t. 
Cabrillo, ktl-brel'-yo. 



ta. 



Cairo, ka'-rO. 
Calhoun, kal-hoon'. 
Carleton, kahrl'-tun. 
Cartier, kar-te-5'. 
Castile, kas-teel'. 
Champlain, sham-plane'. 
Cliarta, kar'-ta. 
Chattanooga, chat-an-o6-ga. 
Chickamauga, chick-a-maw'- 

ga. 
Colfax, kol'-fax. 
Copernicus, ko-per'-ni-kus. 
Corneille, kor-nal'. 
Cornwallis, korn-wSl'-lis. 
Cortez, kOr-tes'. 
Credit Mobilier. cra'-di-m5' 

bil-i-ar. 

Daguerre, da-ger'. 
De Gama, da-gah'-m5. 
Uegrand, de-grand'. 
De Kalb, da kahlb'. 
De Monts, du-mong'. 
De Soto, da sO'-to. 
Descartes, da-kart'. 
Diaz, dee'-az. 
Douglas, dug'-las. 
Dubuque, du-buke. 
Du Quesne, du-kan'. 
Duyckinck, di'-kink. 



383 



384 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



Egyptian, e-glpt'-shun. 
Erickson, er'-ik-sun. 
Evans, ev'-anz. 
Ewing, yoo'-ing. 

Fabius, fa'-bi-us. 
Fenelon, fen'-eh-l6n. 
Freneau, fre-no'. 
Frobisher, fr6b'-ish-er. 

Galena, ga-lee'-na. 
Galileo, gai-i-lee'-o. 
Genet, jeh-net'. 
Genoese, jen-o-eez'. 
Ghent, gent. 
Gilbert, zhel-bair'. 
Gouverneur, goov-er-noor'. 
Grinnell, grin-nell'. 
Guericke, ga'-rik-keh. 
Guide, gwee'-do. 
Gutenberg, goo'-ten-berg. 
Guy, ghi. 

Habeas, hab'-e-as. 
Hakluyt, hak'-loot. 
Hatteras, hat'-e-nls. 
Hayne, hain. 
Hennepin, hen'-ne-pin. 
Hiawatha, hee-a-wa'-thil. 
Hispaniola, hiss-pan-i-o'-la. 
Holbrook, hol'-brook. 
Horatio, hO-ra'-shO, 
Hosmer, hoss'-mer. 
Huguenots, hu'-ge-nots. 

Ignatius, Ig-na'-she-us. 
Iroquois, Ir-5-kwah'. 

Juarez, hoo-5'-res. 



Kosciusko, k6s-si-us'-ko. 
Kaskaskia, kas-kas'-kl-jl. 
Kearney, kar'-ni. 

Lafayette, la-fa-et'. 
Leibnitz, llb'-nits. 
Loyola, loi-o'-la. 

Magellan, ma-jel'-lan. 
Mandeville, man'-d(5-vil. 
Manhattan, man-hat'-tan. 
Maximilian, max-i-mil'-yan. 
Mazarin, maz-a-reen'. 
Melancthon, me-lank'-th5n. 
Mesilla, mes-il'-la. 
Meyer, mi'-er. 
Milan, mil'-an. 
Montcalm, m5nt-kahm'. 
Michael, ml-kel. 
Monterey, mQn-ta-ra'. 
Montesquieu, mon-tes-ku . 
Motier, mo-ti-a'. 
Munich, mil'-nik. 

Nantes, nants. 
Nauvoo, nav/-voo'. 
Norfolk, n6r'-f5k. 
Nueces, nwa'-ses. 

Oglethorpe, 5'-gel-th6rp, 
Orleans, or'-le-anz. 
Osceola, 6s-se-0'-la. 
Otis, O'-tis. 

Palo Alto, pah'-lo al'-to. 
Panama, pan-a-maii'. 
Patroons, pa-troonz'. 
Plumer, plu'-mer. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



385 



Plymouth, plim'-uth. 

Polish, pOl'-ish. 

Ponce de Leon, p5n'-tha da 

la-On'. 
Prairie du Chien, pra'-ri du 

sheen. 
Pulaski, pn-las'-kee. 

Quebec, kwe-beck'. 

Racine, ras-seen'. 
Raleigh, raw'-U. 
Revere, re-veer'. 
Richelieu, reesh-eh-lu'. 
Rochambeau, ro-shou-bu'. 
Rosecrans, rose'-e-krahns. 

San Diego, san de-a'-go. 
Santa Fe, san'-ta fa. 
Schuylkill, skool'-kil. 
Schuyler, ski'-ler. 
Scotia, sko'-sheJi. 
Seward, su'-ard. 
Seymour, see'-mQr. 
Shirley, shur'-li. 
Slidell, sli-del'. 
Steuben, stn'-ben. 



Steinheil, stin'-hll. 

St. Augustine, sent aw'-gus- 

teen. 
Stuyvesant, sti'-ve-sant. 
Squier, skwir. 

Taney, taw'-ni. 
Tecumseh, te-ciim'-seh, 
Toscanelli, tQs-ka-nel'-lee. 
Thanatopsis, than -ri-t5p'-sis. 
Trevethick, trev'-i-thick. 

Ulysses, u-liss'-eez. 

Van Eyck, van-Ik'. 
Vasconselos, vas-koii-sel'-lOs. 
Venango, ve-nang'-go. 
Venice, ven'-iss. 
Vera Cruz, va'-rah kroos. 
Verrazzani, ver-rat-tsah'-ne 
Vespucci, ves-poot'-she. 

Worcester, woos'-ter. 
Whitefield, whit'-feeld. 
Willamette, wil-lah'-met. 

Zeisberger, zis'-berg-er. 
Zenger, zeng'-er. 



386 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



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TABLE OF THE STATES. 



387 



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388 



THE MODEL HISTORY. 



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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATUS. 



389 



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T-H T-. C^ 



390 THE MODEL HISTORY. 



THE ORIGIN OF THE DECLARATION. 

The idea of independence was a thing of growth. It was "not an 
act of sudden passion, nor the work of one man or one assembly." In 
May, 1776, Washington, with the army at New Yorlv, said: "When 
I first took the command of the army I abliorred the idea of independ- 
ence; but 1 am now fully convinced that nothing else will save us." 
The question was discussed everywhere — by farmers, merchants, 
mechanics, fishermen on the coast, lumbermen in the woods. It was 
talked about at the town-meetings, from tlie ])u]pit, by the camp- 
fires, in the social gatherings. Congress waited to hear from the 
people. 

Massachusetts gave her delegates in Congress instructions favor- 
ing a declaration in January, 1770. South Carolina followed in 
March, Georgia on April 5, and North Carolina on April 13. On 
May 4 Rhode Island renounced British allegiance. On May 15 
Virginia gave her delegates, at Philadelphia, positive directions to 
•propose and vote for independence, and she urged her sister colonies 
to do likewise. 

On June 7 Richard Henry Lee, inspired by this action of his 
colony, introduced the Resolution given on page 115. John Adams 
seconded it. At 10 o'clock on the next day the debate began, and it 
lasted till 7. Livingstone, Wilson, Dickinson, and Rutledge opposed 
tjie adoption. John Adams, and many delegates from New England, 
\irginia and Georgia, spoke in its favor. On Monday, June 10, 
Rutledge moved to defer further action for three weeks, to allow 
delegates time to hear from their constituents and assemblies. The 
motion prevailed. Next day Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman 
and Livingstone were chosen by ballot to prepare a formal Declara- 
tion in harmony with Mr. Lee's Resolution. Jefferson was chosen to 
draft the instrument; both because he represented Virginia, whence 
the proposition originated, and because he received more ballots than 
either of the other four. 

The invitation of Virginia was responded to by the assembly of 
Connecticut on June 14, by that of New Hampshire on the fifteenth, 
by New Jersey on the twenty-first, by Pennsylvania on the twenty- 
fourth, by Maryland on the twenty-eighth. 

On the expiration of the three weeks, July 1, Congress resolved 
itself ' into a committee of the whole to take into consideration the 
Resolution respecting independency." In the absence of Mr. Lee, 
all eyes turned to John Adams. He rehearsed for the new members 



THE ORIGIN OF THE DECLARATION. 391 

from New Jersey the argumeuts used iu the former debate. Mr. 
Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, in an ehxborate speech, gave liis reasons 
for opposing tlie Resolution. Other members spoke. The vote was 
then taken. Nine colonies sustained the Resolution, the vote of 
South Carolina and Pennsylvania being in the negative, and Delaware 
being a tie. The committee then arose and Benjamin Harrison, of 
Virginia, the father of the ninth President, reported the Resolution. 

On the following day, July 2, forty-nine members were present. 
Rodney had returned and Delaware was no longer a tie. Dickinson 
was absent, probably by design, which enabled Pennsylvania to vote 
for independence. South Carolina, for the sake of unanimity, did 
likewise. New Yoi'k did not vote. Thus the twelve colonies, with- 
out one dissenting vote, adopted the Resolution. 

That vote changed the old thirteen colonies into free and inde- 
pendent states. It remained only to set forth foi'mally the reasons 
for the act. Jefferson wrote the document out of a full mind and 
without consulting any bodk. He then submitted it separately to 
Franklin and to Adams. He accepted from each one or two verbal 
corrections, and on June 28 he reported it to Congress. Immediately 
after the adoption of the Resolution, on July 3, the Declaration was 
taken up. During the rest of that day and the next two, the words, 
statements, and principles of the paper were closely scanned. This 
work was completed late in the afternoon of July 4, when. New 
York still declining to vote, twelve states, without one negative 
voice, agreed to the Declaration. It was not signed on that day, but 
it was attested by the president and the secretary, and published to 
the world. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration by the Representatives op the United States o» 
America, in Congress assembled, July 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, adecent respect to the opinions of mankind 
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self -evident— that all men are created equal ; that they 
are endowed by their Creator witli certain unalienable rights; that among these 
are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness: that, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as 
to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for 
light and transientcauses; and, accordingly, all experience has shown that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to 
reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off 
such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 

Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the 
necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The 
history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and 
usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
over these states. To prove this let facts be submitted to a candid world: 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing impor- 
tance, unless suspended in their operation until his assent should be obtained; and, 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of 
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
Legislature— a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
them into compliance with his measures. 

He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firm- 
ness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, liave returned 
to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. 

Ho has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose 
obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to 
encourage their migration hither and raising the conditions of new appropriations 
of lands. 

392 



DECLA RA TION OF INDEPENDENCE. 393 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for 
establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their oflSces, 
and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to 
harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of 
our Legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil 
power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Con- 
stitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pre- 
tended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended otfences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, estab- 
lishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering 
fundamentally the powers of our governments: 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested wi'th 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed 
the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of 
cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring 
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule 
of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most 
humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. 
A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant 
is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned 
them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legislature to extend an un- 
warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consan- 
guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our 
separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind— enemies in war, in 
peace friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General 
Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude 
of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and of right 



394 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

^.. 

ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance 
to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state 
of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and inde- 
pendent states, they have full power to levy war. conclude peace, contract alliances, 
establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by 
the following members: John Hancock. 

New Hampshire.— J o&i&h Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 
Massachusetts Baj/.— Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 

Elbridge Gerry. 
Rhode isiand.— Stephen Hopliins, William EUery. 

Connecticut— Koger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New rork.— William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 

Morris. 
New Jersey.— Richnril Stocliton John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, 

John Hart, Abraham Clark. 
Pennsylvania.— Kohert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John 

Morton, George Clyraer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, 

George Ross. 

Delaware.— Ciesa,T Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland.— Sa,muel Chuse, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, 
of Carrollton. 

Virgmta.— George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jeiferson, Ben- 
jamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

Nerth Carolina. — William Hooper, .Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South C'oroUno.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hey ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, 
Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georjia.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. 395 



ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

The Articles of Confederation were never satisfactory. The 
Assembly of New York unanimously proposed their amendment in 
1783, only a few months after their adoption by the States. In 1785, 
commissioners appointed by the legislatures of Virginia and Mary- 
land met at Alexandria, to form a compact between those states rela- 
tive to the navigation of the Potomac and the Chesapeake Bay. But 
feeling that measures of a more enlarged nature would alone meet 
the necessities, they did nothing but recommend this course to their 
states. Accordingly, in January, 1786, the Virginia legislature 
invited all the other states to join it in appointing commissioners to 
take into consideration the state of trade and to devise means looking 
to the common interest. Eight states appointed delegates, but those 
of only five met at Annapolis in September, 1786. 

Again nothing was done except to frame a report to be laid before 
Congress, advising that a general convention of commissioners 
from all the states be called to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787, for 
a revision of the Articles Congress accepted the suggestion, and in 
February, 1787, passed a resolution calling a convention as proposed. 
All the states, except Rhode Island, made the appointment, and the 
delegates met May 25, in Independence Hall. 

It was thought essential that the deliberations be conducted 
in secret. The members were not allowed even to take copies of the 
entries in the journal. The injunction of secrecy was never removed. 
At the final adjournment, the journal was intrusted to Washington, 
who deposited it in the Department of State. It was published 
in 1818. Yates, a meml)er from New York, took notes, which 
were published at his death, in 1831. These, with the notes of 
Madison, furnished material for a view of the conflicts of opinion 
which divided the Convention and the successive steps in the evolu- 
tion of our Federal Constitution. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



[Went into operation on the first Wednesday in March, 1789.1 

PREAMBLE. 

Wk, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 

establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 

promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 

our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 

America. 

ARTICLE I. 

OP THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
of the house of representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State 
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall bedetermined by addingto the whole numberof free persons, including 
those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be 
made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New Yorl< 
six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia 
ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any .State, the executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

Tlie House of Representatives sliall choose their speaker and other officers; and 
shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

of the senate. 

Sec. .3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Sen- 
ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of tlie 
second class at the expiration of the fourth year, .and of the third class at the expi- 
ration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if 
vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.' 

396 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 397 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
years, antl been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but 
shall have no vote, unless they shall be equally divided. 

The Senate shallchoose their other officers, and shall have a President pro tempore, 
in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for 
that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United 
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, 
under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 

MANNER OP ELECTING MEMBERS. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
the places of choosing Senators. 

CONGRESS TO ASSEMBLE ANNUALLY. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall 
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 

POWERS. 

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the jud^e of tue elections, returns and qualifications 
of Its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 
to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and undersuch 
penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for 
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish 
the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of 
one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the 
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two houses shall be sitting. 

COMPENSATION, ETC., OF MEMBERS. 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. 
They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged 
from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be 
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
member of either house during his continuance in office. 

MANNER OP PASSING BILLS, ETC. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- 
tives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, 
shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to 



398 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

that house In which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two- 
thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
the votes of t)oth houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
(Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Kvery order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall 
take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

POWER OP CONGRESS. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general wel- 
fare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

To regulate commerce vpith foreign nations, and among the several States, and 
with the Indian tribes; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the stan- 
dard of weights and measures; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
of the United States; 

To establish post-ofBces and post-roads; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times 
to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
offenses against the law of nations; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning 
captures on laud and water; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be 
for a longer term than two years; 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
insurrections and repel invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing 
such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving 
to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- 
ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not 
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the accept- 
ance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
exercise like authority over all places purchased by tlie consent of the Legislature of 
the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
dockyards and other needful buildings; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
tion the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 



CONSriTVTIOX OF THE VNITED STA TES. 399 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OP CONGRESS. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now 
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed 
on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in 
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census 
or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropria- 
tions made bylaw; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding 
any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince or foreign State. 

LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL STATES. 

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing 
but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts or grant any title of 
nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or duties on 
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary lor executing its 
inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on 
imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all 
such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
troops, or ships of wai', in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

EXECUTIVE POWER. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
States of America. He shall hold his office durini; the term of four years, -and 
together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same terra, be elected as follows: 

MANNER op ELECTING. 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to 
which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, 
or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an elector. 

(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
sons, of whom one at least shall not bean inhabitant of the same State as tnem- 
selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number 
of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
seatof the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 



400 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

Representatives shall Immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and 
if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House 
shallin like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be talcen by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two 
or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-Presdent.*) 

TIME OP CHOOSING ELECTORS. 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

WHO ELIGIBLE. 

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the Unlte(? States at the 
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the 
age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a residentwithin the United States. 

WHEN THE PRESIDENT'S POWER DEVOLVES ON THE VICE-PRESIDENT. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or 
inability todischarge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, 
declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accor- 
dingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

PRESIDENT'S COMPEN.SATION. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation 
which shall neither be increased nor diminished during tlie period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emol- 
ument from the United States, or any of them. 



Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or 
affirmation: "1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

POWERS AND DUTIES. 

Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of 
the United States, and of the militia of the several States when ca'led into the actual 
service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi- 
pal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices, and lie shall have power to grant reprieves and 
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make 
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi- 
nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which sliall I)e established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the 
appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, 
in the Courts of law. or in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

• Altered by the 18th Amendment. See page 404. 



COXSTITCTIOX OF THE UXITED STATES. 401 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect 
to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he sliall think, 
proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care 
that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
United States. 

OFFICERS REMOVED. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

OF THE JUDICIARY. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested In one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall 
hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance In 
office. 

Sec 2. (The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between 
citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, citizens or subjects.*) 

JURI.SDICTION OP SUPREME COURT. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those 
In which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appel- 
late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
regulations as the Congress shall make. 

• OF TRIALS FOR CRIMES. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and 
such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
ted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or 
places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

OF TREASON. 

SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war 
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no 
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

STATE ACTS. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State tof./e public acts, 
records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by 
general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings 
shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

•Altered by the 11th Amendment. Seepage 404. 



402 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

PRIVILEGES OP CITIZENS. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immuni- 
*jes of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee 
from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive 
authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
•State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

RUNAWAYS TO BE DELIVERED DP. 

No person held to service or lator in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping 
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
from such service or labor, but shill be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
such service or labor may be due. 

NEW STATES. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no 
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor 
any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, with- 
out the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

TERRITORIAL AND OTHER PROPERTY. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and 
regulations respecting, the territory, or other property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in tliis Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every Stateinthis Unionarepubli- 
can form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on 
application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be 
convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 
AMENDMENTS. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures 
of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing amend- 
ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intentsand purposes, as partof this 
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided, that no amendment which may 
be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any man- 
ner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and 
thatnoState, without its consent, shall be deprived of Its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 
DEBTS. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as 
under the Confederation. 

SUPREME LAW OP THE LAND. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made In pur- 
suance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every 
State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
the contrary notwithstanding. 

OATH.— NO RELIGIOUS TEST. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members ot the 
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several .States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support 
this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
any oKce, or public trust, under the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 403 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estab- 
lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seven- 
teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the tvfelfth. 
In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President, and Deputy from Virginia. 

New Hampshire— John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts— Hnthaniel 
Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
Neiv I'orfc— Alexander Hamilton. iVcw Jersey— William Livingston, David Brear- 
ley, AVilliam Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania — Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Inger- 
soU , James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. De/aware— George Read, Gunning Bedford, 
Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett. Jacob Broom. Maryland— James M'Henry, 
Danielof St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, rirginia— John Blair, James Madison, 
Jr. North CaroJina — William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
South Carolina— John Rutledge, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Piuckney, 
Pierce Butler. Georgia— William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 

Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

[The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress at their first session, in 
1789. The eleventh was proposed in 1794, and the twelfth in 1803.] 

ARTICLE I. 

FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for 
a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE IL 

EIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 
NO SOLDIER TO BE BILLETED, ETC. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent 
of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

UNREASONABLE SEARCHES PROHIBITED. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and etfects, 
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants 
shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particu- 
larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except In cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or 
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice 



404 THE MODEL HISTORY. 

In jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a 
■witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due 
process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use vrithout justcom- 
pensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

MODE OF TRIAL. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con- 
Ironted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

ARTICLE VII. 
RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY. 

Insults at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall 
be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States than according to the 
rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIIL 
BAIL.— FINES. 

Excessive bail Shall not be required, nor excessive fines Imposed, nor cruel and 
unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
deny or disparage othei's retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 
POWERS RESEUVKD. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

LIMITATION OP JUDICIAL POWER. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any 
suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

ARTICLE XH. 
BLECTION OF PRESIDENT. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they 
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons 
voted for as Vice-President, and of the numl)er of votes for each, which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of tlie Government of 
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest 
number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, 
then from the persons having the higliest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list 
of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
diately by ballot the President. But in clioosing the President, the vote shall be 
taken by States, the representatives from each State having one vote; a quorum 
for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 



CONSTITUTION OP' THE UNITED ^STATES. 405 

House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
(hall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then Hie 
Vice-President shail act as President, as in the case of the death or other Con- 
stitutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest nunil)er of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose 
shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

I5iit no person Constitutionally ineligible to the ofBce of President shall be 
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
[Ratified in 1865.] 
ARTICLE XI 11. 

Sec. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the 
United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 

[Ratified in 1868-] 
ARTICLE XIV. 

Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
Jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall aoridge the privileges 
and iinmuiiities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any 
person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any 
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several .States according 
to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for 
electors of President and Vice-President, or United States Representatives in 
Congress, executive and Judicial ofiicers, or the members of the Legislature there- 
of is denied to any of tl;e male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for pai- 
ticipation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis ot reinesentation therein shall be 
reduced in tlie proportion which the number of such male citizens shall oear to the 
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in that State. 

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, electorof 
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civilor military, under the United 
States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- 
ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution 
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote 
of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt ot the United States authorized by law, 
including debts incurred for the payment ot jiensions and bounties tor service in 
suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim tor the loss 
or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be 
illegal and void. 

Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
the provisions of this article. 

[Ratified in 1870.] 
ARTICLE XV. 

Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
abridged l)y the United States, or by any State, on account ot race, color or previous 
condition of servitude. 

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
leglsIatioD. 



A SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



CHAPTER I. 

EARLIEST KAXSAS, lS04—lSo4. 

The present State of Kansas, with the exception of a 
small part in the southwest corner, was comprised in the 
"Louisiana Purchase," made by President Thomas 
Jefferson of Napoleon [3onaparte, First Consul of France, 
in 1803. 

But while the pui'chase was made from France the 
country i-emained in possession of Spain. Accordingly^ 
on March 9, 1804, Major Amos Stoddard, of the United 
States Army, appeared at St. Louis, and as "agent and 
commissary " of the French Republic received from Don 
Carlos Dehault Delassus, tlie Spanish lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, the formal cession of the province of Upper 
Louisiana. The S})anish "Regiment of Louisiana" 
marched out of the fort ; a detachment of the First 
United States Artillery mai'ched in ; the American flag- 
was raised ; and the next day being March 10, 1804, 
Major Stoddard began the rule of the United States, 
with the title of "commandant." 

On May 14, the expedition fitted out unch'r the per- 
sonal direction of President JcffiM'son, and jointly com- 
manded by Capf. William Clark und Capt. Merri- 
wether Lezois, which had been held in tli(> vicinity of 
St. Louis until the transfer sliould have nuide the 
Missouri legally an American river, started up that 
stream. On June 27 the expedition landed at what is 
now Kansas City, Kansas. At noon on July 4, 1804, the 



SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. -107 

voyagers halted at or near the {)resent site of Atchison, 
and named a small stream "Fourth of July Creek." 
Resuming their journey, they passed the mouth of a 
creek, to which they gave the name of "Independence," 
which it bears to this day. Thus came to Kansas the 
first American Fourth of July. The evening gun of the 
explorers, as it echoed among the bluffs of the Missouri, 
gave early proclamation of the sovereignty of the United 
States of America. 

It was in May, 1806, two years and two months after the 
starting of the Lewis and Clark expedition, that Lieut. 
Zebitlon Montgomery Pike (l^is family called him by his 
middle nau^e) left Bellefontaine on the Missouri and took 
the road of the Missouri and the Osage for Kansas. He 
entered what is now Kansas, in Linn County, traveled 
on to the Neosho and the Verdigris, and then to the 
northwest to the Saline, in the direction of the Pawnee 
Republic. The Kansas traversed by Pike was a great, 
open, undulating pi'airie, without the ruins or monu- 
ments or remains of any prehistoric race. On all the 
long march he found no road or trace made by human 
beings as wide as the buffalo's path to the rocky ford, 
till he came upon the trail of a large Spanish force 
retui'ning to New Spain. In all the wide wilderness there 
were no human habitations, save the lodges of the Indians 
in a few widely scattered villages, scarcely more arti- 
ficial and permanent than the house and dam the beaver 
builds. It was on September 25, ISOG, that Pike reached 
the village of the Pawnees, who had separated from 
the body of their tribe in Nebraska and established this 
settlement in Kansas, called by the white people 
the Pawnee Republic. From this the Republican 
river derives its name. The latest r-esearches would 
indicate that the village was located in White Rock 
Township, Republic County. On September 29, Pike 
met in council 500 Pawnee warriors. He had with his 



408 MODEL HISTORY. 

party Osage and Kansas Indians. He found a Spanish 
flag flying at the door of the council lodge. It had been 
left by the Spanish party whose home-returning trail he 
had crossed. It appeared that the Spaniards of New 
Spain did not recognize the transfer made at New 
Orleans or at St. Louis. The country was still S})anish 
to them. They warned the Indians against the United 
States, a nation which they described as small but 
enterprising. Lieutenant Pike firmly insisted that the 
American flag should be raised in the place of the Span- 
ish flag at the council lodge door, and it was done, but 
reluctantly, for the Pawnees feared the return of the 
Spaniards. Pike endeavored to calm their fears, but 
they remained sad, sullen, and finally showed signs of 
hostility. Then he was obliged to inform the Indians of 
the tone and temper of the American soldier, to tell 
them that his score of men were well armed and if 
attacked would sell their lives dearly, and "Our Great 
Father will send young warriors to gather our bones,' 
he said, "and revenge our death, and our spirits will 
rejoice in hearing our exploits sung in the war songs of 
our chiefs." 

Pike having overawed the Indians, remained in the 
neighboi'hood till October 1), when he marched toward 
the Great Bend of the Arkansas. There his party 
divided, part going down the rivei- to finally reach Fort 
Adams, Pike and the remainder marchiiig up the stream 
to the discovery of the gi'cat white mountain, called by 
the Spaniards the Grand Peak, h^it which we now call 
Pike's Peak. 

Continuing his march amid the mountains, Pike finally 
built a stockade and went into winter quarters on the 
Rio del Norte. Here he was taken prisoner by a force 
from New Spain, as an intruder on S])anish territory. 
He was carried away to Santa Fe, and to Chihuahua, 
finally to be released and nuike his way to Natchitoches, 
Louisiana, in July, 1807. 



SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 409 

Both Amos Stoddard, first governor of Upper Loui- 
siana, and the brave explorei-, Pike, were destined to die 
for their country in the war of 1812, with Great Britain. 
Major Stoddaixl fell in the defense of Fort Meigs, in 
Ohio ; General Pike gave up his life in the hour of vic- 
tory at the capture of York, now Toronto, in Canada. 

Pike was the fii'st intelligent American to visit and 
descril)e the interior of Kansas. In his journal, which 
was pul)lished in 1810, an abridgment of which after- 
ward appeared in London, liis descriptions of the appear- 
ance and characteristics of the country are always clear, 
and sometimes picturesque. "The borders of wood- 
land which ornament the l)anks of the streams," he 
says in one place, "are no more than a line traced on a 
sheet of ]Kip)er when compared to the immense tract 
of meadow coimiti'y." 

The narrati?^ of Pike threw much light not only 
upon Kansas, but southern Colorado and New Mexico, 
and awakened interest in those regions, and the country 
beyond them to the westward. 

In 1808, two years after Pike's expedition, fur ti-aders 
established themselves on thc^ lower Kansas River, and on 
Mission Creek, in Shawnee County. After the trader 
came the missionary. Father Charles de la Croix, in 1822, 
baptized two Indians (the first baptisms in Kansas), at 
what was afterward the site of Osage Mission, now St. 
Paul, in Neosho County. The overland trade to Santa 
Fe was established by that year. Then Kansas became 
the open gate. Traders and freighters bound for Santa 
Fe ; trappers and hunters seeking the fastnesses of the 
Rocky Mountains ; soldiers going to the Mexican war ; 
emigrants moving out on the Oregon trail ; ex])lorers 
sent liy the United States Government to find its own ; 
gold-seekers pressing on to far California ; Mormons 
seeking their city of refuge by the Great Salt Lake ; 
Indians moving silently and in single file on their capri- 



410 MODEL HISTORY. 

cit)us journeys, for nearly fifty yeai's used Kansas, without 
brawling- and dang-erous river or opposing mountain, for 
their broad and open highway. 

About 1832 the Government seemed to have deter- 
mined that Kansas should be forever an Indian country ; 
it was then properly designated the Indian Territory. 
Originally the country seemed to have few other Indian 
residents than the Osages and their " poor relations," 
the Kansas Indians, by the French called the Kaws. 
But these were called on to "move on," and make room 
for other Indians. Tlien came to the neighborhood of 
the mouth of the Kansas River the Wyandottes, wdio are 
said to have once lived on an island in the St. Lawrence 
neai- Montreal. The Shawnees and the Ottawas, and the 
Delawares from Ohio, had come before. So first and last 
came from Missouri and farther east the Weas and the 
Piankeshaws, the Kickapocxs and the Peorias, and the 
lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes, and more important 
than these the Pottawatomies of Indiana. With these 
various peoples came missionaries. A missionary to the 
Ottawas, Rev. Jotham Meeker, brought the first print- 
ing press to Kansas. The first wdiite children l)orn in 
Kansas were the sons and daughters of missionaries. 
Thus the missionai'ies were the "first families." For 
the lands the Indians gave up in the East the Govern- 
ment agreed to pay $27,000,000 ; more than for all of 
Louisiana. And the Indians were to live in Kansas and 
be happy while "grass grows and water runs." 

All this, however, was destined to come to an end in 
1854. By the agreement made in 1820 aiid called tlu^ 
Missouri Compromise, slavery would have been " for- 
ever prohibited " in Kansas, but on May 22 was passed 
in the Senate, and on May 2(; in the House, and on May 
30, 185-4, received the signature of President Pierce, the 
act entitled "An Act to organize the Territories of 
Nel)i"aska and Kansas," which repeale'd the anti-slavery 



SITOR T nrSTOR Y OF KA NSA S. 4 1 1 

clause of the compromise. Tlio hill, commonly called I'or 
a k)ng time the ^'Nebraska bill," received in both 
houses 113 votes for to 100 votes against it. 



CHAPTER II. 

THK TERRIToniAL I'ERJOD, ISM—tSGl. 

The Kansas Territorv, oi-ganized under and by this 
bill, extended westward to the "summit of the Rocky 
Mountains," including a large |)ortion of the State of 
Colorado, which became a Kansas territoi-ial county 
under the name of Arapahoe. 

Prior to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the 
title to large portions of the Indian lands in eastern 
Kansas had been relinquished to the United States. The 
country was open to white settlement, and it came. The 
contest as to wh(>ther Kansas should be a free or slave 
State began at once, both within and without the Terri- 
tory. Three newly discovered agencies came into use 
about that time: the telegraph, the "correspond- 
ent," foreign and domestic, and tlie metropolitan daily 
newspaper. Nothing was hidden in Kansas after these 
came. A pistol shot in Kansas roared like a volley on 
the Atlantic coast ; a whis])er in Kansas became an 
echoing cry in the Alleghanies. 

Before the first snow fell on Kansas as a Territory 
Lawrence had been founded, and also Leavenworth and 
Atchison. Each town, as it was laid oft', was known as 
"Free State " or " pro-slavery. " It was the time for the 
appearance of thc^ first net0Spapers, which were all 
'.' Free State " or " jjro-slavery." The Leavenworth 
Herald (pro-slavery) was fhc first news})aper. The 
first b(»oks about Kansas Territory, of which there were 
many, appeai'ed. The great poets of the country were 



412 MODPJL HISTORY. 

interested in tlie Kansas (juestion. William Cullen 
Bryant wrote the "Prairies," and .Tulm (i. Whittier 
wrote : 

"We cross the i)rairies as of old 
The pilgrims crossed the sea." 

Governor Andrew H. Reeder, first Terriforial Goz'- 

ernor oi Kansas, arrived on October (J, 1854, and estab- 
lished the executive ottice at Fort Leavenworth, but 
removed to the Shawnee Mission in November. 

On November 26 was held the first election in the 
Territory, and General John W. Whittield, pro-slavery, 
was declared elected delegate to Congi^ess. 

The earlier days of 1855 witnessed the arrival in 
Kaiisas of three foi-ces destined to be prominent, " Old 
John Brozan," James H. Lane, and the Sharps' rifle. 

On Mai-ch 30, 1855, occurred the election for members 
of the Legislature and county officers, and with it came 
the immsion of voters from Missouri, an estimated 
force of 1,000 men appearing at the polls at Lawrence. 
The returns of this election showed 5,427 pro-slavery, 
and 791 Free State votes cast. The census taken in Feb- 
ruary preceding showed 2,905 voters in the Territory. 

Governor Reeder signalized the beginning of his 
administration by an abortive attempt to remove the 
Territorial Legislature to Pawnee, near Fort Riley. The 
Legislature adjourned from Pawnee at once, and reassem- 
bled at Shawnee Mission, on July 16, 1855. It adopted 
the laws of Missouri, with special acts for the mainte- 
nance of slaz'erv i'^ Kansas, and the punishment of 
disbelievers in slavery who wrote, printed or spoke 
against it. It was called by the Free State party the 
"Bogus Legislature, " and its laws the "Bogus laws." 
Yet the earlier cities of Kansas were incorporated by its 
authority, and it gave to twenty-four Kansas counties 
the names they still bear. It established the permanent 
seat of government at Lecompton. 



moR r iiisTOR r of ka nsas. ^i 3 

The actions of this Legislature added fuel to an alfeady 
fierce flame. There were murders, mobs, lynchings, the 
destruction of printing presses, and the driving out of 
settlers and citizens throughout the j^ear. The rescue of 
a prisoner named Branson from Samuel J. Jones, sheriff 
of Douglas County, Kansas, and postmaster of Westport, 
Missouri, led to the summoning of the militia as a sheriff's 
posse, and the armed rally of the Free State forces at 
Lawrence, with Charles Robinson as commander-in-chief, 
and of the pro-slavery forces at Franklin, near the 
mouth of the Wakarusa, and the disbanding of both 
forces without a battle, all together known as the 
" JVakartisa War." The pro-slavery forces dispersed 
on the order of Governor Shannon, who had succeeded 
Governor Reeder August 10, 1855 

In this year was inaugurated the first movement for 
the admission oj Kansas as a State, in the calling 
of a constitutional convention, and the adoption, Octo- 
ber 23, of the Topeka Constitution, which said, "There 
shall be no slavery in Kansas.'' On January 15, 1856, 
occurred the election of State officers under the Topeka 
Constitution, with Charles Robinson as Governor. In 
January, President Pierce, in a special message to Con- 
gress, denounced the organization of the Topeka govern- 
ment as revolutionary, and an act of rebellion. On 
March 4 the Legislature chosen under the Topeka consti- 
tution assembled at Topeka, and adjourned to meet on 
July 4. On that day it was dispersed by a force of 
United States troops, commanded by Colonel Sumner. 
The time of Congress was entirely occupied with various 
phases of the Kansas question. The Topeka constitu- 
tion was presented and was favored by the House, but 
rejected by the Senate. 

In Kansas both parties wei^e reinforced. Free State 
immigrants continued to pour in, coming by way of Iowa 
and Nebraska. In August a party of GOO immigrants, 



414 MODEL HISTORY. 

led by Gen. James H. Ln,n(\ arrived by this route. 
Companies of Southern })artisans arrived from Georgia, 
Alabama and South Carolina. The Federal authority 
adopted the ])oliey of making arrests on charges of 
treason. Governor Robinson was ari'ested in May, and 
was held at Lecompton for four months before being 
released on bail. The Territory was declared in a state 
of insurrection and was actually in a state of war. The 
pro-slavery army from Missouri on May 21 attacked 
Lawrence, destroyed the Free State hotel and two news- 
paper offices, and burned the house of Governor Robin- 
son, under the direction of SherifT Jones. Five days 
after, five pro-slavery settlers living on Pottawatomie 
Creek were called out at night and killed. John Brown 
took the field and defeated and captured Captain Pate's 
party. Franklin was captured by the Free State men. 
Col. Samuel Walker invested and took "Fort Titus." 
The fort of the Georgians near Osawatomie was 
taken. The war raged in Linn County. In Septemb(>r 
Captain Harvey attacked and cari-ied Hickory Point in 
Jefferson County, and his command was afterward taken 
in custody by United States soldiers, and added to the 
"Lecompton prisoners." The pro-slavery men bui-ned 
Osawatomie. 

On September 10, IS.")!;, Go7wrnor John IV. Geary 
arrived and relieved Secretary Woodson, who had ruled 
since the departure of Governor Shannon, removed. 
Governor Geary set at work t(i disljand the armed 
parties ; met and released from the United States troops 
a party oi Free State innnigi-ants coming Ivova the 
North, and met at the mouth of the Wakarusa a large 
pro-slavery force advancing from MissoiuM, and ordered 
them to fall f)ack, which they did. Many years afterward 
the name of the county of Davis in fvansas was changed 
to Geai"y in his honor. 

With IS,')! came the ///;-;/ of the tide. On the meet- 



SHOE T HISTOR Y OF KANSAS. 41 5 

ing of the Territorial Legislature at Lecompton, Gov- 
ei'iior Geary recommended the repeal of some of the slave 
laws, and also the building of a railroad to the Gulf of 
Mexico. Governor Geary resigned in February, and was 
succeeded in May, 1857, by Governor Robert J. Walker. 

Marcus J. Parrot was elected territorial delegate to 
Congress and was admitted without contest. 

The Lecompfon Consiitidional Convention niet 
September 7, 1857, and adopted a constitution contem- 
plating slavery. It was destined to be voted on three 
times, the last time under the "English bill," in August, 
1858, when it was rejected by over 9,000 votes. A candle 
box found in a wood pile, and once containing fraudulent 
election returns, forms part of the Kansas Historical 
Society's collection, a relic of the Lecompton constitu- 
tion. 

The legislature elected in 1857 contained a Free State 
majority. It provided for the meeting of a constitu- 
tional convention, which sul)se(piently adopted what is 
known as the Leavenworth Constitntion, which did 
not contain the word "wliite." 

In November, 1857, Gov^ernor Walker left the Terri- 
tory not to return, and Secretary Stanton was removed 
soon after. John W. Denver was appointed secretary 
and acting Governor in December, and was later 
appointed Governor. He resigned in Septeml)er, 1858, 
and on December 17, Samuel Medary, the last terri- 
torial Goz'ernor of Kansas, took the oath of oflice. 

On May 19, 1858, near Trading Post, in JAnn County, 
occurred the tragedy known as the " ]\Iarias des 
Cygnes Massacre." The |)lace is now marked by a 
monument. The memory of the bloody deed will be 
preserved by the verses of Whittier with their final 

])rophecy : 

" Ilencefurth to the sunset, 
Unchecked on her way, 
Shall Liberty follow 
The march of the day." 



410 MODEL niSTORY. 

Tn the years 1857 and lsr)S Kansas enjoyed eompara- 
tive })eac'e, received, especially in IS")?, a large t'tnmi- 
gratioHi discussed plans foi* railroads, established many 
newspapers, indulged in high schools, and 1858 saw the 
old roads made by the California gold-seekers of 1840 
thronged l)y adventurous thousands bound for the 
then n(>wly discovered gold fields of Pike's Peak 

The territorial Legislature of 185!), which met at Le- 
compton January 4, and immediately adjourned to Law- 
rence, found its attention directed to the war in ])rogress 
in Linn and Bourbon counties, between Capt. James 
Montgomery and his enemies. Captain Montgomery's 
ultimatum was laid before the Legislature, one article 
being that the parties he had "run out " of the Terri- 
tory should "Stay out." Later, a treaty was ari-anged 
between the contending forces. This Legislature re- 
pealed the laws of 1855 (the "Bogus laws") and the 
statute books were formally burned. Events moved rap- 
idly. Governor Medary issued on Mai'ch 1) his procla- 
mation for a vote for or against a constiftitional 
COIwenlion. On Mareh 28 the election was held, 
resulting in a majority in favor of a convention. 
The election for delegates was held June 7, 14,000 votes 
were cast, and of the delegates elected 35 were styled 
Republicans and 17 Democrats, the old distinction, Free 
State and pro-slavery having ceased. 

The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention assem- 
bled July 5, 1S51). It was the lirst- constitutional con- 
vention held in the Territory where both parties were 
repi'esented. James M. Winchell was chosen president, 
John A. Martin secretary, and Solon O. Thacher presi- 
dent pro tern. It was resolved to take the Constitution 
of Ohio as a model. In defining the limits of the State, 
the convention cut ofi Arapahoe County and declined to 
receive Nel)raska south of llie Platte River. A commit- 
tee on claims reported to the convention that in the 



SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 417 

course of the "Border troubles" tzoo httndred Iwes 

had been lost and $2, QUO, 000 worth of [)roperty had 
been destroyed. On October 16, 1859, the Wyandotte 
Constitution was ratified by a vote of the people ; and 
on December 0, State officers, members of the Legislature 
and a representative in Congress were elected. 

The year 1860 has been remembered for the great 
calamity known as i\iQ " drouth of '6o," although it 
began in 1859 and continued into 1861. Many settlers 
left the Territory never to ?-eturn. The sufferings of the 
people who remained were relieved through the gener- 
osity of the Northern States. The Legislature of New 
York appropriated $50,000, the Legislature of Wiscon- 
sin $10,000. The contributions of societies ajid individ- 
uals were very great. The general relief committee for 
the Territory acknowledged the receipt of aid to the 
amount of over one million pounds, besides clothing, 
boots and shoes. The principal point of receipt and 
distribution was Atchison. The president of the relief 
society and its most active agent was Samuel C. Pom- 
eroy. 

Notwithstanding the distress of the Territory, the 
first mile of railroad track was laid, and the first 
locomotive ap[)eared in Kansas at Elwood, Doniphan 
County, in 1860. Peace and quiet generally prevailed in 
the Territory, save in Linn County, where Captain Mont- 
gomery again took the field, and among other acts 
executed Russell Hinds as a "man stealer," under the 
authority of a passage in Exodus. 

The United States census of 1860 gave Kansas a popu- 
lation of 107,204, though this was later much diminished. 



418 MODEL HisrORY. 

CHAPTER TIJ. 

THE STATE OF KANSAS, 

iS6i—i8g7. 

On January 21, 18(!1, the House of Representatives 
passed the bill for ihe admission of Kansas a,s a 

State under the Wyandotte constitution ; on January 28 
the bill passed the Senate, and on January 2'J was signed 
by President Buchanan. The news was received in 
Kansas with rejoicings that filled the day and consumed 
the night. The children of Kansas still honor January 
29 with songs and speeches as " Kansas Day." The 
State officers elected on December (I, 1859, assumed 
office. Governor Robinson was sworn in on February 9, 
1861, the same day that Jefferson Davis was chosen 
Provisional President of the Southern Confederacy. 

"^^^i^ first Legislature <>f the State of Kansas assembled 
at Topeka on March 26, 1861. The House met in the 
"Gale Block " and the Senate in the " Ritchie Block." 
The first important act of the Legislature was the election 
of two United States Senators on April 4. But one 
ballot was taken and it consumed two hours. James H. 
Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were chosen. 

Martin F. Conway had been elected a member of 
Congress at the election held under the Wyandotte 
Constitution December 6, 1859. His term expiring 
March 4, 1861, he was re-elected on June 17, 1861, 
thus completing the Kansas representation in Congress. 

The Legislature at this session adopted the State seal. 
The motto Ad astra per aspera was suggested by 
John James Tup-alls. 

Topeka was made the permanent Capital by a vote 
of the people November 5, 1861. 



SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. -11 ^ 

On June 4 the iirst Legislature adjoui-ned. The eouutry 
was wrapped in flames, and thei^eal'ter foi- hnir years tlie 
bushiess of Kansas was war. 

A summary made from the reeords of the Adjutant- 
General of the United States in 1865, showed that under 
every call of the President, Kansas furnished her quota 
of volunteers. Under all the calls her cpiota was 12,930 ; 
the State furnished 20,151 men. The record credits 
Kansas with nineteen regiments, five companies and 
three batteries ; these participated in 127 engagements 
during the war. Adjutant-General Anderson reported 
in lS(](j that Kansas had lost out of her force 472 officers 
and 7,;>45 men. 

The bombardment of Fort Sumter occurred on April 
12, 1801. On April 17 Col. Samuel Walker, of Law- 
rence, tendered Governor Robinson a company of one 
lumdred mcMi. Thereafter the enlistment and mustering 
was continuous. The 1st Kansas Volunteers was mus- 
tered on June 1. On August 10, the 1st and 2d Kansas 
were engaged in the battle of Wilson Creek, Missouri. 
In February, 1802, Kansas had !l,000 soldiers in the field. 
In the s[)ring and suuuner of 1802 three regiments were 
recruited from the loyal Indians driven into Kansas 
from the Indian Territory, and officered from the Kansas 
regiments. In May, 180)2, the 1st Kansas, the 7th Kan- 
sas Cavalry, tlie 8th Kansas Infantry and the 2d Kansas 
Battery were sent beyond the Mississippi. 

On August 21, 1803, the guerrilla Quantrell at- 
tacked Lawrence at four o'clock in the morning, and 
left the burning city between nine and ten o'clock in the 
forenoon. A great portion of the city was burned ; 143 
citizens were killed and 30 wounded. The loss of prop- 
erty was estimated at $2,000,000. After this the war 
along the border took on a more merciless character. 
The numl^er of lives taken in revenge for Lawrence has 
never been recorded. 



420 MODEL HISTORY. 

In October, 186-1, theudvance of Gen. Sterling Price 

with a large Confederate force in the direction of Kansas 
City and the Kansas border led to the calling out of the 
Kansas militia. Tt was estimated that 20,000 Kansas 
men were underarms. In the actions called the "Battle 
of the Blue" and the "Battle of Westport," General 
Blunt conmianded the Kansas brigades of Colonels 
Moonlio'ht, Jennison and Blair. The decisive battle of 
Mine Creek, three days later, was fought on Kansas soil 
in Linn County. 

The larger numl)er of Kansas troops saw service west 
of the Mississippi in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian 
Territory, extending their marches as far south as 
Mississippi, Louisiana and Te.xas. It was all hard and 
perilous work, much of it in a country but little more 
than a wilderness. All over this country Kansas 
soldiers, white, black and red, met and patiently and 
bravely endured the rude fortunes of war. During the 
war the State suffered numerous invasions by the enemy, 
and defenseless towns were burned and plundered. 

The history of two wars, the Border War and the Civil 
War, is preserved in the collections of the Kansas State 
Historical Society, in the capitol at Topeka. There 
thousands of public rejjorts and ])rivate letters ; the 
annals of the war ; journals written u[) by soldiers by 
the campfire's light and amid the echoes of battle, gath- 
ered with "bruised ar-ms"; and tattered flags hanging 
old and weary on tlu^ walls, tell all the story. 

Those who served and waited, fought and fell, have 
been I'einembei-ed on the map of Kansas. The coun- 
ties of Mitclu>Il, Cloud, Trego, Norton, Clark, Hai-- 
per, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Stafford, Cowley, Graham, 
Jewell, Osborne, Ellis, Gove, Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman 
were named in honor of Kansas soldiers of the Union. 
Governors Crawford and Harvey, whose names are borne 
by counties, were officers in Kansas regiments. Alfred 



SHORT iiistohy of kaxsas. -121 

Gray and Dudley C. Haskell saw service with the Kan- 
sas troops. 

Charles Robinson and Thomas Carney were the " zoar 
governors" o( Kansas. 

During the continuance of the Civil War, following 
as it did a year of drouth and four years nearly filled 
with "Border tn)ubles," Kansas made slow accumula- 
tion of population and material wealth, but with the 
close of the strugrerle the State beffan to receive an 
increased immigration. This was largely owing to the 
passage by Congress, in 1802, of the Homestead Laze, 
giving the settler a title to 1(!0 acres of public land, on 
five years' residence. The adding to the law of a ])ro- 
vision allowing the deduction from this term of resi- 
dence of the time the soldier had served in the armies of 
the United States, filled the young State with the dis- 
banded soldiers of the Union, bringing martial and 
patriotic traditions. In ISSG, 100,000 Union volunteers 
had been enrolled by the Adjutant-General of Kansas as 
residents of the State. The Government land offices, 
which were moved westward from time to time as the 
State became occupied, were centers of interest ; the 
claimants sometimes surrounding the office all night, 
waiting its opening in the morning. In the Concordia 
land district alone, in the year 1871, 932,715 acres of 
land were entered under the Homestead Law. The 
'^ homesteader " was the "Pilgrim father" of Kan- 
sas ; he pushed to the front, following the bulTalo, kill- 
ing the beast for his meat and hide ; and later gathering 
up his bleaching bones and hauling them to the railroad 
for "money or barter." 

Railroads were the first desire of Kansas. The 
earliest territorial Legislatures were accustomed to char- 
ter railroad companies with ample powers. The ])lans 
usually contemplated following the old trails of the 
traders. The objective points were the Rocky Moun- 



422 MODEL HISTORY. 

tains, llio Gulf of Mexico and Santa Fe. Congress 
adopted the policy of niakino- immense grants of land 

to the railroads, especially those designed to connect 
the East and the West, the routes of which necessarily 
ran through Kansas. In January, ISOG, the Legislature 
granted 500,000 acres of State lands to four different 
railroad companies. Large bodies of Indian lauds \vei"o 
purchased by the railroads. The laiuls granted by the 
United States to the railroads usually lay within ten 
miles on either side of the ti"ack's in alternate sections ; 
the Government retaining the remaining sections for 
sale at $2.50 per acre. In the same decade following 
the war, railroad building was vigorously pushed in 
Kansas, the year 1866 seeing the beginning of several 
important enterprises. It was the year of " breaking 
ground." The counties followed the example of the 
United States and of the State, and voted bonds. At. 
the close of the year 1867 tlu-re were reported 52)5 miles 
of railroad in the State ; in June, 1870, there were 1,288 
miles. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe received its 
first locomotive in Topeka in 18(;!l. On September 1, 
1870, the Kansas Pacific, later called the Union Pacific, 
and begfun in 1863, reached Denver, the first railroad to 
cross Kansas "from end to end." 

The new State was troubled for years by the incur- 
sions of Indians, who in May, 1866, killed six men at 
Lake Sibley in Cloud County, and in July of the same 
year committed rol)beries and outrages on White Rock 
Creek in Republic County. Latt'r in the season the set- 
tlers in the Solomon and Republican valleys were driven 
out. in 1867 an Indian war prevailed on the plains, and 
in July the 18th Kansas Battalion of four companies, 
commanded by Rlajor H. L. Moore, took the field. The 
Indians continued their activity, the principal object of 
their attacks being the grading parties along the line of 
the Kansas Pacific Railroad. The ISth defeated the 



SHOE T ins TORY OF K. I .V,SV1 ,S; 423 

Indians in the Republican valley, l)ut nuiiiy uiufders 
continued to be reported from the Solomon, Republican 
and Saline valleys. In September, Governor Crawford 
called out five companies of cavalry militia to })rotect 
these regions. On October 9, 18G8, General Sheridan 
called on Governor Crawford for a cavalry regiment of 
volunteers, and on tlie 20th of the month the first com- 
pany of the lUth Kansas Cavalry was mustered at Topeka, 
and on November 4 Governor Crawford resigned his 
office to take command of the regiment, which }»artici- 
pated in tlie campaign against the savages, until April, 
18G1>. The Indians were badly cut up at Black Kettle's 
village on the Washita by General Custer anti professed 
their submission, but in the spring of 1870 broke into 
the Republican and Solomon valleys and murdered 
settlers. United States soldiers were stationed in the 
assailed country to protect the jicople of the frontier. 
In his message to the Legislature of 1875, Governor 
Osborne called attention to the fact that in the June 
previous Indians had killed a citizen near Fort Dodge ; 
that this was followed l)y the murder of four other men 
in Barber and Comanche counties, and that the " l)loody 
work went on until twenty-six citizens of Kansas had 
been killed witliin the limits of the State." The mur- 
derers were believed to be Osages. The Goveimor 
armed several companies and sent arms to the threatened 
people, after which there were no further incursions. In 
September, 1878, a body of Northern Cheyennes who 
had been removed to the Indian Territory broke away 
and started with their women and children to the north- 
ward. They wei"e first heard of attacking the cattle 
camps and killing the herders. On September 28 the 
Indians were attacked by troops from Fort Dodge. 
Lieut. -Col. William H. Lewis was killed and the Indians 
pursued their way northward. They halted on the Sappa 
Creek in Decatur County, and committed many murders 



424 MODEL HISTORY. 

und outrages. They finally made their escape, having 
passed entirely across the State without having been 
seriously molested. They killed twenty-nine white 
people and wounded three. This was the last Indian 
raid in Kansas. 

The Legislature of 18()3 located the Insane Asvlttnt 
at Osawatomie, accepted the Congressional grant of 
lands for an Agricultural College iit Manhattan, and 
provided for the State UniT'ersitv ''■^^' Lawrence, and the 
State Normal School at Emporia. The Legislature of 
1864 located the State Blind Asvltim at Wyandotte, and 
the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe. The State 
Penitentiary was located at Lansing, Leavenworth 
County, in 18r)4. 

The State continued to prosper, and the United States 
census of L870 showed that the gain of ])(tpulation in the 
decade between 1860 and 1870 had l)een 2J^.^Q per 
cent, against an average increase of 21.52 per cent in 
the country at lai'ge. This gain in Kansas was almost 
entirely made in the years 1865 70. 

Up to the year 1872 Kansas had but one representa- 
tive in Congress, the office being filled successively by 
Martin F. Conway, A. Carter Wilder, Sydney Clarke 
and D. P. Lowe. Under the census of 1870 the State 
became entitled to three Representatives, and in 
November, 1872, D. P. Lowe, William A. Phillips, and 
Stei)hen A. Cobb were elected from the State at large. 

The decade 1870 to 1880 witnessed a grreat erowth 
in the institutions of the State. In January, 1870, the 
State moved out of its "own hired house" into the Cap- 
itol, the east wing of which was then opened and occu- 
pied. The State University at Lawrence, which dedi- 
cated in 1866 its first building, in 1873 opened its main 
building, considered at the time one of the finest struc- 
tures dedicated to educational uses in the United States. 
The State Normal School comj)leted a new building in 



SHORT nrSTORY OP KAXSAS. 425 

1872. The State AgTieultural College removed to the 
new quarters. Thus it happened in this period, 1870-80, 
that all the State institutions, educational, charitable and 
penal, removed from the buildings first ])rovided for 
them into new and larger ones. The State Insane 
Asylum at Topeka was added to the original State insti- 
tutions in 1879. 

In 1874 occurred the hwasloH of the locusts, or 
grasshoppers. They came simultaneously with a drouth 
which set in after the wheat harvest, and affected nearly 
the entire area of the State. Where they passed, the 
destruction of vegetation was absolute. In the spring 
of 1875 the young grasshoppers appeared in great num- 
bers, but in a shoi-t time disappeared, and- the season 
which followed was one of the most fruitful in the his- 
tory of the State. 

In 187(! Kansas participated in the great Centennial 
Kxposition a,t Philadelphia, while several older States 
"made no sign. " Kansas attracted universal attention 
by the character of her display, and the artistic manner 
of its arrangement. The display of fruit was perhaps 
the most i-emarkable feature. The Kansas State Board 
of Agriculture, the late Alfred Gray being its efficient 
secretary, took an active and notable part in this expo- 
sition. One much admired featui'e was a large maji of 
Kansas, a star showing the location of eziery school- 
house ill the State. Kansas made an educational 
exhibit at the Paris Exposition (.f 1878, and took a silver 
medal. 

Kansas was settled largely by "colonies." In 1871 
the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony in Saline 
Counly, 22,000 acres ; to a Scotch colony in Dickinson 
County, 47,000 acres ; to an English colony in Clay 
County, ::)2,(t00 acres ; and to a Welsh colonj'^ in Riley 
County, 19,000 acres. Each of these purchases became 
the nucleus of prosperous village and farming communi- 



426 MODEL HlSTOkY. 

ties. With tlie addition of the Atchison, Topel\a & 
Santa Fe Railroad Comjiany to the land-selling corpoi-a- 
tions, Kansas received "bold advertisement." Not only 
was the United States covered, but the company estab- 
lished its agencies in London and the principal cities of 
Europe. Its agents traversed every country where 
intending emigrants were likely to be found. As a 
result of these labors the McnnoiiHe settlers, who had 
resolved to leave their homes in Southern Russia, on 
account of the announced revocation by the Russian 
Government of certain privileges granted their fathers on 
settling in Russia, commenced arriving in large parties at 
Topeka, in September, 1874. In October, they bought of 
the Santa Fe, 100,000 acres of land lying in the coun- 
ties of Harvey, Marion and Reno. In a short time it 
was announced that G,000 Mennonites had settled in the 
Arkansas valley. These people, while popularly called 
"Russians," were Germans in lineage and language. 
They brought with them from Russia the apricot and 
mulberry, and also brought what they had retained in 
Russia, the German thrift, industry and belief in popu- 
lar and universal education. They abandoned, after a 
brief trial, the village or community system and ado])ted 
the Western American idea. At about the time of the 
arrival of the Mennonites there came large numbers of 
German-Russian emigi-ants, usually professing the Catho- 
lic faith, who made their settlement on the line of the 
Kansas Pacific, in Ellis County. They built their vil- 
lages, named after old homes in Russia, cultivated the 
lands around them, and here they have since lived and 
flourished. 

Four years after the coming of the emigrants from 
Russia, there a])peared in Kansas a migration of a vei-y 
different character. This was the famous Exodus. 
Parties of colored people, had, prior to 1S70, settled in 
southern Kansas and planted cotton, but their numbers 



snonT msTon v of ka ns^as. -^27 

\vei"e trifling comparcMl with tlu> host wlio, without warn- 
ing, camo ashoi'c from stoanihouts at Wyanth^tte and 
Atchison, and eventually gathered at Topeka. They 
came fi'om Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana, and 
later laro-e delegations arrived at Parsons from Texas. 
All secerned cheerful but in a state of utter destitution. 
Steps were taken for their relief, and as usual, when 
Kansas was in trouble, aid came from all quarters. In 
April, ISSO, the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association 
reported that nearly $30,000 had been received, $3,000 
of the amount coming from England. The number of 
" Exodusters " was estimated as high as 20,000. All 
became absorbed in the population of the country. Col- 
ored Tennesseans established the town of Nicodemus 
and became the first settlers of Graham County. 

The Legislature of 1879, by a decided majority in both 
branches, passed a joint resolution to submit to a vote 
of the people an amendment t«i the State Constitution 
proliihiting in Kansas "th(> manufacture and sale of 
intoxicating liquors, except for medical, scientific and 
mechanical purposes." The amendment was adopted at 
the general election in November, 1880. The Legislature 
of 1881 passed the act to enfoi'ce the provisions of the 
amendment, commonly called the *■' Prohibition Law :" 
the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to 21 
noes. On February 1!) the act received the sig»ature of 
Governor St. John. On February 22 the Supreme Court 
decided that the amendment had been legally adopted. 
On May 1, 1881, the prohibitory law went into effect. 

The United States census of 1880 gave Kansas a pop- 
ulation of 900,060. The State was reaching forward 
toward her first million. Under the census of 1880 the 
representation of Kansas in Congress was increased to 
four members, and E. N. jNIorrill, B. W. Perkins, Lewis 
Hanback and S. R. Peters were elected from the State at 
laro-e. 



■1^8 MODEL HJSTOllY. 

The decade 1880-1800 was generally prosperous. It 
was in these years that there came about without any 
legal enactment or declaration the adoption of ffie sttn- 
flower a.s the emblem, and the " Sunflower State " as the 
familiar and household name of Kansas. The sunflower 
comes with the breaking of the prairie soil by passing 
wheel or other disturbing agency. The flower sprang up 
on either side of the Santa Fe trail for 700 miles. Where 
ever in Kansas the settler has come to sow or reap, and 
whenever the dug-out is abandoned, the sunflowers grow 
within and overtop the roofless walls. The sunflower is 
the badge worn by Kansans on all great festal occasions. 

The early and actual settlers of Kansas fully under- 
stood the value and use of the free, the common school. 
The school went on during the most troublous yeai's of the 
Territorial period. The organic act under which Kansas 
was admitted provided that Sections IG and 36 in every 
township of public land in this State "shall be granted 
to said State for the use of schools" — this exclusive 
of seventy-two sections granted a State university — 
this formed the basis of a permanent school fund. 
On the close of the Civil War the school interest in town 
and country became a leading one. In Leavenworth, in 
18(36, Hon. David J. Brewer, later of the Supreme Court 
of the United States, was Superintendent of Schools. 
Prof. Louis Agassiz, in describing his visit to Leaven- 
worth in that year, speaks of "that great free-school 
building." In 1868-69 all the larger towns in the State 
built school houses, varying in cost from $8,000 to 
$40,000; in 1872 Paola erected one costing $50,000. 
Out in the pi"airie country the people built school houses, 
th(> best possible; when other building material was not 
available they were built of sod. In the Historical 
Socielys ccillection there is ;i picture dated 1879 of a 
sod school house in Osboi-ne County, with forty-one 
children standing in front of it. The first newspaper 



man t histor y of kans^as. 429 

in each count}^ took notice wlicn the first sod school house 
was completed. The preservation of the school lands 
from spoliation early became a matter of official anxiety. 
State Superintendent McVicar reported in 1871 that 
"owing to a reaction in the public mind in regard to the 
disposal of the Indian reserves, there had been added to 
the common school endowment of the State" through 
acts of Congress 404,755 acres. Improvements in the 
common-school system have been made from time to 
time. The first Teachers' Institute was held at Em- 
poria in 18G3. In 180G Institutes were held in all the 
counties. The State Teachers' Association held its first 
meeting in Leavenworth in 1808. 

The following is a list of all Territorial and State 
Superintendents of Public Instruction in the order of 
their succession : 

TERRITORIAL SUPERIXTEXDENT.S. 

James H. Note ware, jNIaroh, 1858, to Decern] )er, 1858. 
Samuel Wiley Greer, Decemlier, 1858, to January, 1861. 
John C. Douglas, January, ISGl, to February, 1861. 

STATE SUPERINTENDENTS. 

William Riley Gritiith, February, 1861, to February^ 1862. 
Simeon I\I. Thorp, March, 1862, to January, 1863. 
Isaac T. Goodnow, January, 1863, to January, 1867. 
Peter McVicar, January, 1867, to January, 1871. 
Hugh De France McCarty, January, 1871, to January, 1875. 
John Fraser, January, 1875, to January, 1877. 
Allen Borsley Lemmon, January, 1877, to January, 1881. 
Henry Clay Speer, January, 1881, to January, 1885. 
Joseph Iladden Lawliead, January, 1885, to January, 1889. 
George AV. Winans, January, 1889, to Januar\', 1893. 
Henry Newton Gaines, Jamiary, 1893, to January, 1895. 
Edmnnd Stanley, January, 1895, to January, 1897. 
William Stryker, January, 1897. 

The State on June 30, 1896, possessed 9,418 school 
houses, and had employed 11,700 teachers in the instruc- 
tion of 378,399 scholars. The total attendance at the 
State University for the year was 915; at the State 



430 MODEL lUSTOnr. 

Normal Schnol, 1,730; at the State Agricultural College, 
647. On July 1, ]897, the permanent school fund of the 
State of Kansas amounted to $(1,271,2157.01. 

The celebration of the Quarter- Centennial of 
Kansas, being the twenty-fifth year since the })a,ssage of 
the Kansas-Nebraska Act, began at Lawrence, on Sep- 
tember 15, 1879, which date, as it happened, was the 
twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first news- 
paper in Kansas. The occasion was notable for the 
number of those present who took part in the stirring 
scenes of the "Territorial period." On January 29, 
1885, the Quarter Centennial of the State Wcis 
formally observed by a meeting at Topeka. The Gov- 
ernor of the State, John A. Martin ; Chaiies Robinson, 
the first Governor, and Col. D. R. Anthony, President of 
the Sbile Histoi-ical Society, presiding at the sessions. 
The thirtieth anuwersary of the settlement of Law- 
rence was observed Se})teml)('r 2, 1884, and was marked 
by the presence of Territoi-ial Secretary, Frederick P. 
Stanton, and Territorial Governor, J. W. Denver, who 
spoke amid the cold ashes of the old warfare. 

The observations of Kansas weather began at the 
State University, in 18(17, and three times a day ever 
sinc(> have been I'ecorded the rainfall and th(> " I'un of 
the wind," the temperature and the moisture, and the 
proportions of cloud and sun. This procedure is typical 
of the care which has been taken in Kansas in all her 
days in the exploration of the heavens above, and the 
earth l)eneath, and the waters under the earth. All the 
resoui'cc^s of the State, actual and possiljle, have been 
investigated and discussed, the volumes of the State 
Board of Agriculture forming an extensive library of 
infoi'mation on all these subjects. Sugar and cotton and 
sdk have been made the subjects of sometimes costh' 
experiment, the State extending its aid. The making 
of salt liiis been developed into a leading industry at 



SHORT IITSTOB Y OF KA NSA^. 431 

tTutehinson ; forestry has exercised its charm ; the 
dream of "re-foresting the plains" has been indulged 
in (the Timber Act was a Kansas idea) and "Arbor 
Day " (a Nebraska suggestion) has been duly obsei-ved, 
and shade and shadow has come where once the map- 
maker located the "Great American Desert." 

First and last with these has been the quest of a 
supply of water, and the study and practice of irriga- 
tion. Here again the State has been an observer and a 
patron. In 187!) a more extensive irrigation plant than 
had ever been known in Kansas was begun near Garden 
City. The experiment has been continued with varying 
success in widely separated neighborhoods, especially in 
the valley of the Arkansas. The Legislature of 1895 
mad(^ an appropriation for the investigation of the 
" tinder- flow" believed to exist, from the success of 
artesian wells in Meade County, and from other indica- 
tions. Early experiments have been followed up to 
successful demonstration at Tola, Allen County, of the use 
for manufacturing purposes of natural gas; ^nd at 
Neodesha, Wilson County, there is a great coal oil pi"<>- 
duction. 

Between the years 1880 and 1890 many additions were 
made to the number of State institutions. In 1881 the 
State Asylum for Imbeciles was established at Lawrence, 
and in 1886 was removed to Winfield. The Soldiers' 
Orphans' Home was located at Atchison in 1885, and 
opened in 1887. The State Reform School for Girls at 
Beloit began its work in 1889. In the same year the 
State Soldiers' Home was created at Dodge City, the 
United States granting the gi'ounds and buildings at Old 
Fort Dodge for the purpose. The State Reformatoi'y 
was located at Hutchinson in 188G, though not opened 
for the reception of prisoners until 1895. 

In the year 1887 the counties of Gray, Garfield, Has- 
kell and Stanton were oro;anized. The counties of Kear- 



432 MODEL IIlsTOnr. 

noy iind Grant were organized in LS8S, completing the 
list ^'f Kansas counties. The Legislature of 1893 
changed Garfield County to Garfield Township, Finney 
County, so that Kansas now comprises 105 counties. 

The organization of several of the counties was attended 
by violence and murder, caused by the contention of rival 
towns for the county seat. In January, 1888, there were 
troubles in Wichita County. In the summer of that year 
Stevens County was the scene of disturbance culminating 
in the killing of Sherifi" Cross and several citizens. The 
State militia was called out to preserve the peace and 
restore oi'der. 

The United States census of 1890 gave Kansas a pop- 
ulation of 1,410,914. Under this census Kansas became 
entitled to eight Representatives in Congress 

In 1898 Kansas was represented at the IVorld's Fair 
at Chicago by a creditable exhibition made through the 
exertions of the people and without an ap})ropriation 
from the State. 

In 1896 John W. Leedy, the pi'cscnt incumbent, was 
elected Governor. 

In the order of succession, the Governors of Kansas 
have been as follows : 

Charles Kobinson, 1861, 2 years. John P. St. John, 1879, 4 years. 

Thomas Carney, 1803, 2 years. George W. Glick, 1883, 2 years. 

Samuel J. Crawford, 1865, 3 John A. :\Iartin, 1885, 4 years. 

years. Lyman U. Htunphrey, 1889, 4 
Ntheniiah Green, 1808, 1 year. years. 

James M. ITarvey, 1869, 4 years. Lorenzo 1). Lewellyn, 1893, 2 
Thomas A. Osborne, 1873, 4 years. 

years. Ednmiul N. INIorrill, 1895, 2 
(ieorge T. Anthony, 1S77, 2 years. 

years. John ^\'. Lee<ly, 1897. 

Tilt' first senators cIiosimi from Kansas were : James 
H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy in 1801. 



SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 



433 



The following is a table of United States Senators from 
Kansas in the order of their sueeession : 



*Janies H. Lane ISOl 

tEdnuuid (i. Ross 1S6G 

" " " ISO? 

II Alexander Caldwell 1S71 

fRobert Crozier 1873 

tJanies M. Harvey 1874 

Preston B. Plumb 1877 

" 1883 

* " " " 1889 

tBishop W. Perkins bS<)3 

tLucien Baker 18'J5 

* Died in ofUcc. II Resigned. 

t Elected to till vacancy. 



Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861 

" " " 1867 

John James Ingalls 1873 

1871) 

1885 

William A. IVH'er 1891 

William A. Harris 1897 



t A|)pointed to till vacancy. 



Now, Kansas, far removed from the trials and perils of 
her youth, in the possession of great and constantly de- 
veh^ping- natural resources, performs in peace and safety 
tlie labors, meets the responsibilities and studies the 
questions of law and liberty vital to the existence of an 
American State. 



INDEX 



A. 

Acquisitions of Territory, oS8. 
Adams, John, 101, 108, 146, 150, 
155, 195. 

Samuel, 108. 

.John Q., 154, 190, 217. 
Ao-riculture, 8:!, 293, 300, 324. 
Alabuinii, The, 203. 

Admission of, 184. 

Claims, 276. 
Alaska, Purchase of, 272. 
Alien Law, 155. 
Alliance with France, 124. 
Allston, Washington, 176. 
American flag, 124. 
Andre, Major, 130. 
Anti-Masonic Excitement, 192. 
Arctic Exploration, 233. 
Arkansas, Admission of, 204. 
Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 82, 107, 

130. 
Art, 146, 295. 

Articles of Confederation, 124. 
Ashburton Treaty, 214. 
Assassination of Lincoln, 264. 
Atlantic Cable, 241,271. 
Australian Ballot Law, 313. 

B. 

Balboa, 32. 
Banks, N. P., 239. 
Barlow, Joel, 177. 
Battle of Antietam, 256. 

Bennington, 120. 

Brandy wine, 121. 

Buena Vista, 224. 

Bull Run, 252. 

Bunker Hill, 104. 



Camden, 129. 

Chancellorsville, 259. 

Chattanooga, 260. 

Chickamauga, 260. 

Cold Harbor, 262. 

Cowpens, 131. 

Fair Oaks, 254. 

Fort Donolson, 256. 
Henry, 25(). 
Sumter, 248. 
Washington, 117. 

Fredericksburg, 256. 

Germantown, 121. 

Gettysburg, 259. 

Guilford Court-House, 131. 

Lexington, 103. 

Long Island, 117. 

Monmouth, 125. 

New Orleans, 174. 

Palo Alto, 224. 

Seven Days', 256. 

Shiloh, 257. 

Spottsylvania, 2()2. 

Stillwater, 120. 

Tippecanoe, 170. 

Trenton, 117. 

Wilderness, 262. 
Bible Society, 177. 
Biddle, Nicholas, 199. 
Birney, James G., 212, 222. 
Blue Laws, 68. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 152, 158, 

406. 
Boone, Daniel, 144, 153. 
Boston News Letter, 88. 

Fire, 277. 
Tea Party, lOL 



434 



INDEX. 



435 



Braddock, Sir Edward, 78. 
Brown University, 93. 
Brown, Charles B., 177. 
John, 243, 412, 414. 
Breckinridge, John C, 240, 246. 
Buchanan, James, 240. 
Biirgoyiie, Gen., 104, 120. 
Burke", Ednnind, 82, 100, 122. 
Burr, Aaron, 155, 1(31. 

C. 

Cabot, 33. 

Cal)rillo, 32. 

Calhoun, J. C, 176, 190, 200, 2.J5. 

California, Admission of, 232. 

Calvert, Cecil, 53, 56. 

Campbell, John, 88. 

Carolina, [Settlement of, 57. 

Cartier, 34. 

Cass, Lewis, 231. 

Census, First, 141. 

Second, 153. 

Third, 175. 

Fourth, 184. 

Fifth, 204. 

Sixth, 210. 

Seventh, 233. 

Eighth, 245. 

Mnth, 275. 

Tenth, 288. 

Eleventh, 311. 
Centennial Exhibition, 283. 
Champlain, 34. 
Channing, W. E., 176. 
Chicago, Burning of, 276. 
Chinese Inniiigration, 287, 302. 
Cholera, Asiatic, 204. 
Church Practice, 67, 73. 
Citizen Genet, 141. 
Civil Service, 169, 193, 198, 285, 

306. 
Claims of Territory, 35, 75. 
Clay, Henry, 176, 179, 181, 186, 
222, 235. 



Cleveland, Grover, 298, 317. 
Clinton, Gen., 104, 125, 129. 

Cleorge, 169. 

De Witt, 176, 183. 
Coast Survey, 165. 
College of New Jersey, 92. 
Colonial Governments, Nature 

of, 62. 
Colonial Foundations, Periods 

of, 62. 
Colonization Society, 178. 
Colorado, Admission of, 282. 
Columbia College, 92. 
Columbian Exposition, 315, 318. 
Columbus, Christopher, 28,.32,64. 
Confeilerate States, 247. 
Congress, First Colonial, 99. 

Second Colonial, 101. 

Third Colonial, 104. 
Connecticut, Settlement of, 55. 
Conscription Act, 261. 
Conway Cabal, 123. 
Copyright Law, 313. 
Cornwallis, Gen., 117, 131. 
Cortez, 32. 

Cotton, Culture of, 84, 147. 
Credit Mol)ilier Investigation, 



D. 

Dartmouth College, 93. 
Daughters of Lil>erty, 99. 
Davis, Jefferson, 217, 263. 
Day, Stephen, 88. 
Dearborn, Gen. Henry, 171. 
Declaration of Independence, 

392. 
De Gama, 27. 
De Kalb, Baron, 12.5, 130. 
Delaware, Settlement of, 60. 
De Monts, 34. 
De Soto, 32. 
Diaz, Bartholomew, 27. 



436 



MODEL HISTORY. 



Discovery of America, 25. 
Domestic Life, 71, 87, 149, 1.");;, 

196. 
Dorr, Thomas W., 215. 
Douglas, S. A., 2;J7, 246. 
Drake, Sir Francis, 33. 
Dred Scott Decision, 243. 
Duplex Apparatus, 221. 
Dwight, Eanmn(l,211. 

E. 

Education, m, 89, 145, 211, 294, 

325. 
Edwards, Jonathan, 94. 
Egyi)tian Obelisk, 2i)l. 
Electoral Colleges, 156. 
Eliot, Rev. Jared, 83. 

Rev. John, 65. 
Ellsworth, Oliver, 139. 
Emancipation Proclamation 259 
Embargo, 161. 

Erickson the Northman, 22. 
Erie Canal, 183. 
Ewiiig, Thomas, 234. 
Exodus, 287. 
Extra Sessions of C-ongress, 288, 

F. 

Fairbanks, Jonas, 71. 
Farewell Address, 150. 
Farming in Early Times, 70. 
Ferdinand of Spain, 29. 
Field, Cyrus W., 241. 
Fifteenth Amendment, 275. 
Fillmore, Millard, 231, 240. 
Finance, 128, 175, 265. 
Fine Arts, 146, 295, 325. 
First Inhabitants, 17. 
Fitcii, John, 165. 
Florida, Purchase of, 181. 

Admission of, 221. 
Flying Machines, 85, 154. 
Flynt, Alice, 71. 



Foreign Missionary Society, 167. 
Forty Historic Americans, 339. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 77, 90, 94, 
108, 124, 146, 153. 
Sir John, 2.33. 
Frederick the Great, 119. 
Freedom of the Press, 88. 
iM-eesoil Party, 230. 
Fremont, John C, 225, 240. 
Freneau, P., 177. 
Frobisher, INIartin, 33. 
Fulton, Robert, 165. 

G. 

Gadsilen Purchase, 236. 
Gage, Gen., 102, 103. 
Garfield, Gen. J. A., 291. 
Garrison, W. L., 203, 209, 233. 
Gates, Gen., 82, 107, 120, 129. 
Genet, Citizen, 141. 
Georgia, Settlement of, 60. 
Gerry, Elbridge, 151. 
Gold in California, 226. 
Goodrich, Dr., 167. 
Goodyear, Charles, 221. 
Gougii, J. B., 211. 
Grand Army of the Pepub ic, 

301. 
Grand Model, 57. 
Grant, Gen. U. S., 256, 2(;i, 273, 

274. 
Greeley, Horace, 269, 278, 280. 
Greene, Gen. Nat., 131. 

H. 

Hale, John P., 235. 
Hamilton, Andrew, 88. 

Alexander, 139, 146, 152, 162 
Handin, Hannibal, 246. 
Hard Times, 317. 
Harrison, Gen. W. H., 170, 172, 

176,207,212. 
Harrison, Benjamin, 308. 



INDEX. 



437 



Hartford Convention, 173. 
Harvard College, 91 . 
Hayes, Captain Isaac, 234. 

Rutherford B., 284. 
Hayne, R. Y., 200. 
Henry, Patrick, 95, 98, 102, 106, 

108, 153. 
Hessians, 116, 117. 
Historical Illustrations, 375. 
Holbrook, Josiah, 211. 
Homestead Laws, 268, 421. 
Hopkins,. Esek, 128. 
Howe, Gen., 104, 117. 

Elias, 227. 
Hudson, Henry, 34. 
Hussey, Obed, 206. 
Hutchinson, Anne, 47. 

I. 

Illinois, Admission of, 184. 
Illustrations of History, 360. 
Impeachment of President, 271. 
Indiana, Admission of, 176. 
Indian Massacres, 43, 51,126, 422. 
Indians, 18, 410. 

Treatment of, 64. 
International Arbitration, 320. 
Interstate Commerce Law, 300. 
Iowa, Admission of, 230. 
Isabella, 29. 

J. 
.lackson, Gen. Andrew, 173, 174, 

180, 198. 
.hiy, John, 139, 146. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 108, 116, i::!9, 

155, 156, 195. 
Jesuits, 37, 65, 75. 
John Brown Raid, 243. 
Johnson, Andrew, 269, 280. 
Johnston, Gen. Jos. E., 254. 

Gen. A. S., 257. 
Johnstown Disaster, 310. 
Jones, Paul, 128. 



K. 

Kansas, Admission of, 245, 418. 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 237, 411. 
Kansas, History of, 406. 
Kearney, Gen. P., 225. 
Kentucky, Admission of, 144. 
Ketchum, Frederick, 206. 
Key, Francis S., 173. 
King Philip's War, 48. 
King, Rufus, 179. 
Knox, Gen. Henry, 139. 
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 125. 

Latayette, Gen., 122, 130, 188. 
Lawrence, Captain, 172. 
Laws of New England, 68. 
Lee, Gen. Charles, 10(). 126. 

Richard Henry, 115. 

Gen. Robert E., 2.54, 279. 
Lewis and Clarke, 158. 
Libraries, 93, 294. 
Literature and Science, 90, 145, 

177, 295. 
Lincoln, Gen., 127, 129. 

Abraham, 246, 248. 
London Company, 40. 
Louisiana, Admission of, 175. 
Lovejoy, Rev. Elijah, 210. 
Lowell, Francis C, 177. 
Lucas, Eliza, 84. 
Lundy, Benj., 203. 

M. 

Madison, J., 135, 169, 170, 205. 
Magellan, 32. 
Maine, Admission of, 185. 
Mandeville, Sir John, 27. 
Mann, Horace, 211, 233. 
iManufactures, 84, 177, 323. 
March to the Sea, 262. 
Marion, Francis, 129. 
Marshall, John, 151,158,177,205 



438 



MODEL HISTORY. 



Maryland, Settlement of, 53. 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 54. 
Massachusetts, Settlement of, 44. 
Mather, Increase, 90. 

Cotton, 50, 90. 
McClellan,Gen.,252, 263. 
McCormick, Cyrus, 206. 
McDowell, Gen., 252. 
McKinley, William, 323. 
Meade, Gen. G. G., 259, 280. 
Mecklenl>urg Declaration, 104. 
Michigan, Admission of, 204. 
Milan Decree, 161. 
Minnesota, Admission of, 244. 
Mississippi, Admission of, 184. 
Missouri Compromise, 186,410. 
Money Panic, 207, 279. 
Monitor and Merrimac, 257. 
Monroe, James, 179, 195. 
Monroe Doctrine, 187. 
Montcalm, Gen., 81. 
Montgomery, Gen. R., 82, 107. 
Monnons, 215, 240. 
Morris, Robert, 131. 

Gouverneur, 135. 
Morgan, William, 192. 
Morse, Prof. S. B., 218, 280. 
Mound-builders, 17. 

N. 
Naming the New World, 31. 
National Bank, 140,175,199,213. 
National Debt, 181, 265, 324. 
National Road, 183. 
Natural Gas, 301. 
Navigation Acts, 73, 97. 
Navy, 318. 
Negro Plot, 52, 
New Hampshire, Settlement of, 

53. 
New Jersey, Settlement of, 58. 
New York, Settlement of, 50. 
Nevada, Admission of, 268. 



Northmen, 22. 
Nullification, 201. 

O. 

Ocean Navigation, 183. 
Oglethorpe, James, 61, 65. 
Ohio, Admission of, 163. 
Ohio Company, 77. 
Omnibus Bill, 232. 
Orders in Council, 161, 171. 
Oregon, Admission of, 245. 
Osborne, Charles, 203.- 
Osgood, Samuel, 139. 
Otis, James, 95. 

P. 

Pacific Railroad, 237, 274. 
Packenham, Gen., 174. 
Panama Railroad, 237. 
Pan-American Congress, 310. 
Party Spirit, 144, 149, 154, 169. 
Patrons of Husbandry, 280. 
Patroons, Dutch, 50. 
Peace Society, 196. 
Penn's Treaty, 60. 
Pennsylvania, Settlement of, 59. 
Penn, William, 59, 65, 77, 196. 
Pequod War, 55. 
Perry, Commodoi'e, 172. 
Petroleum Business, 242. 
Pickens, Col., 127. 
Pierce, Franklin, 235. 
Pilgrim Fathers, 44. 
Pinckney, C. C, 151,155,157,169. 
Pitt, William, 80, 100, 122. 
Plaistowe, Josias, 72. 
Plymouth Company, 40. 
Political Maxims of Washing- 
ton, 379. 
Political Parties, 99, 136, 206. 
Polk, J. K., 222. 
Ponce de Leon, 32. 



INDEX. 



439 



Postal Matters, 85, 108, 217. 
Preble, Commodore, 159. 
Prescott, Gen., 104. 
Presidential Succession La\v,300. 
Pi-ess, 88, 293, 324. 
Pronouncing Vocabulary, 383. 
Protective System, 181, 191, 199. 
Public Credit, 140, 208. 

Lands, 268. 
Public Libraries, 325. 
Pulaski, Count, 125, 127. 
Pulpit, 89, 290. 

Purchase of Louisiana, 157, 40(i. 
Puritans, Character of, 66. 
Putnam, Gen., 107, 117. 



Q. 

Quakers, Per.*ecution of, 47. 
Quai'tering Act, 98. 
Quincy, Josiali, 164, 176. 



R. 

Raikes, Robert, 187. 
Railroad Riots, 286. 
Railroads, 194, 421. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 33, 112. 
Ramsay, Dr. David, 146. 

James, 165. 
Randolph, Edmund, 135, 139. 

John, 176, 205. 
Reaping and Mowing Machines, 

206. 
Religion, 73, 74, 89, 296, 327. 
Remonetization of Silver, 286. 
Repeater, 221. 
Revenue, 139. 
Revision of Bible, 292. 
Rhode Island, Settlement of, 56. 
Rice, Introduction of, 58. 
Right of Search, 160. 
Rochambeau, Count, 131. 



Rush, Dr. Benj., 145, 210. 
Rutgers College, 93. 

S. 
Salem Witchcraft, 49. 
Sanitary Commission, 267. 
Savings Banks, 178. 
Schuyler, Gen. P., 107. 
Scott, Gen., 173, 201, 22.5, 235. 
Sedition Law, 155. 
Seminole Indians, 180, 202. 
Seward, W. H., 2.3:!, 264, 279. 
Sewing Machine, 227. 
Sherman, Gen, 261, 262. 
Siege of Boston, 117. 

Charleston, 117, 129. 

Petersburg, 202. 

Vicksburg, 260. 

Yorktown, 131. 
Signal Service Bureau, 281. 
Silver Question, 321. 
Slave Importation, 85. 

Laws, 86. 

Trade, 164. 
Slavery, Introduction of, 43, 63. 
Slavery Agitation, 135, 185, 203, 

209. 
Smith, Capt. John, 41. 
Society Manners, S3, 147, 168. 
Sons of Liberty, 99. 
Sovereigns of Industry, 281. 
Specie Resumption Act, 282, 

287. 
Stamp Act, 9S. 
Stark, Gen. John, 82, 120. 
Statistics of the L'nited States, 

:!89. 
Steamboat, 165, 183. 
Steuben, Baron, 125. 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 52. 
Sumner, Charles, 233, 239, 280. 
Sumter, Thomas, 129. 
Sunday School Union, 187. 



440 



MODEL HISTORY. 



T. 

Table of the Presidents, 386. 
Taylor, Gen. Z., 224, 231. 
Tea Party at Boston, 101. 
Tecuinseh, 170. 

Tab'e of the United States, 387. 
Telegraph, Magnetic, 218. 
Telephone, 221. 
Temperance Reform, 210. 
Tennessee, Admission of, 144. 
Texas, Annexation of, 216. 
Tories, 99, 102,121. 
Toscanelli, 27, 28, 30. 
Town-meetings, 89. 
Tract Society, 195. 
Travel. Means of, 85, 154, 194. 
Treaty of Paris, 81, 132. 

of Ghent, 174. 

with China, 273. 

with Cilermany, 273. 

with Japan, 236. 
Trent A Hair, 253. 
Tripoli, War with, 159. 
TrunilHill, John, 146. 
Turner, Nat., 203. 
Tyler, John, 212, 213. 

U. 

U. G. K. R., 2:!4. 

United Colonies of N. E., m. 
University of Pennsylvania, 92. 
Utah, 320. 

V. 

Valley Forge, Winter at, 123. 
Van Buren, Martin, 202, 207. 
Venezuelan Affair, 319. 
N'ermont, Admission of, 143. 
Verrazzani, 34. 



Vespucci, 31, 32, 63. 
Virginia, Settlement of, 40. 

\V. 

Ward, Gen. Artemas, 106. 
Warner, Col. Seth, 120. 
Washington, George, 76,82, 102, 

106, 138, 150, 152. 
Wayne, Gen., 130. 
Webster, Daniel, 176, 181, 200, 
214,235. 
Noah, 166. 
AVesley, John, 74. 
West, Benjamin, 146. 
West Virginia, Admission of, 

267. 
Whigs, 99. 

Whisky Insurrection, 142. 
Whitefield, George, 74. 
Whitney, Eli, 146. 
William and Mary College, 91. 
"WMUiams, Roger, 46, 55, 56. 
Wilmot Proviso, 230. 
Wilson, Henry, 278, 280. 
Wilson Tariff Bill, 317. 
Winthrop, Gov., 45, 47. 
Wirt, William, 177, 202, 205. 
Witchcraft at Salem, 49. 
Wisconsin, Admission of, 230. 
Wolfe, Gen., 81. 
Writs of Assistance, 97. 
Wyoming, Massacre of, 126. 

Y. 

Yale College, 92. 
Yellow P^ever, 145, 287. 
Yorktown, Surrender at, 131. 

Z. 

Ziesberger, David, 66. 
Zenger, John Peter, 88. 



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